Exam 2 PQ GU Peds

The nurse is caring for a newborn with hypospadias. His parents ask if circumcision is an option. Which is the nurse's best response? 1. "Circumcision is a fading practice and is now contraindicated in most children." 2. "Circumcision in children with hypospadias is recommended because it helps prevent infection." 3. "Circumcision is an option, but it cannot be done at this time." 4. "Circumcision can never be performed in a child with hypospadias."

3. "Circumcision is an option, but it cannot be done at this time."

The nurse is caring for a 4-year-old who weighs 15 kg. At the end of a 10-hour period, the nurse notes the urine output to be 150 mL. What action does the nurse take? 1. Notifies the physician because this urine output is too low. 2. Encourages the child to increase oral intake to increase urine output. 3. Records the child's urine output in the chart. 4. Administers isotonic fluid intravenously to help with rehydration.

3. Records the child's urine output in the chart.

The nurse in a diabetic clinic sees a 10-year-old who is a new diabetic and has had trouble maintaining blood glucose levels within normal limits. The child's parent states the child has had several daytime "accidents." The nurse knows that this is referred to as which of the following? 1. Primary enuresis. 2. Secondary enuresis. 3. Diurnal enuresis. 4. Nocturnal enuresis.

2. Secondary enuresis.

The parents of a 3-year-old are concerned that the child is having "more accidents" during the day. Which question would be appropriate for the nurse to ask to obtain more information? Select all that apply. 1. "Has there been a stressful event in the child's life, such as the birth of a sibling?" 2. "Has anyone else in the family had problems with accidents?" 3. "Does your child seem to be drinking more than usual?" 4. "Is your child more irritable, and does your child seem to be in pain when urinating?" 5. "Is your child having difficulties at preschool?"

1. "Has there been a stressful event in the child's life, such as the birth of a sibling?" 2. "Has anyone else in the family had problems with accidents?" 3. "Does your child seem to be drinking more than usual?" 4. "Is your child more irritable, and does your child seem to be in pain when urinating?"

Which statement by a parent is most consistent with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS)? 1. "My child missed 2 days of school last week because of a really bad cold." 2. "After camping last week, my child's legs were covered in bug bites." 3. "My child came home from school a week ago due to vomiting and stomach cramps." 4. "We have a pet turtle but no one washes their hands after playing with the turtle."

1. "My child missed 2 days of school last week because of a really bad cold."

The nurse is caring for a 12-year-old receiving peritoneal dialysis. The nurse notes the return to be cloudy, and the child is complaining of abdominal pain. The child's parents ask what the next step will likely be. Which is the nurse's best response? 1. "We will probably place antibiotics in the dialysis fluid before the next dwell time." 2. "Many children experience cloudy returns. We do not usually worry about it." 3. "We will probably give your child some oral antibiotics just to make sure nothing else develops." 4. "The abdominal pain is likely due to the fluid going in too slowly. We will increase the rate of administration with the next fill."

1. "We will probably place antibiotics in the dialysis fluid before the next dwell time."

The parents of a child with glomerulonephritis ask how they will know their child is improving after they go home. Which is the nurse's best response? 1. "Your child's urine output will increase, and the urine will become less tea-colored." 2. "Your child will rest more comfortably as lab tests become more normal." 3. "Your child's appetite will decrease as urine output increases." 4. "Your child's laboratory values will become more normal."

1. "Your child's urine output will increase, and the urine will become less tea-colored."

Which child is at risk for developing glomerulonephritis? 1. A 3-year-old who had impetigo 1 week ago. 2. A 5-year-old with a history of five UTIs in the previous year. 3. A 6-year-old with new-onset type 1 diabetes. 4. A 10-year-old recovering from viral pneumonia.

