Exam 2 questions
About 2% of the population have
IQs below 70
Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________.
Mnemonic devices
Research indicates that the ________ parenting style is associated with positive psychological outcomes for children, including high self-esteem and social skills.
authoritative
Which parenting style is most likely to help children develop a healthy self-concept and other positive psychological outcomes?
authoritative
Two-year old Eva doesn't want any help getting dressed in the mornings. According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, Eva is dealing with the struggle between
autonomy vs. shame/doubt.
If Jan is emotionally and sexually attracted to both men and women, she is ________.
bisexual
The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________.
essentially limitless
Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed interval
Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed ratio
According to the law of effect, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely
sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character.
According to the principles of social learning theory, Claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if she
to be repeated.
Arthur Jensen believed that ________.
genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
Renee Baillargeon's study with infants and their awareness of objects disproved Piaget's previously held belief that babies could not understand objects until they gained more experience. In her study, Baillargeon found that infants ________ at the impossible situation of a truck rolling through a box, which demonstrated an awareness of the properties of objects.
looked longer
Chinese speakers
may be more prone to think of time on a vertical or horizontal plane.
Which of the following best fits the acceptance stage of Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's stages of grief model?
After battling cancer for 4 years, Steve has come to the realization that he will most likely not survive the illness. He spends time organizing his financial papers, and he meets with friends for the last time.
Who proposed observational learning?
Albert Bandura
What are some known teratogens, and what kind of damage can they do to the developing fetus?
Alcohol is a teratogen. Excessive drinking can cause mental retardation in children. The child can also have a small head and abnormal facial features, which are characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Another teratogen is nicotine. Smoking while pregnant can lead to low-birth weight, premature birth, stillbirth, and SIDS.
A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________.
Algorithm
________ provide step-by-step instructions for solving a problem or performing a task.
Algorithm
Internet search engines use ________ to show the appropriate results.
Algorithms
Comparing which cell phone to buy and contrasting the different contracts that come with each purchase in an example of using ________ intelligence.
Analytical
When you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using most?
Analytical
Describe an event schema that you would notice at a sporting event.
Answers may vary. When attending a basketball game, it is typical to support your team by wearing the team colors and sitting behind their bench.
A child sees a Great Dane for the first time and says, "Horsie!"
Assimilation
A child sees a chicken, points, and says, "Bird!"
Assimilation
The self-referencing effect refers to ________.
Making the material you ar3e trying to memorize personally meaningful to you
Animal research suggests that in male rats the ________ is critical for the ability to engage in sexual behavior, but not for the motivation to do so.
Medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus
Why should developmental milestones only be used as a general guideline for normal child development?
Children develop at different rates. For example, some children may walk and talk as early as 8 months old, while others may not do so until well after their first birthday. Each child's unique contexts will influence when he reaches these milestones.
Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.
Moro reflex
________ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.
Morphemes
The bodies ability to move and manipulate objects are known as
Motor skills
While you are shopping with the child, she becomes tired and says, "Mommy, go home now?"
Not sensorimotor
Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.
Occurs as a result of experience
Research has shown that in general students prefer reaching out where?
Online through email or messages
Which of the following is not one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences?
Creative
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?
Eyewitness misidentification is the leading cause of wrongful convictions.
How do words not only represent our thoughts but also represent our values?
People tend to talk about the things that are important to them or the things they think about the most. What we talk about, therefore, is a reflection of our values.
Which of the seven sins of memory occurs when you simply cannot forget a traumatic event?
Persistence
A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.
Phoneme
Which of the following sequences demonstrates the correct order of the components of language from the smallest component to the broadest?
Phoneme, morpheme, syntax
________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.
Phonemes
Terry keeps interrupting the teacher during spelling instruction. The teacher says he has to write each spelling word ten times for extra homework. The next day, Terry is thinking about interrupting the teacher. The extra homework is a _____ ____
Positive punisher
Which type of memory is tested on a multiple choice test?
Recognition
Gabe was essentially fluent in French in elementary school when he lived in Canada, but then moved away until he got a job offer to work in Paris during his 20s. He picks it up again surprisingly fast. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.
Relearning
Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?
Representative
When you see elderly persons who are independent, active, and happy, they are ________.
Representative of most older adults
In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________.
Representative sample
Leini is working on building a bookshelf in her backyard when she gets a terrible itch on her back. She gripes about not being able to reach it, and goes inside to look for a back-scratcher or a kitchen spoon. She could have just used the hammer she was holding in her hand, but she didn't think of that. This is an example of
Functional fixedness
The basic idea behind observational learning is that
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Describe the relationship between learning disabilities and intellectual disabilities to intelligence.
Learning disabilities are specific neurological problems within the brain and are separate from intelligence. Intellectual disabilities are pervasive and related to intelligence.
The words we use are called
Lexicon
Climbing a tree:
Implicit
Opening a present:
Implicit
An event schema is also known as a cognitive ________.
Script
What begins as a single-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge at conception?
Zygote
Sarah is a freshmen interested in taking a developmental psychology course. She is under the assumption that developmental psychology begins once you are born and ends once you enter into adulthood. Having just read a brief introduction to developmental psychology, you can now confidently tell her that developmental psychology starts at ________ and continues throughout your____. . It includes broad categories of change that include _______, behavior, ______, and social relationships/interactions
conception, lifespan, physiology, cognition
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
conditioned response
Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of development, there is a/an
conflict that needs resolution.
________ reinforcement is giving a reinforcer every time that a behavior is displayed.
continuous
The area of the brain that undergoes the most maturation during adolescence is the ________.
frontal lobe
Physical changes that occur during puberty include the maturing of the ________ and the ________ glands.
adrenal; sex
In classical conditioning, organisms learn to
associate events that repeatedly happen together.
When talking to a stranger about your sister, Ramona, you probably don't mention her by name and instead say, "my younger sister." This is because of
audience design
When April learned she is suffering from leukemia, she met with her doctor and said, "I'll do anything to get rid of my disease. I'll improve my diet, quit smoking, lose weight, anything; just make me better." April appears to be in the ________ stage of Kübler-Ross's stages of grief.
bargaining
Which is an example of a positive reinforcer?
being told "nice work!" after completing your homework
Older adults generally perform ________ than young people on vocabulary tests and ________ on tests of working memory and information-processing speed.
better; worse
Carol Gilligan criticized her mentor Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning because she felt there were clear differences
between the moral responses of men and women.
Words and expressions are known as ________, but the rules that explain how they go together are called ________.
lexicon; syntax
Those who argue that biology and genetics have the strongest influence on development emphasize ________.
nature
The idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ________.
object permanence
As Jack develops, he will first master the concept of ________ during the sensorimotor stage of development, and then understand another person's perspective, adopting what is called a ________.
object permanence; theory of mind
Select a morpheme that is also a prefix and that, when combined with the morphemes already provided, produces one word. _______- cooked
over, un
Students were asked about the speed of cars involved in an accident. When the verb was changed from "contacted" to "smashed", ________.
participants estimated the speed of the vehicle involved in the crash to be higher.
