exam 2 possibly.
True or False. Economies tend to be less polluting during the early stages of economic development because they first adapt inexpensive technologies that are comparatively efficient.
False
True or False. Excess Nitrogen in water supplies can inhibit algal growth and can cause aquatic food webs to collapse
False
True or False. In the United States most of the best geothermal resources are located East of the Mississippi river.
False
True or False. Stripping hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels or obtaining it by splitting water using electricity or heat is technically difficult but the hydrogen produced contains more energy then was consumed in the stripping/splitting process.
False
True or False. Vehicle emissions are not a significant source of Nitrogen pollution.
False
a river that no longer flows from beginning to end
A "Disconnected River" is _____.
The area that runs along the river or stream, close to the water
A "Riparian Area" is defined as _______.
Modern agricultural practices can cause serious environmental damages such as_______.
All of the above
Since the mid-1990s, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has approved ______ genetically engineered (GE) crops for unrestricted sale, including strains of corn, soybeans, cotton, potatoes, wheat, canola, and papaya.
12
Scientists estimate that modern humans evolved roughly...
130,000 years ago
According to FAO's estimates, livestock production generates _______ percent of world greenhouse gas emissions (more than the transport sector), accounts for _____ percent of world water use, and is probably the largest sectoral water pollution source.
18/8
In which decade did the human population growth rate peak?
1960s
It took until 1804 for the global human population to reach 1 billion. When did the human population reach 5 billion?
1987
On average, only about _____ percent of Earth's surface is suitable for agriculture without any physical constraints.
2.5%
Calculate the growth rate experienced by a population of 100 individuals where there were 15 births, 5 deaths, and a net migration of 20
30%
Burning coal accounts for what percent of the world's electricity production?
40%
According to the video, around the world rice is an important source of nutrition providing ________ percent of the calories for ______ percent of the population.
60/50
Fossil fuels make up roughly what percent of the world's total energy consumption?
80%
According to a recent study, how many people live within the 10 meter coastal zone world-wide?
>600 million
How did industrialization increase the human population growth rate?
A and B only
In addition to questioning whether agricultural and nutritional goals might be more effectively met using more traditional approaches, critics have raised many concerns about GE foods, including _______.
A and C
Farmers can increase agriculture yields by_____
A,B and C
According to the video, excess nitrogen applied to fields leaves the fields and is transported to ____.
All of the above
Agricultural pests include_____
All of the above
Confining animals on large-scale livestock farms to maximize efficiency______.
All of the above
Effects of large-scale agriculture include ______
All of the above
Hydropower produces electricity without producing significant air pollution. However, hydropower has several negative environmental effects including...
All of the above
Integrated pest management (IPM) involves the use of which of the following to limit pest damage to agricultural crops?
All of the above
Reorienting agricultural systems is a complex task because the technical challenges are intertwined with social and economic issues such as land tenure and availability of foreign aid for developing countries. The magnitude of future agricultural effects on the environment will be influenced by many factors, including:
All of the above
The data collected in the United States census can be used to...
All of the above
Which element is an important component in fertilizer?
All of the above
Which of the following describe the advantages of producing biodiesel from switchgrass instead of corn?
All of the above
Which of the following is an advantage of using biomass instead of corn as a source of ethanol?
All of the above
Which of the following were identified as nitrogen sources prior to World War I?
All of the above
Major obstacles to the implementation of nuclear power include
All the above
Which of the following are basic limits of Agriculture?
Available technologies
Fertility rates have been falling in nearly every country since the 1950's. However most of the exceptions to this pattern are found in...
Central and Western Africa
The maximum population a habitat can support on a continuing basis is called the...
Carry capacity
The burning of which fossil fuel releases the most carbon per unit energy produced?
Coal
What is the least expensive and most readily available non-renewable energy resource?
Coal
"Population momentum" refers to..
Continued population growth after a fall in birth rates
In the video, even though the researchers found that early fertilizer application was to blame for high levels of nitrogen in the agricultural runoff, and showed farmers that by applying fertilizer during planting rather than months before planting, ______ still insisted on early and high levels of nitrogen application.
Credit Unions
Organic agriculture and sustainable agriculture are the same concepts, just different terms for not using synthetic fertilizers, GMO crops, or antibiotics for livestock.
False
If the net flow rate of a given resource is negative, then the stock will...
Decrease
What is the primary driver of population growth in the United States?
Decreasing death rate
True or False. Biofuel researchers are using an enzyme isolated from heat tolerant bacteria to break cellulose chains into their sugar components.
False
True or False. Developing countries tend to have lower dependency ratios than developed nations.
False
According to the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, which of the following energy efficiency upgrades has the greatest annual return on investment?
Duct Sealing
As of 2005 which region had the lowest dependency ratio?
Europe
According to one estimate it requires two kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of poultry, four to make one kilogram of pork, and seven to produce a kilogram of beef. However, only thirteen gallons of oil are needed to produce a single cow.
False
According to the video, only about 25% of the nitrogen applied to fields as fertilizer is actually absorbed by the crops planted in the fields.
False
In the video, under the IPM system any amount of plant damage by herbivorous pests requires the application of pesticides.
False
In the video, under the IPM system no matter how much plant damage from herbivorous pests is observed, pesticides are never to be applied.
False
In the video, when researchers found that early fertilizer application was to blame for high levels of nitrogen in the agricultural runoff, and showed farmers that by applying fertilizer during planting rather than months before planting, the farmers changed their fertilization practices and the problem was solved.