1. A 3-year-old who had impetigo 1 week ago.

Which would the nurse expect to hear the parents of an infant with an incarcerated hernia report? 1. Acute onset of pain, abdominal distention, and a mass that cannot be reduced. 2. Gradual onset of pain, abdominal distention, and a mass that cannot be reduced. 3. Acute onset of pain, abdominal distention, and a mass that is easily reduced. 4. Gradual onset of pain, abdominal distention, and a mass that is easily reduced.

1. Acute onset of pain, abdominal distention, and a mass that cannot be reduced.

A child receiving peritoneal dialysis has not been having adequate volume in the return. The child is currently edematous and hypertensive. Which would the nurse anticipate the physician to do? 1. Increase the glucose concentration of the dialysate. 2. Decrease the glucose concentration of the dialysate. 3. Administer antihypertensives and diuretics but not change the dialysate concentration. 4. Decrease the dwell time of the dialysate.

1. Increase the glucose concentration of the dialysate.

Chronic hypertension in the child who has chronic renal failure (CRF) is due to which of the following? 1. Retention of sodium and water. 2. Obstruction of the urinary system. 3. Accumulation of waste products in the body. 4. Generalized metabolic alkalosis.

1. Retention of sodium and water.

During hemodialysis, the nurse notes that a 10-year-old becomes confused and restless. The child complains of a headache and nausea and has generalized muscle twitching. This can be prevented by which of the following? 1. Slowing the rate of solute removal during dialysis. 2. Ensuring the patient is warm during dialysis. 3. Administering antibiotics before dialysis. 4. Obtaining an accurate weight the night before dialysis.

1. Slowing the rate of solute removal during dialysis.

A child had a urinary tract infection (UTI) 3 months ago and was treated with an oral antibiotic. A follow-up urinalysis revealed normal results. The child has had no other problems until this visit when the child was diagnosed with another UTI. Which is the most appropriate plan? 1. Urinalysis, urine culture, and VCUG. 2. Evaluate for renal failure. 3. Admit to the pediatric unit. 4. Discharge home on an antibiotic.

1. Urinalysis, urine culture, and VCUG.

The parents of a 6-week-old male ask the nurse if there is a difference between an inguinal hernia and a hydrocele. Which is the nurse's best response? 1. "The terms are used interchangeably and mean the same thing." 2. "The symptoms are similar, but an inguinal hernia occurs when tissue protrudes into the groin, whereas a hydrocele is a fluid-filled mass in the scrotum." 3. "A hydrocele is the term used when an inguinal hernia occurs in females." 4. "A hydrocele presents in a manner similar to that of an inguinal hernia but causes increased concern because it is often malignant."

2. "The symptoms are similar, but an inguinal hernia occurs when tissue protrudes into the groin, whereas a hydrocele is a fluid-filled mass in the scrotum."

The parent of a child with glomerulonephritis asks the nurse why the urine is such a funny color. Which is the nurse's best response? 1. "It is not uncommon for the urine to be discolored when children are receiving steroids and blood pressure medications." 2. "There is blood in your child's urine that causes it to be tea-colored." 3. "Your child's urine is very concentrated, so it appears to be discolored." 4. "A ketogenic diet often causes the urine to be tea-colored."

2. "There is blood in your child's urine that causes it to be tea-colored."

A 10-kg toddler is diagnosed with acute renal failure (ARF), is afebrile, and has a 24-hour urine output of 110 mL. After calculating daily fluid maintenance, which would the nurse expect the toddler's daily allotment of fluids to be? 1. Sips of clear fluids and ice chips only. 2. 350 mL of oral and intravenous fluids. 3. 1000 mL of oral and intravenous fluids. 4. 2000 mL of oral and intravenous fluids.

2. 350 mL of oral and intravenous fluids.

Which best describes the electrolyte imbalance that occurs in chronic renal failure (CRF)? 1. Decreased serum phosphorus and calcium levels. 2. Depletion of phosphorus and calcium stores from the bones. 3. Change in the structure of the bones, causing calcium to remain in the bones. 4. Nutritional needs are poorly met, leading to a decrease in many electrolytes such as calcium and phosphorus.

