Exam 2 Personality

occurs when genetic variation is maintained by selection because different levels on a trait dimension are adaptive in different environments

Balancing selection

occurs when genetic variation is maintained by selection because different levels on a trait dimension are adaptive in different environments.

Balancing selection

______ hold that the sexes will differ in precisely those domains where women and men have faced different sorts of adaptive problems.

Evolutionary-predicted sex differences

To an evolutionary psychologist, the likelihood that the sexes are psychologically identical in domains in which they have recurrently confronted different adaptive problems is extremely high.

False

According to Charles Darwin, refers to a form of sexual selection in which members of the same sex compete with each other, and the outcome of their contest gives the winner greater sexual access to members of the opposite sex.

Intrasexual competition

Identify the limitations of the evolutionary perspective of psychology. (More than one option may be correct.)

It is easy to come up with different and competing evolutionary hypotheses for the same phenomena. It is sometimes accused of being untestable and hence unfalsifiable.

In the context of the life history strategy, the Blank______ involves allocating greater effort to survival and heavy parenting over allocating effort to obtaining many mates.

K-strategy

______ pursue a deceptive cheating strategy in their social interactions.

Psychopaths

Distress or worry about being negatively evaluated in social situations is known as

Social anxiety

One difference between the two sexes in the nature of the adaptive problems they have faced stems from the fact that fertilization occurs internally within women.

True

A(n) Blank______ is anything that impedes survival or reproduction, or anything whose solution increases the odds of survival or reproduction.

adaptive problem

In technical terms, personality differences on the Big Five personality dispositions are maintained by:

balancing selection.

The evolutionary process produces things that are not adaptations such as Blank______ of adaptations

byproducts

A light bulb is designed to produce light but also gives out heat. This is an example of:

byproducts of adaptations.

According to evolutionary-predicted sex differences, males, unlike females, have a much higher:

ceiling on reproduction.

According to Hogan, the most important social problems early humans had to solve in order to survive and reproduce involved establishing:

cooperative relations with members of a group and negotiating hierarchies.

The______ approach is also known as the "top-down" method.

deductive reasoning

The Blank______ is a theory-driven method of empirical research in scientific investigation.

deductive reasoning approach

According to the evolutionary perspective of altruism, the tendency to help is a direct function of the:

degree of genetic relatedness.

According to Plavcan and Trivers, the more intense the effective polygyny, the more Blank______ the sexes are in size and form.

dimorphic

Adaptations are Blank______ because different adaptive problems require different sorts of solutions.

domain specific

Adaptations are presumed to be Blank______ in the sense that they are designed by the evolutionary process to solve a particular adaptive problem.

domain specific

According to the theory proposed by Belsky, Steinberg, and Draper, the critical event of Blank______ triggers specific sexual strategies in individuals.

early father presence versus father absence

Among males, a few males will sire multiple offspring, whereas some will have none at all. This is known as:

effective polygyny.

The most common way of explaining individual differences is that it is a result of Blank______ acting on species-typical psychological mechanisms.

environmental differences

The ears were designed to hear, but people also use it to accessorize. Thus, using the ears to accessorize is an example of

evolutionary byproducts.

The incidental effects that are not properly considered to be adaptations are known as:

evolutionary byproducts.

The third product of the evolutionary process is:

evolutionary noise

Random variations that are neutral with respect to selection are known as:

evolutionary noise.

A limitation of the evolutionary perspective of psychology is that:

evolutionary scientists have just started understanding the nature and design features of evolved psychological adaptations.

WIthin sexually reproducing species, - is responsible for the two sexes existing in roughly equal numbers by producing an increase in the numbers of the rarer sex if one sex becomes rare relative to the other.

frequency-dependent selection

Within sexually reproducing species, the two sexes exist in roughly equal numbers because of:

frequency-dependent selection.

In the context of the key premises of evolutionary psychology, the notion that people's psychological mechanisms are designed to accomplish particular adaptive goals is known as:

functionality.

The third key premise of evolutionary psychology is:

functionality.

The most challenging level of analysis for evolutionary psychologists is the study of:

individual differences.

In the Blank______ approach, a phenomenon is first observed, and then the researchers develop a theory to fit the observations.

inductive reasoning

The bottom-up, data-driven method of empirical research is known as the:

inductive reasoning approach

Two stags locking horns in combat is the prototypical image of:

intrasexual competition.

According to the Blank______ approach, individuals have evolved differences in the effort they allocate to reproductively relevant problems, such as survival, mating, and parenting

life history strategy

According to the Blank______ approach, individuals have evolved differences in the effort they allocate to reproductively relevant problems, such as survival, mating, and parenting.

life history strategy

The most recent effort to explore individual differences from the perspective of frequency-dependent selection proposed by Figueredo et al. focuses on:

life history strategy.

According to the evolutionary psychological theories, men and women are predicted to differ in their desire for sexual activity, which stems from Blank______ and Blank______.

parental investment; sexual selection theory

A cluster of personality traits marked by irresponsible and unreliable behavior, egocentrism, impulsivity, an inability to form lasting relationships, superficial social charm, and a deficit in social emotions is known as:

psychopathy.

Personality is Blank______ when it is a secondary consequence of heritable traits.

reactively heritable

Toby has a muscular body build and has the option of choosing either an aggressive or cooperative strategy in his social interactions. He believes that an aggressive strategy will be the more successful one to pursue due to his body build. Toby's tendency toward aggression is

reactively heritable

A woman seeking a high-investing mate would adopt a(n) Blank______ marked by delayed intercourse and prolonged courtship.

restricted sexual strategy

The Blank______ would enable a woman to assess a man's level of commitment, detect the existence of prior commitments to other women or children, and simultaneously signal to the man her sexual fidelity.

restricted sexual strategy

According to the evolutionary psychological theories, the members of the sex that invest less in offspring are predicted to be more inclined to:

seek multiple mates

Species that show high variance in reproduction within one sex tend to be highly Blank______, highly different in size and structure.

sexually dimorphic

According to the evolutionary perspective of altruism hypothesized by Burnstein and colleagues, a person would be most likely to help a:

sibling.

Baumeister and Tice proposed that Blank______ has its origin and function in humans' evolved psychological mechanisms to prevent being excluded.

social anxiety

According to research studies conducted by MacDonald & Leary (2005) and Panksepp (2005), Blank______ is mediated by components of the physical pain system, such as the anterior cingulate cortex.

social exclusion

Researchers such as MacDonald & Leary and Panksepp have begun to make progress in identifying the underlying brain circuitry for the pain caused by:

social exclusion.

The hallmark of adaptation is _________

special design

Hogan argues that the most basic human motivators are:

status and acceptance by a group.

Evolutionary psychologists have predicted that men and women differ in:

the qualities they desire in a long-term mate.

The three evolutionary perspectives on emotions taken by Sell et al., Ekman, and Ketelaar hinge on the proposition that they are:

universal.

A man's level of commitment and prolonged assessment of his prior commitments is not necessary to a woman who adopts a(n) Blank______ strategy.

unrestricted mating

In the context of the process of evolution by frequency-dependent selection, a woman seeking a man for the quality of his genes adopts a(n):

unrestricted mating strategy.

Characteristics that were probably adaptive in ancestral environments such as Blank______ are not necessarily adaptive in modern environments.

xenophobia