Exam 2 PSY 265 practice

High-status groups such as men are frequently stereotyped as ________ and ________. A) low in warmth; high in competence B) high in emotionality; low in accomplishment C) low in self-confidence; high in leadership D) high in friendliness; low in nonconformity E) low in emotional stability; low in aggressiveness

A) low in warmth; high in competence

Jacob is a summer camp counselor director who has decided to group his campers into one of three groups; each of these groups will be situated in separate areas of the campground. What is the MOST likely outcome due to this situational context? A) The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and may grow to hold very negative views of the other groups. B) The campers will be equally likely to have friends in all three groups. C) The campers will become bored with their own group and, consequently, will seek out friends in the other two groups. D) The campers will be inclined to develop friendships with their own group only if the camp counselor director encourages them to do so. E) The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and will develop close friendships with members of the other groups.

A) The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and may grow to hold very negative views of the other groups.

Nisbett and Wilson (1977) showed that, after an action, we examine our ________ and generate ________ reasons for why we acted a certain way. A) behavior; often inaccurate B) feelings; mostly accurate C) attitudes; highly insightful D) behavior; mostly complex E) feelings; family-of-origin-based

A) behavior; often inaccurate

Gender stereotypes are ________. A) beliefs about the characteristics of women and men B) inaccurate categorizations of women only C) inaccurate categorizations of women and men D) inaccurate and accurate beliefs about women E) inaccurate categorizations of men only

A) beliefs about the characteristics of women and men

Prejudice can be ________ or ________. A) blatant; subtle B) cognitive; subtle C) affective; evaluative D) affective; well-reasoned E) implicit; non-conscious

A) blatant; subtle

According to the elaboration-likelihood and the heuristic-systematic models of persuasion, the two key factors that will determine whether we engage in effortful or effortless processing of information are one's ___. A) capacity to process information and level of motivation B) desire to arrive at the best decision and personality characteristics C) level of motivation and concern for pleasing others D) general belief in oneself and concern for pleasing others E) level of physical attractiveness and general intellect

A) capacity to process information and level of motivation

When people described themselves as they were five years ago, or as they are today, they saw their past self as more _______, and their present self as more ________. A) dispositionally guided; situationally variable B) situationally variable; dispositionally guided C) socially-challenged; financially-challenged D) time-management-oriented; content-focus-oriented E) trait-simple; trait-complex

A) dispositionally guided; situationally variable

Self-esteem refers to the ________. A) positive or negative evaluation of the self by oneself B) amount of positive emotion that one is experiencing at the moment C) positive or negative evaluation of one's self by others D) evaluations of others about the self E) desire to be liked by others

A) positive or negative evaluation of the self by oneself

The glass cliff experienced by women who break through the glass ceiling refers to ____. A) women being selected for leadership positions that are risky, precarious or when the outcome is more likely to result in failure. B) women being selected for a leadership position, negatively evaluated, and fired. C) men sexually harassing women who have more power than they do. D) women serving as figureheads while men continue to make all of the important decisions. E) women being selected for a leadership position only after a company has had a large financial success.

A) women being selected for leadership positions that are risky, precarious or when the outcome is more likely to result in failure.

The personal-social identity continuum recognizes that we ________. A) see ourselves as being more consistent across situations than we really are B) can see ourselves differently, depending on circumstances C) are part of a number of different social groups D) see ourselves primarily as individuals E) present many different "selves," depending on the social grouping

B) can see ourselves differently, depending on circumstances

George was listening as a friend described him to someone else on the telephone. His friend's description included "Tall man, a psychologist, bicyclist" and similar terms. As a result, George is now probably thinking of himself in terms of ________. A) indeterminant relationships B) intergroup comparisons C) intragroup comparisons

B) intergroup comparisons

Attitudes may be relatively stable or variable. A likely source of a change in the expression of an attitude is ________. A) psychodynamic factors in the attitude-holder B) the background of the holder of the attitude C) the situation in which the attitude may or may not be expressed D) length of time the attitude has been held E) the nature of the attitude object