2. Depletion of phosphorus and calcium stores from the bones.

Which protrusion into the groin of a female most likely causes inguinal hernias? 1. Bowel. 2. Fallopian tube. 3. Large thrombus formation. 4. Muscle tissue.

2. Fallopian tube.

The clinical manifestations of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) are due to which of the following? 1. Chemical changes in the composition of albumin. 2. Increased permeability of the glomeruli. 3. Obstruction of the capillaries of the glomeruli. 4. Loss of the kidney's ability to excrete waste and concentrate urine.

2. Increased permeability of the glomeruli.

A child had a tonsillectomy 6 days ago and was seen in the emergency room 4 hours ago due to post-operative hemorrhage. The parent noted that her child was "swal- lowing a lot and finally began vomiting large amounts of blood." The child's vital signs are as follows: T 99.5°F (37.5°C), HR 124, BP 84/48, and RR 26. The nurse knows that this child is at risk for which type of renal failure? 1. CRF due to advanced disease process. 2. Prerenal failure due to dehydration. 3. Primary kidney damage due to a lack of urine flowing through the system. 4. Postrenal failure due to a hypotensive state.

2. Prerenal failure due to dehydration.

The nurse anticipates that the child who has had a kidney removed will have a high level of pain and will require invasive and noninvasive measures for pain relief. The nurse anticipates that the child will have pain because of which of the following? 1. The kidney is removed laparoscopically, and there will be residual pain from accumulated air in the abdomen. 2. There is a post-operative shift of fluids and organs in the abdominal cavity, leading to increased discomfort. 3. The chemotherapy makes the child more sensitive to pain. 4. The radiation therapy makes the child more sensitive to pain.

2. There is a post-operative shift of fluids and organs in the abdominal cavity, leading to increased discomfort.

The parent of a 7-year-old voices concern over the child's continued bed-wetting at night. The parent, on going to bed, has tried getting the child up at 11:30 p.m., but the child still wakes up wet. Which is the nurse's best response about what the parent should do next? 1. "There is a medication called DDAVP that decreases the volume of the urine. The physician thinks that will work for your child." 2. "When your child wakes up wet, be very firm, and indicate how displeased you are. Have your child change the sheets to see how much work is involved." 3. "Limit fluids in the evening, and start a reward system in which your child can choose a reward after a certain number of dry nights." 4. "Bed-wetting alarms are readily available, and most children do very well with them."

3. "Limit fluids in the evening, and start a reward system in which your child can choose a reward after a certain number of dry nights."

The parent of a child diagnosed with acute renal failure (ARF) asks the nurse why peritoneal dialysis was selected instead of hemodialysis. Which is the nurse's best response? 1. "Hemodialysis is not used in the pediatric population." 2. "Peritoneal dialysis has no complications, so it is a treatment used without hesitation." 3. "Peritoneal dialysis removes fluid at a slower rate than hemodialysis, so many complications are avoided." 4. "Peritoneal dialysis is much more efficient than hemodialysis."

3. "Peritoneal dialysis removes fluid at a slower rate than hemodialysis, so many complications are avoided."

The parents of a child hospitalized with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) ask why the last blood test revealed elevated lipids. Which is the nurse's best response? 1. "If your child had just eaten a fatty meal, the lipids may have been falsely elevated." 2. "It's not unusual to see elevated lipids in children because of the dietary habits of today." 3. "Since your child is losing so much protein, the liver is stimulated and makes more lipids." 4. "Your child's blood is very concentrated because of the edema, so the lipids are falsely elevated."

3. "Since your child is losing so much protein, the liver is stimulated and makes more lipids."

An infant is scheduled for a hypospadias and chordee repair. The parent tells the nurse, "I understand why the hypospadias repair is necessary, but do they have to fix the chordee as well?" Which is the nurse's best response? 1. "I understand your concern. Parents do not want their children to undergo extra surgery." 2. "The chordee repair is done strictly for cosmetic reasons that may affect your son as he ages." 3. "The repair is done to optimize sexual functioning when he is older." 4. "This is the best time to repair the chordee because he will be having surgery anyway."