Martha needs 3 eggs from the store, so she thinks of a shoe filled with 3 eggs. This is an example the ________ technique.
peg-word
Parents who believe it's important to be friends with their children and are set very few rules for their behavior are considered to have a ________ parenting style.
permissive
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the unconditioned response is ________ and the conditioned response is ________.
salivation; salivation
Before a memory makes it to long-term memory, it must first pass through ________ and short-term memory.
sensory
The ________ response cycle includes four phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
sexual
Jackie wants her dog to bring her the mail each day after it's dropped in through the mail slot. Instead of trying teach her dog, Dodger, all at once, she begins by giving him treats each time he goes to the mail slot. This is an example of
shaping
Richard is teaching his son, Cody, to throw darts. At first, he gives Cody a piece of candy each time the dart hits the dartboard. As time progresses, Richard starts only rewarding Cody when the dart hits one of the inner rings of the dartboard. Finally, Richard only rewards Cody when he hits the bullseye. This example best illustrates the concept of ________.
shaping
Jarren wants his dog to play dead when he says "bang, bang!" so he begins by giving him a treat each time that he crouches down after giving the command. Eventually he'll get him to roll over and then to lay on his back with his legs outstretched. This is an example of
shaping.
Skinner said that language is learned through reinforcement, while Chomsky said that children are born with a language acquisition device. Who is correct?
they are both right—language is the result of nature and nurture.
In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).
unconditioned response
Officially, insects are a class of invertebrates with a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. This description is a
Artificial concept
What statement is true of gossip and story-telling?
As a story is retold, the stereotypical information is likely to be dropped out of the retelling.
A college student who has used only Macs sits down at a PC. After spending 20 frustrating minutes searching for the Dock and the Finder and other Mac tools, he walks away from the machine in disgust.
Assimilation
If your memory of the home run you hit in the softball game becomes exaggerated to enhance your own performance, then you have fallen prey to a common memory tendency to distort your memories to fit your feelings about the world. This is called
Bias
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________.
Blocking
The period of rapid neural growth in childhood is called
Blooming
Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?
Bodily kinesthetic
Compare and contrast implicit and explicit memory.
Both are types of long-term memory. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall. Explicit memory is also called declarative memory and is subdivided into episodic memory (life events) and semantic memory (words, ideas, and concepts). Implicit memories are memories that are not part of our consciousness; they are memories formed from behaviors. Implicit memory is also called non-declarative memory and includes procedural memory as well as things learned through classical conditioning.
Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning. How are they alike? How do they differ?
Both classical and operant conditioning involve learning by association. In classical conditioning, responses are involuntary and automatic; however, responses are voluntary and learned in operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, the event that drives the behavior (the stimulus) comes before the behavior; in operant conditioning, the event that drives the behavior (the consequence) comes after the behavior. Also, whereas classical conditioning involves an organism forming an association between an involuntary (reflexive) response and a stimulus, operant conditioning involves an organism forming an association between a voluntary behavior and a consequence.
Where does high intelligence come from?
Both genetic and environment
Cara is 17 years old. Cara's mother and father both drink alcohol every night. They tell Cara that drinking is bad and she shouldn't do it. Cara goes to a party where beer is being served. What do you think Cara will do? Why?
Cara is more likely to drink at the party because she has observed her parents drinking regularly. Children tend to follow what a parent does rather than what they say.
3-year-old Camille is learning about the food groups. Her family often eats peas and carrots with dinner, so her prototype for a vegetable is most likely a
Carrot
How could grammatical errors actually be indicative of language acquisition in children?
Children may identify a grammatical rule and try applying that rule in all instances, known as overgeneralization. An example is adding an "s" to any word to make it plural, which demonstrates that a rule has been identified even if mistakenly applied.
Cillian can remember a great deal of numbers because he groups them all in sets of 3 and thinks of them as batting averages. He is using the technique of ________.
Chunking
Who created the very first modern hospice?
Cicely Saunders
Emily's mouth starts to water whenever she gets ready to eat fresh baked pizza. Recently she noticed that she now salivates when she drives past her favorite pizza shop on the way to school even though she cannot see or smell the pizza from inside the car.
Classical conditioning
Frank goes out with some friends to a new restaurant near campus. He gets fish-and-chips, but he also drinks a few too many mixed drinks and gets sick. The next time he goes to the restaurant, he avoids the fish-and-chips because the very thought of them makes him feel nauseous.
Classical conditioning
In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
Classical conditioning
Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.
Classical conditioning: operant conditioning
Before an election, researchers polled people about their political preferences, selecting either right-wing or left-wing policies. The researchers secretly copied down the opposite of their responses and had the participants explain their answers. Fascinatingly, many people defended the views they said to have disagreed with.What kind of replication would this these studies be?
Conceptual replication
The child figures out that if you can turn water into ice by cooling it, then you can probably turn ice into water by heating it.
Concrete operational stage
The child is told that she is taller than her cousin Luke, and Luke is taller than her other cousin, Melissa. She realizes that she is taller than Melissa.
Concrete operational stage
In Pavlov's work with dogs, the "psychic secretions" were ________.
Conditioned responses
The ________ shows that each generation tends to have a higher IQ than the last generation.
Flynn effect
A child's self-concept ________.
Develops as a result of a brain maturation and language.
When the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) made the video, they reconstructed the experiment in a form very similar to the original. They reported that 80% of the participants did not notice any switching of pictures—a result very similar to the original. Unfortunately, without a published report of the study, it is impossible to know if the scientific standards of the original study had been maintained.Assuming that it does meet the necessary scientific standards, which kind of replication would this be?
Direct replication
John got terribly sick after eating a burger at a local fast-food chain. He cannot even drive past that restaurant without feeling nauseous. Oddly enough, he can eat at and pass several other fast food burger joints and not feel ill. What is most likely happening here?
Discrimination
Elsa: When her mother leaves the room, Elsa cries, but soon begins to wander around the room as if looking for something. She is not interested in the toys. When her mother returns she smiles and begins to run to her, but then suddenly falls to the floor and begins to kick and whine in anger.
Disorganized
Thinking outside of the box is considered
Divergent thinking
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event, such as 9/11, is a ________.
Flashbulb memory
A student is asked to explain why a person we might label as a terrorist might believe it was an honorable and acceptable act to kill and injure other people in a terrorist act.
Formal operational
Students in a chemistry class are asked to predict what will happen when a drop of mercury in a solution of potassium chromate and sulfuric acid touches an iron nail. After they have made their predictions, the teacher shows them the phenomenon.