C) the situation in which the attitude may or may not be expressed

People's personal identities, and their various social identities, require them to be different people in different contexts. This results in________. A) people having false selves depending on the context B) people often having a distorted view of who they "really are" C) people often operating from a less-than-principled position D) others defining too much of who we are E) a potentially variable but coherent self-definition

E) a potentially variable but coherent self-definition

Social identity theory suggests that we will ________ others who perform more poorly than we do on an important task, when our group identity is salient. A) move closer to out-group B) move closer to ingroup C) remain neutral to the ingroup and the out-group D) distance ourselves from out-group E) distance ourselves from ingroup

E) distance ourselves from ingroup

Juan, the head of human resources at a large company, has been instructed to make sure that about 2% of all newly hired managers are women in order to reduce the risk of a discrimination lawsuit. This practice represents ________. A) shifting standards B) reverse discrimination C) hostile sexism D) benevolent sexism E) tokenism

E) tokenism

One basic form of learning that helps to form our attitudes occurs when a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to cause reactions that were originally caused by another stimulus. This type of learning is known as ________. A) the Premark principle B) observational learning C) operant conditioning D) classical conditioning E) signal relations learning

D) classical conditioning

Recent research (Dijksterhuis, 2004) has shown that subliminal presentations of "I" or "me" with positive trait terms such as "nice" or "smart" will ________ implicit self-esteem and prevent ________ when negative false feedback is given later. A) reduce; increases to self-esteem B) reduce; reductions to self-esteem C) increase; increases to self-esteem D) increase; reductions to self-esteem E) first increase, then reduce; all changes to self-esteem

D) increase; reductions to self-esteem

People who tell more lies tend to be ____. This supports the idea that people lie in order to____. A) less popular; deceive others maliciously B) more popular; to help protect the other person C) incompetent; cover up their failures D) mentally unstable; cover up weaknesses of character E) more intelligent; deceive gullible and unsuspecting others

D) mentally unstable; cover up weaknesses of character

According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are determined in part by our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior, our attitudes toward a particular behavior, and ________. A) our perceptions of whether the behavior is considered appropriate for our situation B) others' perceptions of our motivation for engaging in the particular behavior C) our perceptions of whether the behavior will be instrumental in achieving our stated objectives D) our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior E) others' perceptions of whether we have the ability to perform the behavior adequately

D) our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior

William plays softball on the weekends with a group of friends from work. He believes he is a better pitcher than Tyreke because batters have fewer hits when he pitches than when Tyreke pitches. This type of comparison can best be explained by ________. A) social existential theory B) social identity theory C) social skills theory D) social comparison theory E) social attribution theory

D) social comparison theory

Stereotype threat causes decrements in performance, possibly because stereotype threat ________. A) enhances performance B) decreases stress C) increases rater bias D) decreases performance motivation E) increases anxiety

E) increases anxiety

Participants in one study wore digital audio recorders. Research assistants coded the sounds and compared the coded behaviors to the participants' self-reports of behavior. Friends of the participants also made ratings of behavior frequencies. The findings show that A) participants were most accurate at predicting their own behaviors. B) friends were most accurate at predicting participant behaviors. C) for some behaviors the participants were more accurate and for other behaviors friends were more accurate. D) there was not a relationship between the participants' self-reports and their behaviors. E) there was not a relationship between the friends' ratings and the participants' behaviors.

C) for some behaviors the participants were more accurate and for other behaviors friends were more accurate.

The first step we take in making a decision about pursuing a particular behavior is to consider ________, according to the theory of planned behavior. A) various conflicting attitudes we may hold B) the subjective norms that may be relevant C) various behavioral options D) whether the behavior is within our abilities E) whether important others are engaging in the planned behavior

C) various behavioral options

Marcus felt clearer about his attitude regarding a school policy after meeting with other students about it. The change came about because ________. A) others' arguments about the policy seemed quite strong B) others were able to explain the policy to him C) he realized how the students at the meeting were dissimilar to him D) during the meeting, the school seemed ambivalent toward its own policy E) he was able to repeatedly express his own attitude about the policy

E) he was able to repeatedly express his own attitude about the policy