3. "The repair is done to optimize sexual functioning when he is older."

A renal transplantation is which of the following? 1. A curative procedure that will free the child from any more treatment modalities. 2. An ideal treatment option for families with a history of dialysis noncompliance. 3. A treatment option that will free the child from dialysis. 4. A treatment option that is very new to the pediatric population.

3. A treatment option that will free the child from dialysis.

A child with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) has generalized edema. The skin appears stretched, and areas of breakdown are noted over the bony promi- nences. The child has been receiving Lasix twice daily for several days. Which does the nurse expect to be included in the treatment plan to reduce edema? 1. An increase in the amount and frequency of Lasix. 2. Addition of a second diuretic, such as mannitol. 3. Administration of intravenous albumin. 4. Elimination of all fluids and sodium from the child's diet.

3. Administration of intravenous albumin.

The diet for a child with chronic renal failure (CRF) should be high in calories and include: 1. Low protein, and all minerals and electrolytes. 2. Low protein and minerals. 3. High protein and calcium and low potassium and phosphorus. 4. High protein, phosphorus, and calcium and low potassium and sodium.

3. High protein and calcium and low potassium and phosphorus.

A child diagnosed with acute renal failure (ARF) complains of "not feeling well," having "butterflies in the chest," and arms and legs "feeling like Jell-O." The cardiac monitor shows that the QRS complex is wider than before and that an occasional premature ventricular contraction (PVC) is seen. Which would the nurse expect to administer? 1. An isotonic saline solution with 20 mEq KCl/L. 2. Sodium bicarbonate via slow intravenous push. 3. Calcium gluconate via slow intravenous push. 4. Oral potassium supplements.

3. Calcium gluconate via slow intravenous push.

Which finding requires immediate attention in a child with glomerulonephritis? 1. Sleeping most of the day and being very "cranky" when awake; blood pressure is 170/90. 2. Urine output is 190 mL in an 8-hour period and is the color of Coca-Cola. 3. Complaining of a severe headache and photophobia. 4. Refusing breakfast and lunch and stating he "just is not hungry."

3. Complaining of a severe headache and photophobia.

Which combination of signs is commonly associated with glomerulonephritis? 1. Massive proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urinary output, and lethargy. 2. Mild proteinuria, increased urinary output, and lethargy. 3. Mild proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urinary output, and lethargy. 4. Massive proteinuria, decreased urinary output, and hypotension.

3. Mild proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urinary output, and lethargy.

An adolescent woke up complaining of intense pain and swelling of the scrotal area and abdominal pain. He has vomited twice. Which should the nurse suggest? 1. Encourage him to drink clear liquids until the vomiting subsides; if he gets worse, bring him to the emergency room. 2. Bring him to the pediatrician's office for evaluation. 3. Take him to the emergency room immediately. 4. Encourage him to rest; apply ice to the scrotal area, and go to the emergency room if the pain does not improve.

3. Take him to the emergency room immediately.

The parents of a 7-year-old tell the nurse they do not understand the difference be- tween chronic renal failure (CRF) and acute renal failure (ARF). Which is the nurse's best response? 1. "There really is not much difference because the terms are used interchangeably." 2. "Most children experience ARF. It is highly unusual for a child to experience CRF." 3. "CRF tends to occur suddenly and is irreversible." 4. "ARF is often reversible, whereas CRF results in permanent deterioration of kidney function."

4. "ARF is often reversible, whereas CRF results in permanent deterioration of kidney function."