Formal operational
4-year old Jada, who lives close to a lake in Virginia, is learning about animals. Her prototype for an amphibian is most likely a
Frog
Jonas loves working as a TA for his Physics professor and especially loves the excitement involved in solving problems. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
Logical-mathematical
Hearing a French speaker and later noticing French food more often wherever you go:
Implicit
Speaking your native language:
Implicit
Writing using pen and paper:
Implicit
LaToya's friends drop by her house and insist she join them while they go prank some of the kids at their rival school. She knows she shouldn't go, but she hops in the car anyway. Her ________ behavior is better understood if you know about the developing adolescent brain.
Impulsive
What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
In negative reinforcement you are taking away an undesirable stimulus in order to increase the frequency of a certain behavior (e.g., buckling your seat belt stops the annoying beeping sound in your car and increases the likelihood that you will wear your seatbelt). Punishment is designed to reduce a behavior (e.g., you scold your child for running into the street in order to decrease the unsafe behavior.)
Explain how the processes of stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination are considered opposites.
In stimulus generalization, an organism responds to new stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. For example, a dog barks when the doorbell rings. He then barks when the oven timer dings because it sounds very similar to the doorbell. On the other hand, stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism learns a response to a specific stimulus, but does not respond the same way to new stimuli that are similar. In this case, the dog would bark when he hears the doorbell, but he would not bark when he hears the oven timer ding because they sound different; the dog is able to distinguish between the two sounds.
Describe what happens in the embryonic stage of development. Describe what happens in the fetal stage of development.
In the embryonic stage, basic structures of the embryo start to develop into areas that will become the head, chest, and abdomen. The heart begins to beat and organs form and begin to function. The neural tube forms along the back of the embryo, developing into the spinal cord and brain. In the fetal stage, the brain and body continue to develop. Fingers and toes develop along with hearing, and internal organs form.
Pronouns like "I", "me", and "my" are used more often in ________ cultures.
Individualistic
Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?
Infant sucking on a nipple
Darkness will naturally cause your pupils to dilate, since they are opening up to let it more light from the surroundings. Light causes the pupil to contract. Knowing this, how could you design a classical conditioning experiment forcing the pupils to dilate?
Ring a bell directly before turning the lights off, twenty times in a row. Then ring the bell.
Melissa: Instead of happily exploring the attractive toys in the room, little Melissa tenaciously clings to her mother's skirt. She becomes extremely upset when her mother leaves the room but is not reassured or comforted by her return a short while later.
Resistant
Demarcus suffered a concussion in his first lacrosse match, causing him to forget everything that happened prior to the match. He has ________ amnesia.
Retrograde
Dave has been working with a therapist to give up smoking. He has learned to stop having cravings when he sees someone about to light up a cigarette and thinks he is free. Then he goes to a party, sees a guy about to light up, and experiences strong cravings. What is going on?
Spontaneous recovery
Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Sternberg
In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.
Stimulus generalization
How do students perform that reach out for help compared with those that do not reach out for help?
Students perform better when they reach out for help
Which of the following study schedules is most effective for learning assuming you have an exam in 2 weeks?
Study every day for 1 hour
If you have an exam coming up in 2 weeks, what is the best way to space your studying to maximize your learning?
Study everyday for 1 hour
To be prepared for your exam, you need to study for 10 hours. How should you split up your study time to be most effective?
Study for 1 hour per day
Which of the seven sins of memory occurs if an investigator asks a child leading questions, causing them to make up a memory?
Suggestibility
Amira came to the United States for college. She has near perfect English, but her roommates tease her when she accidentally asks, "Did you shower yourself today?" instead of, "Did you take a shower?" This is an example of incorrect ________ structure.
Syntax
________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.
Syntax
In 2014, researchers at the National University of Singapore reported a study similar to the experiment shown in the video. The stimuli were presented using a computer rather than a live experimenter. In addition to choosing one of the two faces, the participants rated their confidence in their choice and they typed their explanation of their preference. The faces were all of Caucasian women (as in the original study), but the participants were all of Asian descent (ethnic backgrounds: Chinese, Indian, and Vietnamese). Their results were similar to those of the original study.What kind of replication would this these studies be?
Systematic replicaiton
In the years just before they published their 2005 study, the experimenters conducted two similar studies. For these studies, the pictures were presented on a computer screen, and the computer switched the pictures on the critical trials, so no magic was necessary. The results were very similar to the results of the study reported in the video above.What kind of replication would these studies be?
Systematic replication
Compare and contrast the benefits of the Stanford-Binet IQ test and Wechsler's IQ tests.
The Wechsler-Bellevue IQ test combined a series of subtests that tested verbal and nonverbal skills into a single IQ test in order to get a reliable, descriptive score of intelligence. While the Stanford-Binet test was normed and standardized, it focused more on verbal skills than variations in other cognitive processes.
Which one of the following is not true of latent learning?
The behaviors are present innately, without experience
Extinction occurs when ________.
The conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Describe the five stages of grief and provide examples of how a person might react in each stage.
The first stage is denial. The person receives news that he is dying, and either does not take it seriously or tries to escape from the reality of the situation. He might say something like, "Cancer could never happen to me. I take good care of myself. This has to be a mistake." The next stage is anger. He realizes time is short, and he may not have a chance to accomplish what he wanted in life. "It's not fair. I promised my grandchildren that we would go to Disney World, and now I'll never have the chance to take them." The third stage is bargaining. In this stage, he tries to delay the inevitable by bargaining or pleading for extra time, usually with God, family members, or medical care providers. "God, just give me one more year so I can take that trip with my grandchildren. They're too young to understand what's happening and why I can't take them." The fourth stage is depression. He becomes sad about his impending death. "I can't believe this is how I'm going to die. I'm in so much pain. What's going to become of my family when I'm gone?" The final stage is acceptance. This stage is usually reached in the last few days or weeks before death. He recognizes that death is inevitable. "I need to get everything in order and say all of my goodbyes to the people I love."
If the sound of your toaster popping up toast causes your mouth to water, what are the UCS, CS, and CR?
The food being toasted is the UCS; the sound of the toaster popping up is the CS; salivating to the sound of the toaster is the CR.
True or False: Ebbinghaus found that memory for information drops off rapidly and then levels off at about 20% of what you learned after 30 days. He called this the forgetting curve and his research demonstrated that 80% of what you learn is lost in the first 30 days after learning.
True
What evidence exists for a genetic component to an individual's IQ?
Twin studies are one strong indication that IQ has a genetic component. Another indication is anecdotal evidence in the form of stories about highly intelligent individuals who come from difficult backgrounds yet still become highly successful adults.
Don does remodeling for the strange old guy who lives in the big house. He has been working there for eight months, and always puts in 25 hours a week. He is never sure when he is going to get paid. Sometimes the old guy pays him twice in a single week and other times he doesn't give him anything for three weeks. On the average, he gets paid about every 10 days.
Variable interval
Myron is a waiter in a college restaurant. Sometimes he gets a tip and sometimes the students leave nothing. Whether the night is busy (Friday) or dead (Tuesday), on the average he gets a real tip from about 50% of his customers, but some nights everyone is generous and other nights everyone is stingy.