False
While agriculture consumes significant quantities of energy (Farmers use energy directly to heat and cool buildings, operate equipment, pump irrigation water, and transport products to market), it does not consume large quantities of fossil fuels
False
The year 2007 marked a milestone for the human population because...
For the first time more people lived in cities than in rural areas
Which of the following energy systems does not utilize the Earth's solar energy flux?
Geothermal Power
Monoculture refers to ____
Growing a single species of crop over a large area
For a city to be classified as a "megacity" it must...
Have more than 10 million inhabitants
Which of the following would not be considered an acute illness?
Heart disease
Pumps water out of the aquifer, draining the water level
How can pumping water up from wells affect the water level in nearby streams and river?
The worlds water absorbs energy as it changes from liquid to gas, circulates through the atmosphere and releases the stored heat during precipitation.
How does water vapor redistribute energy from the sun around the globe?
Through a monitoring well
How is groundwater collected and sampled?
One advantage of hydropower over solar and wind power is...
Hydropower output can be raised or lowered to quickly meet demand
Water pollution from agriculture and ranching
In the Desert Southwest of the US, the water problem is not enough rainfall. What is the problem in Florida?
According to the I=PAT equation proposed by Ehrlich and Holdren, how would a society's environmental impact change if the population were to increase?
Increase
The Green Revolution helped world food production to increase at a rate faster than population growth from 1950 onward by______.
Increasing the availability of synthetic fertilizers and irrigation
The video talks about IPM, which stands for ______.
Integrated Pest Management
Which of the following is not considered a fossil fuel?
None of the above
Which of the following is not considered part of a hydrocarbon system?
None of the above
Biofuels are valuable substitutes for imported oil in the transport sector because they can be used in most conventional engines with minor adjustments. Which of the following plants were NOT discussed as sources of biofuels?
Oak trees
In her 1962 book Silent Spring, biologist and author Rachel Carson drew wide-scale public attention to the environmental effects of ______
Pesticides
According to the video, the continued use of pesticides on rice crops did not have the desired effect of eliminating herbivorous pests and increasing crop yields because _____.
Pesticides did not just kill the herbivorous pests, but also the predators of those pests
With world population projected to rise from 6.5 billion in 2006 to roughly 10 billion by 2050, and growing demand for meat in developing countries, world grain production may have to double in coming decades. One potential solution currently at the experimental stage is ______.
Precision agriculture
a. People b. Plants c. Animals All of the above
Reducing the water level in streams and rivers can negatively affect _______
Which of the following fertility patterns is incorrect?
Rural families tend to have fewer children than city dwellers
Which of the following illnesses is caused by nutritional deficiencies?
Scurvy
Because over the oceans evaporation dominates and on land precipitation dominates
Since the vast majority (94%) of the planet's water is saline and contained within the oceans, how do supplies of freshwater exist?
An alternative movement to the Green Revolution of the 1950s, ______ was started in the 1970s and criticized the Green Revolution for relying too heavily on pesticides and fertilizers.
Sustainable argiculture
TMDLs specify the maximum levels of specific pollutants that can be discharged into impaired water bodies from point and nonpoint sources
The CWA requires states to identify "impaired" water bodies and develop Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirements for these systems. What are TMDLs?
200 miles
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention), finalized in 1982, created a comprehensive framework for nations' use of the oceans. How far from shore does the jurisdiction of each state, under the LOS Convetion, extend?
The Clean Water Act
The central U.S. law regulating water quality is _______.
Transpiration is defined as______.
The evaporation of water from aerial parts of plants
a. Polluted water moves rapidly from the surface to the aquifer without biological filtration b. Sinkholes create direct access for polluted surface water to enter an aquifer Both "A" and "B"
The video describes the geology of Florida as a "Karst Landscape", which refers to the dissolution of underground rocks, resulting in large underground caves and eventually sinkholes at the surface. What is the effect of this "Karst Landscape" on water quality in the area?
The amount of nitrates in the water has increased, the amount of algae in the water has increased, and the amount of oxygen in the water has decreased increase increase decrease
The video tells us that as agriculture and ranching in Florida has increased, ______.
An underground area located at the top of the saturated zone of ground water
The water table is:
a. oceans b. ice caps c. ground water all of the above
The world's water supply is allocated between major reserves including:
a. Irrigation b. Fertilization c. Cultural All of the above
To prevent further "ecological collapse" in Florida due to agriculture and ranching, the video suggests that which of the following must be changed from the Current Practices to Alternative Practices?
Which of the following causes the greatest number of deaths in the United States each year?
Tobacco
True or False. Carbon capture and sequestration is the process of injecting carbon dioxide into rock formations
True
True or False. Energy produced by burning biofuels is Carbon-neutral.
True
True or False. Gas can be produced at much greater depths than oil.
True
True or False. The majority of energy in Iceland is produced using geothermal power systems.
True
True or False. The unit cost of providing basic infrastructure and services is lower in cities than in rural areas.
True
true
True or False: Excessive groundwater pumping from wells can drain nearby rivers and streams.
false
True or False: For compounds or pollutants to contaminate water resources, the compounds must be water soluble.
false
True or False: Lethal water-based diseases are not a threat to human health in the developed world.
false
True or false: Globally, groundwater should be thought of as a large underground lake or river.
Which of the following is not a concern or criticism of wind power?
Wind turbines increase air pollutants and green house gasses
As economies develop and mature, they tend to follow an energy path that moves from..
Wood → Coal → Oil and Gas