The nurse evaluates the parents' understanding of the teaching about an inguinal hernia as successful when they say which of the following? 1. "There are no risks associated with waiting to have the hernia reduced; surgery is done for cosmetic reasons." 2. "It is normal to see the bulge in the baby's groin decrease with a bowel movement." 3. "We will wait for surgery until the baby is older because narcotics for pain control will be required for several days." 4. "It is normal for the bulge in the baby's groin to look smaller when the baby is asleep."

4. "It is normal for the bulge in the baby's groin to look smaller when the baby is asleep."

A parent asks the nurse how to prevent the child from having minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) again. Which is the nurse's best response? 1. "It is very rare for a child to have a relapse after having fully recovered." 2. "Unfortunately, many children have cycles of relapses, and there is very little that can be done to prevent it." 3. "Your child is much less likely to get sick again if sodium is decreased in the diet." 4. "Try to keep your child away from sick children because relapses have been associated with infectious illnesses."

4. "Try to keep your child away from sick children because relapses have been associated with infectious illnesses."

The bladder capacity of a 3-year-old is approximately how much? 1. 1.5 fl. oz. 2. 3 fl. oz. 3. 4 fl. oz. 4. 5 fl. oz.

4. 5 fl. oz. (ADD 2 TO AGE)

One week after kidney transplant, a child complains about abdominal pain, and the parents note that the child has been very irritable. The nurse notes a 10% weight gain as well as elevated BUN and creatinine levels. Which of the following medications would the child most likely be taking? 1. Codeine tablets. 2. Furosemide. 3. MiraLAX powder. 4. Corticosteroids.

4. Corticosteroids.

Which should the nurse teach a group of girls and parents about the importance of preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs)? 1. Avoiding constipation has no effect on the occurrence of UTIs. 2. After urinating, always wipe from back to front to prevent fecal contamination. 3. Hygiene is an important preventive measure and can be accomplished with frequent tub baths. 4. Increasing fluids will help prevent and treat UTIs.

4. Increasing fluids will help prevent and treat UTIs.

The nurse is caring for a 1-year-old diagnosed with acute renal failure (ARF). Edema is noted throughout the child's body, and the liver is enlarged. The child's urine out- put is less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr, and vital signs are as follows: HR 146, BP 176/92, and RR 42. The child is noted to have nasal flaring and retractions with inspiration. The lung sounds are coarse throughout. Despite receiving oral Kayexalate, the child's serum potassium continues to rise. Which treatment will provide the most benefit to the child? 1. Additional rectal Kayexalate. 2. Intravenous furosemide. 3. Endotracheal intubation and ventilatory assistance. 4. Placement of a Tenckhoff catheter for peritoneal dialysis.

4. Placement of a Tenckhoff catheter for peritoneal dialysis.

Which is the best way to obtain a urine sample in an 8-month-old being evaluated for a urinary tract infection (UTI)? 1. Carefully cleanse the perineum from front to back, and apply a self-adhesive urine collection bag to the perineum. 2. Insert an indwelling Foley catheter, obtain the sample, and wait for results. 3. Place a sterile cotton ball in the diaper, and immediately obtain the sample with a syringe after the first void. 4. Using a straight catheter, obtain the sample, and immediately remove the catheter without waiting for the results of the urine sample.

4. Using a straight catheter, obtain the sample, and immediately remove the catheter without waiting for the results of the urine sample.

Which child does not need a urinalysis to evaluate for a urinary tract infection (UTI)? 1. A 4-month-old female presenting with a 2-day history of fussiness and poor appetite; current vital signs include axillary T 100.8°F (38.2°C), HR 120 beats per minute. 2. A 4-year-old female who states, "It hurts when I pee"; she has been urinating every 30 minutes; vital signs are within normal range. 3. An 8-year-old male presenting with a finger laceration; mother states he had surgical reimplantation of his ureters 2 years ago. 4. A 12-year-old female complaining of pain to her lower right back; she denies any burning or frequency at this time; oral temperature of 101.5°F (38.6°C).

An 8-year-old male presenting with a finger laceration; mother states he had surgical reimplantation of his ureters 2 years ago.