Variable ratio
Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
Variable ratio
Research by ________ identified the sexual response cycle and also revealed information about reproductive anatomy.
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
Compare and contrast the four attachment styles and describe the kinds of childhood outcomes we can expect with each.
With the authoritative style, children are given reasonable demands and consistent limits, warmth and affection are expressed, the parent listens to the child's point of view, and the child initiates positive standards. Children raised by authoritative parents tend to have high self-esteem and social skills. Another parenting style is authoritarian: The parent places a high value on conformity and obedience. The parents are often strict, tightly monitor their children, and express little warmth. This style can create anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy kids. The third parenting style is permissive: Parents make few demands, rarely use punishment, and give their children free rein. Children raised by permissive parents tend to lack self-discipline, which contributes to poor grades and alcohol abuse. However, they have higher self-esteem, better social skills, and lower levels of depression. The fourth style is the uninvolved parent: They are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes called neglectful. The children raised in this parenting style are usually emotionally withdrawn, fearful, anxious, perform poorly in school, and are at an increased risk of substance abuse.
________ is another name for short-term memory.
Working memory
When rats had their ________ removed, they no longer experienced their fear memory.
amygdala
Margot doesn't feel like explaining all of the events from her day to her mom because she would need to explain too many of the details in order to set the stage for her stories. In this instance, Margot
and her mother do not share common ground
Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.
anterograde
Shaquallah suffered a head injury in a soccer game and can remember everything from her past, but can no longer make new memories. What type of amnesia does she have?
anterograde
Zahara asks Blake how many times he ate pizza in the last week, and he's quickly able to respond with "twice." This is an example of
automatic processing.
When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should
be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information.
Strict followers of ________ believed that cognition did not have a role to play in learning, but ________ says otherwise.
behaviorism; latent learning
Fluid intelligence is characterized by ________.
being able to see complex relationships and solve problems
Jude is a man who is emotionally and sexually attracted to both men and women. Jude is ________.
bisexual
While we are born with all of the brain cells we will ever have, there is a period of rapid neural growth, called ________, which occurs during the first few years of life, which is followed by ________ through the rest of childhood and adolescence.
blooming; pruning
The frontal lobes become fully developed ________.
by 25 years old
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.
change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"
Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?
checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day
Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.
chunking
3-year old twins, Paige and Elsie, love graham crackers. When their dad gives them a cracker, Elsie's breaks in half. Paige notices immediately, and says that it's not fair because she also wants two pieces. Her dad breaks hers in half and then she is satisfied because she does not understand the law of ________. She is in the ________ stage of cognition.
conservation; preoperational
Rhonda, mother of three, insists that development takes place gradually and at its own pace, whereas Carolyn, mother of four, insists that development happens in distinct stages. Rhonda argues for ________ development but Carolyn sees development as ________.
continuous; discontinuous
When a person makes a moral decision based on wanting to make sure that the decision is acceptable in the community, the person's moral reasoning is at the ________ level.
conventional
At the ________ level, people focus on laws and the importance of obeying authority, whereas at the ________ level, the focus is on ethics and universal moral behavior.
conventional; postconventional
The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as ________.
critical period
Punishment ________ the likelihood that a behavior will occur while reinforcement ________ the likelihood of a behavior.
decreases; increases
When Jack heard others talking about terrorists attacking New York City, his first reaction was, "No way, that can't be happening." Where does Jack's response fit in Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's stages of grief model?
denial
Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?
determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting
An important milestone in a child's social development is
developing a positive sense of self.
Psychologists use the term ________ to refer to the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes that occur during life.
development
3-year-old Lacy always gets her favorite juice in her Scooby-Doo cup, so she drinks readily. But now the Scooby-Doo cup is in the dishwasher, so mom puts her juice in the Dora the Explorer cup that is identical to the Scooby-Doo cup except for the decorations. Lacy refuses to drink because she ________.
discriminates between the Scooby-Doo cup and the Dora the Explorer cup
Kayla's research group is thinking of every possible use for a pancake for their marketing project. This requires some
divergent thinking
A young adult, compared to an elderly adult, will probably be superior at learning the ins and outs of the latest online social media networks (like Facebook and Twitter), because the younger adult will tend to have stronger ________ intelligence than the older adult.
fluid
The ________ stage is when children can think and reason about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations.
formal operational
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent?
forming an identity
If you put your finger inside of a newborn's hand, they will probably hold on tight because of the
grasping reflex.
The "I knew it all along" phenomenon is known as
hindsight bias.
Lesions to the medial preoptic area of the ________ in rats disrupt a male rat's ability to engage in sexual behavior.
hypothalamus
According to Erikson, adolescents are in the ________ stage of development.
identity versus role confusion
According to Erikson, which conflict might 14-year old Hannah face in her developmental stage?
identity versus role confusion
According to Erik Erikson, the primary developmental dilemma of adolescence is
identity vs. confusion.
Based on changes in the weather, bears typically hibernate for half the year. This is an example of an innate behavior, known as a
instinct.
Birds migrating and cats chasing prey are examples of ________.
instincts
Sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are examples of ________.
instincts
Someone with ________ may be inclined to undertake transgender hormone therapy.
gender dysphoria
According to Erikson, the defining conflict of middle adulthood is ________.
generativity versus stagnation
When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
generativity vs. stagnation
Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining ________ and in regulating the social world.
ingroups and outgroups
The new librarian ________ the book incorrectly.
ordered or shelved
In order for something to be classified as creative, it should be useful,
original and surprising
Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.
relearning
If a caregiver demonstrates inconsistent responses toward their child, then the child may develop ________ attachment, becoming both clingy and upset with their caregiver.
resistant
In Hamlin and Wynn's study of infants, they found that babies even as young as 5 months old prefer a puppet that
returns a bouncy ball to another puppet.
A newborn baby knows how to nurse from her mother because of the ________.
sucking reflex
A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage to an embryo or fetus.
teratogen
Alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs are all examples of ________ that cause damage to a developing baby.
teratogens
Which hormone plays a major role in sexual motivation for both men and women?
testosterone
The most important takeaway from Freud's theory of psychosexual development is
that childhood experiences can shape personality.
The structural parts of the body that are most responsible for sexual arousal are the ________.
the hypothalamus and limbic system
In the study with Little Albert, he was conditioned to fear a rabbit because it was paired with a frightening loud sound. In this example, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
the loud sound
When children develop ________, they come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own.
theory of mind
Hamlin, Mahanjan, Liberman, and Wynn found that if a young child has a preference for green beans and is shown a puppet that dislikes green beans, then
they will like it if another puppet treats that green-bean-hating puppet poorly.
Hamlin, Mahanjan, Liberman, and Wynn found that if a young child has a preference for green beans and is shown a puppet that also likes green beans, then
they will like it when good things happen to that puppet.
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.
universal
As a 49 year old, Travis is focused on his career and family, yet he feels a sense of emptiness. Erikson argues that he could ________ to feel more productive and better about himself.
volunteer as a youth soccer coach in his neighborhood
Alexis, age 4, is shown a matchbox filled with buttons. Alexis's friend, Kinesha, joins the room, and Alexis smiles because she knows that Kinesha will be surprised to discover the buttons inside the matchbox instead of matches. Alexis's understanding of Kinesha's perspective demonstrates
theory of mind.
Sven eats popcorn every time he goes to the movies. He goes to a new theatre with no concessions and finds that his mouth is watering for popcorn the entire time. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?
watching a movie
Before Bandura proposed his Bobo doll experiment, most learning specialists believed that learning only occurred ________.
when an individual did something and discovered the consequences directly
The pervasive daily stress of poverty and resulting impact on brain development may explain
why children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests.
Learning disabilities often affect children
with average to above-average intelligence.
Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?
zygote, embryo, fetus
What is Erikson's primary developmental conflict of early adulthood?
intimacy vs. isolation
Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.
learning
When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet and starts to pack up her bag because she has been conditioned to think the ringing bell signifies the end of class and the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a
neutral stimulus.
Looking for evidence to back up the way you already feel about something is an example of
Confirmation bias.
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.
Construction; reconstruction
Research by Hamlin, Mahanjan, Liberman, and Wynn found that
infants seem to make moral judgements.
Knowing the capital of Texas:
Explicit
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
when a rabbit goes to the bathroom in the litter box, she gets a piece of carrot
A ________ watermelon reminds me of summer days.
Juicy or ripe
________ concepts are the ones we know through experience.
Natural
In Pavlov's experiment, the dogs produced saliva which was the ________ when seeing the meat powder which was the _____ Pavlov then introduced a bell sound before feeding the dogs which was a _______ because it did not produce a response from the dogs. Eventually, the sound of the bell made the dogs salivate which was the ________ as the sound of the bell became the__________
1. unconditioned response 2. unconditioned stimulus 3. Neutral stimulus 4. conditioned response 5. conditioned stimulus
The average IQ score is
100
The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ________.
100
Baby Aiden is born with an ability to learn any and all languages, but will grow to have a difficult time discriminating between phonemes used in other languages besides his native English at around
12 months old
By age ________, a child's brain is 90% of its adult size
6
What is a Skinner box and what is its purpose?
A Skinner box is an operant conditioning chamber used to train animals such as rats and pigeons to perform certain behaviors, like pressing a lever. When the animals perform the desired behavior, they receive a reward: food or water.
Which statement accurately describes the current period of adolescence?
Adolescence is the years between ages 12 and middle to late 20s
What is the difference between a reflex and a learned behavior?
A reflex is a behavior that humans are born knowing how to do, such as sucking or blushing; these behaviors happen automatically in response to stimuli in the environment. Learned behaviors are things that humans are not born knowing how to do, such as swimming and surfing. Learned behaviors are not automatic; they occur as a result of practice or repeated experience in a situation.
According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________.
A traumatoc life experience
Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept?
A triangles area
A child drinks unsweetened iced tea for the first time, hates it, and then avoids drinking anything that looks like it.
Accommodation
Imagine that a student came into this class simply thinking that infants and young children gradually develop intellectually. Now the student realizes that there are four distinguishable stages of cognitive development. What process would Piaget say is taking place in the student's mind?
Accommodation
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, name and describe the three stages of memory.
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, memory is processed in three stages. The first is sensory memory; this is very brief: 1-2 seconds. Anything not attended to is ignored. The stimuli we pay attention to then move into our short-term memory. Short-term memory can hold approximately 7 bits of information for around 20 seconds. Information here is either forgotten, or it is encoded into long-term memory through the process of rehearsal. Long-term memory is the permanent storage of information—its capacity is basically unlimited.
Jane writes a song to help her remember all of her terms for anatomy class. She is utilizing ________ encoding.
Acousitic
When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________.
Acrostic
How does an algorithm save you time and energy when solving a problem?
An algorithm is a proven formula for achieving a desired outcome. It saves time because if you follow it exactly, you will solve the problem without having to figure out how to solve the problem. It is a bit like not reinventing the wheel.
Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?
Anchoring
There is no reliable scientific evidence that gay conversion therapy actually works. What kinds of evidence would you need to see in order to be convinced by someone arguing that she had successfully converted her sexual orientation?
Answers will vary, but it should be indicated that something more than self-reports of successful conversion would be necessary to support such a claim. Longitudinal, objective demonstrations of a real switch in both erotic attraction and the actual behavior in which the individual engaged would need to be presented in addition to assurances that this type of therapy was safe.
________ have poor visual acuity.
Armadillos or infants
________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.
Artificial
Which of the following is the order of stages in Kübler-Ross's five-stage model of grief?
Denial, anger,bargaining, depression, acceptance (DABDA)
What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation? Provide examples of each.
Assimilation is when we take in information that is comparable to what we already know. Accommodation is when we change our schemata based on new information. An example of assimilation is a child's schema of "dog" based on the family's golden retriever being expanded to include two newly adopted golden retrievers. An example of accommodation is that same child's schema of "dog" being adjusted to exclude other four-legged furry animals such as sheep and foxes.
When a person or animal makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together, they are exemplifying ________ learning.
Associative
The ________ says that memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
Matthias watched his older brother get arrested for selling drugs. He followed the steps of the modeling process to know that he doesn't want to get involved with selling drugs himself. These steps are:
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
Cedric tells a new acquaintance that he is "from Chicago" even though he is really from a suburb close to the city. After his vague introduction, Cedric learns that his new acquaintance is also from the Chicago area, so Cedric corrects himself by saying the precise town and neighborhood in which he lives. This is called
Audience design
Shianne tells the group of people at the table at her workshop that she's from Salt Lake City. A young man replies that he is also from Salt Lake, so he asks Shianne what area she's from. Shianne admits that she is really from Bountiful, which is north of Salt Lake City. The fact that she gives this additional information is an example of
Audience design
Parenting styles affect many aspects of a child's development. Parents who attempt to shape and control their children in accordance with a set standard of conduct are called _____. Parents who attempt to direct their children's activities in a rational and intelligent way and are supportive, loving, and committed are called_____ . Parents who are less controlling and adopt a non-punishing and accepting attitude toward their children's impulses and desires are called ____ . Parents who place very few demands on their children and who are unresponsive to their children's needs are called ____ .
Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, Uninvolved
The type of memory processing that is done without conscious awareness is known as
Automatic
Hwan is extremely afraid of flying but is looking forward to a Spring Break trip to the coast with his friends. He decides that driving would be safer, so he convinces his roommate to cancel his flight to join him in the car. He is making this decision based on a/an
Availability heuristic
Amanda: When her mother leaves the room, Amanda does not show much response. When her mother returns, Amanda continues playing and does not appear to be interested in her mother.
Avoidant
Infants who do not show distress when the mother leaves the room and are indifferent when the mother returns exhibit which pattern of attachment?
Avoidant
________ is well known for his research on animals and pigeons. He even created an operant conditioning chamber designed to reward animals for specific behaviors.
B.F. Skinner
Once Jane heard of her daughter's diagnosis, Jane began to tell the doctor, "I'll do anything if you can help my daughter get well." Where does Jane's response fit in Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's stages of grief model?
Bargaining
What might happen to your memory system if you sustained damage to your hippocampus?
Because your hippocampus seems to be more of a processing area for your explicit memories, injury to this area could leave you unable to process new declarative (explicit) memories; however, even with this loss, you would be able to create implicit memories (procedural memory, motor learning and classical conditioning).
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
Erma sells hotdogs for one dollar each in the stands at the local professional baseball stadium. For every hotdog she sells, she puts 25 cents in her pocket and 75 cents in her boss's change purse.
Continuous
If Jamal is teaching his son to say please and gives him a high-five each time he says it, then he is reinforcing his behavior on a ________ reinforcement schedule.
Continuous
The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills is known as ________.
Continuous development
Compare and contrast continuous and discontinuous development.
Continuous development sees our development as a cumulative process: Changes are gradual. On the other hand, discontinuous development sees our development as taking place in specific steps or stages: Changes are sudden.
Carlos, a 17 years old, responds, "Heinz is acting out of a passion of love for his wife, so I think he should have done it. The seller didn't try to bargain with him. So I think it was right, well, not right, but I would have done it." When Carlos is further questioned, "Is it ever right to steal?", he responds, "No, it's wrong, it's still stealing. So if the police catch him breaking into the store, then the police should take him to jail. But morally, he doesn't need to go to jail because he was doing the right thing, but stealing is stealing."
Conventional
Bryant, a graduate student who generates many innovative research ideas:______ Linda, a newspaper reporter who has a knack for making connections with very important people:_________ Raul, a college student who quickly recognizes the correct answers to multiple choice questions:__________ Patricia, president of a small company, who successfully implements the business plan her partner developed:__________ Manuel, a community college teacher who was recognized for writing a book of poetry:__________ Anna, a law student who ranks at the top of her class for her critiques of legal cases:___________
Creative, practical, analytical, practical,Creative, analytical
An older person's "wisdom" can be described by the term ________ intelligence.
Crystalized
________ intelligence is represented by an elderly person's wisdom, or accumulated knowledge.
Crystallized
Most modern intelligence tests, such as the newly developed WISC-V, are based on work done by
David Wechsler
Who developed the IQ test most widely used today?
David Wechsler
________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.
Egocentric bias
What is egocentrism? Provide an original example.
Egocentrism is the inability to take the perspective of another person. This type of thinking is common in young children in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. An example might be that upon seeing his mother crying, a young child gives her his favorite stuffed animal to make her feel better.
What is emerging adulthood and what are some factors that have contributed to this new stage of development?
Emerging adulthood is a relatively new period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s, characterized as a transitional time in which identity exploration focuses on work and love. According to Arnett, changing cultural expectations facilitate the delay to full adulthood. People are spending more time exploring their options, so they are delaying marriage and work as they change majors and jobs multiple times, putting them on a much later timetable than their parents.
This physical trace of memory is known as the ________.
Engram
Explain why event schemata have so much power over human behavior.
Event schemata are rooted in the social fabric of our communities. We expect people to behave in certain ways in certain types of situations, and we hold ourselves to the same social standards. It is uncomfortable to go against an event schema—it feels almost like we are breaking the rules.
Knowing the word for "flower" in Japanese:
Explicit
Remembering the time you fell out of a tree when you were five:
Explicit
Remembering what present you bought for your aunt:
Explicit
Solving a geometry problem:
Explicit
Which of the three stages is the longest?
Fetus (fetal)
Using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of ________.
Fine motor skills
________ focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions.
Fine motor skills
Ben has a job with a landscape service. He works about 35 hours each week. He is always paid on Friday afternoon, and his salary is always the same.
Fixed interval
Sue makes simple fabric dolls for a local craft store. The store only takes the dolls in sets of 25. For every 25 dolls she delivers, the store pays her $10.
Fixed ratio
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.
Flashbulb memory
If someone is uncomfortable identifying with the gender normally associated with their biological sex, then he could be classified as experiencing ________.
Gender dysphoria
A CS and UCS are associated so the CS now produces a CR without presentation of the UCS. If a new stimulus that is similar to the CS also produces the CR, we have an example of ________.
Generalization
Pavlov conditions a dog to salivate when he rings a bell. Now he changes the bell to one with a much deeper tone and the dog salivates, even though the bell is clearly different from the original one. Responding to a new stimulus as if it were the original CS is ________.
Generalization
Why was Carol Gilligan critical of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
Gilligan criticized Kohlberg because his theory was based on the responses of upper class White men and boys, arguing that it was biased against women. While Kohlberg concluded that women must be deficient in their moral reasoning abilities, Gilligan disagreed, suggesting that female moral reasoning is not deficient, just different.
While much research has been conducted on how an individual develops a given sexual orientation, many people question the validity of this research citing that the participants used may not be representative. Why do you think this might be a legitimate concern?
Given the stigma associated with being non-heterosexual, participants who openly identify as homosexual or bisexual in research projects may not be entirely representative of the non-heterosexual population as a whole.
Jamal, at age 6, is already an excellent athlete, fast runner, and accomplished gymnast. He has excellent ________.
Gross motor skills
What is the best description of originality?
Having a low probability, unique
Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?
He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.
A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called ________.
Heuristic
Which is the faster technique for solving a problem?
Heuristic
Identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit ________ between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together.
Higher correlation
If Mekhi is a man who feels attracted to other men, he is ________.
Homosexual
What is the purpose of hospice care?
Hospice is a program of services that provide medical, social, and spiritual support for dying people and their families.
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ________.
Human thinking
Lesions to the medial preoptic area of the ________ in rats disrupt a male rat's ability to engage in sexual behavior.
Hypothalamus
Compare and contrast the two processes we use to encode information.
Information is encoded through automatic or effortful processing. Automatic processing refers to all information that enters long-term memory without conscious effort. This includes things such as time, space, and frequency—for example, your ability to remember what you ate for breakfast today or the fact that you remember that you ran into your best friend in the supermarket twice this week. Effortful processing refers to encoding information through conscious attention and effort. Material that you study for a test requires effortful processing.
The DSM-5 now uses ________ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation.
Intellectual disability
In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.
Interpersonal; intrapersonal
According to Erikson, the primary conflict for early adulthood years is ________.
Intimacy versus isolation
What is Erikson's primary developmental conflict of early adulthood?
Intimacy versus isolation
Mike has always been a little awkward socially. There are nice folks at work, but he regularly turns down invitations to go out for a drink after work. At home, he spends most of his time reading or working on his computer. Which of the following of Erikson's crisis terms applies most accurately to Mike's situation?
Isolation
Jake and Jack are identical twins, but Jake was born almost 15 minutes before Jack. They also have two sisters, Deondra and Daphne, who are 3 years and 6 years younger than them. Who is most likely to have the same IQ score?
Jake and Jack
In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.
Kicked and threw the doll
Jeffrey always enjoyed cooking simple meals for himself. When he was preparing a meal, he would frequently read new recipes and he liked to wander around the local Whole Foods store. When his friend Marsha asked that he help her with food for a party she was having, Jeffrey amazed everyone, including himself, when he prepared a feast that looked and tasted like it was done by a professional caterer. Jeffrey's newfound skill is an example of ________.
Latent learning
Learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed is called
Latent learning
________ broke the constraints of ________, which emphasized that learning was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli.
Latent learning; behaviorism
Which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages?
Lawrence Kohlberg
Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called ________.
Learning
Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.
Learning disability
Twelve-year-old Ashley recently had her first menstrual period. Another term for this is ________.
Menarche
Jazmin tells her best friend, Ella, about a time in middle school when she went to the mall and spilled an entire bottle of ketchup onto her lap. Ella is surprised at the story and says, "No, that didn't happen to you---that happened to me! We were there together, remember?" This is an example of when the source of the memory is confused. This is known as
Misattribution
Caroline met a new friend named Wendy. Wendy was wearing a green shirt, which reminded Caroline of Peter Pan, so Caroline plans to remember Peter Pan when she thinks about her new friend's name. This is an example of
Mnemonic device
The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.
Model
Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?
Money
Babies who show the ________ will spread their arms and quickly pull them back if they feel like they are falling.
Moro reflex
Wendy's belief that rabbits are cute, fun, and intelligent animals is an example of a
Natural concept.
Janette comes home too late after her high school party. She loses her driving privileges for two weeks. A month later, Janette is at another party and she is supposed to be home in a half hour. The loss of driving privileges is a _____ _____
Negative punisher
Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
Negative punishment
A rat is placed in an environment where the floor gives the rat small electric shocks. The only way to get rid of the shocks is to press a lever in the corner of the box. The rat quickly learns to press the lever. This is an example of
Negative reinforcement
Dave has a splitting headache. He decides to go for a run and like magic the headache disappears. The next time he has a headache, he is thinking about going for a run. The disappearance of the headache is a ______ ______
Negative reinforcer
What is a learning disability?
Neurological disorder
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.
Neutral stimulus
The child takes a cookie without asking. When Mom asks, "Who took that cookie?" the child admits it right away, because she doesn't realize that Mom might not know who took the cookie.
Not concrete operational stage
The parents take the child to a magic show, but she doesn't enjoy it because nothing really surprises her.
Not concrete operational stage
A student is asked to sort animals into various kinds, using ideas she has just been learning in school. She first divides the animals into mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and a few other categories. Then she divides mammals into egg-laying mammals, primates, marsupials, rodents, and several others. She continues this process until the teacher stops her.
Not formal operational
A student is learning to count. The teacher asks, "What is four plus two?" The student counts out four fingers, and then he counts out two more. Finally, he counts all six fingers that are up and says, "Six!"
Not formal operational
The child's ball rolls under the couch when his father isn't looking. The child says, "Gimme!" but does not point or otherwise indicate what he wants. The father can't figure out why the child is upset.
Not preoperational stage
The dependent variable in this study was ________.
Number of errors made while running through the maze.
Those who argue that the environment and culture have the strongest influence on development emphasize ________.
Nurture
The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.
One standard deviation above the mean
In which class setting has research shown that students report feeling less threatened in reaching out for help from peers or their teacher?
Online environment
What is the relationship between reaching out for help and final grade?
Online environment
________ interference occurs when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information, while ________ interference happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.
Proactive; Retroactive
What is the effect of prosocial modeling and antisocial modeling?
Prosocial modeling can prompt others to engage in helpful and healthy behaviors, while antisocial modeling can prompt others to engage in violent, aggressive, and unhealthy behaviors.
Gillian's kids struggle to get out the door in the morning for school, so she creates a sticker chart where they can put on a sticker each time they are ready to go before 7 a.m. Once they fill they chart, they'll get a new bunk bed. This is an example of ________.
Operant conditioning
Last week, little Jack got a bag of cookies from the cabinet and ate them all. When his mother found out, she didn't let him watch television that evening as punishment. The next day, Jack thinks about having cookies, but decides that it is not a great idea.
Operant conditioning
Mittens the cat just happened to brush against the refrigerator when Jana, her owner, was in the kitchen. Jana said, "Oh, you want some milk!" and gave her a little bowl. Mittens started hanging out near the refrigerator more often, which meant she brushed against it more often. Jana thought it was cute, so she gave her milk every time she brushed the refrigerator. Soon, mittens learned that brushing against the refrigerator was a sure way to get some milk.
Operant conditioning
During the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, individuals experience rhythmic contractions of the pelvis that are accompanied by uterine contractions in women and ejaculation in men.
Orgasm
While he is at a meeting, Rubin tells a joke, and everybody laughs. Now he is at another meeting, and is thinking about telling another joke he heard. Everybody laughing at his joke at the first party is a _______ ________
Positive reinforcer
Cheryl, an adult, responds, "It's not okay, but it's understandable. There was good enough reason because someone's life was at stake. It was a dire situation. Someone's life is more important, and their right to life is more important than the drug company getting their money. That person's right to life goes above the law; it's higher than the other. Although he loves his wife, there are also other things involved: she is a person and she has a right to life."
Postconventional
Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
Practical
Which type of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"?
Practical
David, 4 years old, responds, "No, you should never steal, because they have to pay for it. It's not okay to steal the medicine or you'll go to jail."
Preconventional
Focusing on self-interests when making a moral decision indicates a moral reasoning level of ________.
Preconventional
The part of the brain that matures mostly during adolescence is the ________.
Prefrontal cortex
What is prenatal care and why is it important?
Prenatal care is medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and fetus. It's important to receive prenatal care because it can reduce complications to the mother and fetus during pregnancy.
The child likes to draw pictures of people and houses and other scenes, though the people are stick figures and the houses all tend to look the same.
Preoperational stage
The child rapidly develops schemas for different kinds of animals and objects that he encounters all the time. For a while, he becomes fascinated with different kinds of dinosaurs and later likes to identify different kinds of tools in the workshop.
Preoperational stage
Which type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned?
Primary
Which linguist(s) proposed that the thoughts that an individual has are determined by the language that he or she uses?
Sapir and Whorf
Stickers on a sticker chart are an example of which type of reinforcer?
Secondary
Each of the following infants is being tested using Ainsworth's Strange Situation Classification. Based on their reactions to the situation, which attachment style is exhibited by the infant? Samantha: As long as her mother is present, Samantha eagerly explores the room and plays with the toys. When her mother leaves, Samantha becomes somewhat upset, but when she returns, Samantha quickly calms down.
Secure
The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?
Secure
Samantha needs to remember a string of numbers, and does so by associating each set of numbers with the jersey numbers worn by her favorite football players. This is an example of ________ encoding.
Semantic
The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ________.
Semantics
The child frequently puts things in his mouth when he finds them lying around.
Sensorimotor
The child loves to crawl on the living room carpet.
Sensorimotor
When eating, the child loves to drop her spoon on the floor to see it fall and to hear the sound as it hits the floor.
Sensorimotor
Memory of brief events, like the smell of french fries you pass on the way to the corner store, are stored in ________ memory.
Sensory
Which of the following findings was not a result of the Kinsey study?
Sexual desire and sexual ability can be seperate functions
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.
Shaping
Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior is known as
Shaping
What is shaping and how would you use shaping to teach a dog to roll over?
Shaping is an operant conditioning method in which you reward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. If you want to teach your dog to roll over, you might reward him first when he sits, then when he lies down, and then when he lies down and rolls onto his back. Finally, you would reward him only when he completes the entire sequence: lying down, rolling onto his back, and then continuing to roll over to his other side.
What is true of a child in the concrete operational stage of development?
She can perform mathematical operations, understand transformations, and understand the principle of reversibility.
The theory of psychosexual development was created by
Sigmund Freud
Who developed the theory of psychosexual development?
Sigmund Freud
Why do you think different theorists have defined intelligence in different ways?
Since cognitive processes are complex, ascertaining them in a measurable way is challenging. Researchers have taken different approaches to define intelligence in an attempt to comprehensively describe and measure it.
Destiny is excellent at working with shapes and models. Her dream job is to design for Lego one day. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
Spatial
Darnell was the subject for his in-class demonstration on classical conditioning. His teacher read through a list of random words, but each time she said the word, "pizza," she squirted him in the face with a water bottle, which caused him to flinch. When talking about pizza later outside of class, he didn't flinch, but then two days later, his friend from class said, "Hey Darnell, pizza!" and he flinched with fear. This is an example of ________.
Spontaneous recovery
How does someone who has never been to a Starbucks before know to order and pay at the counter and then wait for their food to be ready?
The individual already has a concept for casual dining restaurants and can apply this concept to Starbucks.
Describe the nature versus nurture controversy, and give an example of a trait and how it might be influenced by each?
The nature versus nurture controversy seeks to understand whether our personalities and traits are the product of our genetic makeup and biological factors, or whether they are shaped by our environment, which includes such things as our parents, peers, and culture. Today, psychologists agree that both nature and nurture interact to shape who we become, but the debate over the relative contributions of each continues. An example would be a child learning to walk: Nature influences when the physical ability occurs, but culture can influence when a child masters this skill, as in Aché culture.
What is the Flynn effect?
The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.
In Tolman's study, the independent variable was ________.
The presence of food at the end of the maze
What is the self-reference effect, and how can it help you study more effectively?
The self-reference effect is the tendency an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself than information that is not personally relevant. You can use the self-reference effect to relate the material to something you have already learned for another class, or think how you can apply the concepts to your life. When you do this, you are building a web of retrieval cues that will help you access the material when you want to remember it.
How is lifespan development defined?
The study of how we grow and change from conception to death.
Describe some of the newborn reflexes. How might they promote survival?
The sucking reflex is the automatic, unlearned sucking motions that infants do with their mouths. It may help promote survival because this action helps the baby take in nourishment. The rooting reflex is the newborn's response to anything that touches her cheek. When you stroke a baby's cheek she will naturally turn her head that way and begin to suck. This may aid survival because it helps the newborn locate a source of food.
Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?
The team captain
A child watches as you tell the following story using dolls: "Becky walks into her bedroom carrying her favorite book. She puts the book in the top drawer of her dresser, closes the drawer, and leaves the room. A few minutes later, her brother Zack comes into the room, takes the book from the drawer, and puts it in the toy box. Then Zack leaves the room. Then Becky comes back to the room to get her book." You ask the child to tell you where Becky will look first. The child says, "In the toy box!" without hesitation.What is the phenomenon or attainment being tested?
Theory of mind
Which of the following statements is true?
There are many factors working together to influence an individuals intelligence level.
Compare and contrast the two types of amnesia.
There are two types of amnesia: retrograde and anterograde. Both involve the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma. With anterograde amnesia, you cannot remember new information; however, you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury. Retrograde amnesia is the exact opposite: you experience loss of memory for events that occurred before the trauma.
Compare and contrast the two types of interference.
There are two types of interference: retroactive and proactive. Both are types of forgetting caused by a failure to retrieve information. With retroactive interference, new information hinders the ability to recall older information. With proactive interference, it's the opposite: old information hinders the recall of newly learned information.
How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?
This occurs through the process of acquisition. A human or an animal learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. During the acquisition phase, the neutral stimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response. The neutral stimulus is becoming the conditioned stimulus. At the end of the acquisition phase, learning has occurred and the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of eliciting the conditioned response by itself.
Select one morpheme that is also a word. ________
Touch, able, agree, over, cook
Mekayla loved her second grade teacher and remembers it being her favorite year of elementary school. When her niece asks her about her favorite part of second grade, Mekayla has a hard time remembering anything that actually happened during that year. This is an example of
Transience
Describe a situation in which you would need to use practical intelligence.
You are out with friends and it is getting late. You need to make it home before your curfew, but you don't have a ride home. You need to get in touch with your parents, but your cell phone is dead. So, you enter a nearby convenience store and explain your situation to the clerk. He allows you to use the store's phone to call your parents, and they come and pick you and your friends up, and take all of you home.
Describe a situation in which cultural intelligence would help you communicate better.
You are visiting Madrid, Spain, on a language immersion trip. Your Spanish is okay, but you still not sure about some of the facial expressions and body language of the native speakers. When faced with a sticky social situation, you do not engage immediately as you might back home. Instead, you hold back and observe what others are doing before reacting.
You and your roommate spent all of last night studying for your psychology test. You think you know the material; however, you suggest that you study again the next morning an hour prior to the test. Your roommate asks you to explain why you think this is a good idea. What do you tell her?
You remind her about Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve: the information you learn drops off rapidly with time. Even if you think you know the material, you should study it again right before test time to increase the likelihood the information will remain in your memory. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.
Negative punishment refers to a situation where ________.
a behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior
Which of the following is an example of a reflex?
a newborn baby knowing how to nurse
Children who freeze, run around the room in an erratic manner, or try to run away when the caregiver returns in the Strange Situation experiment most likely have been ________.
abused
In order for ________ to occur, it is best if the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is small, sometimes just a matter of seconds.
acquisition
The child was ________ distracted by the colorful insects.
easily or quickly
Infants who have pleasant moods and positive attitudes toward new situations and people have ________ temperaments.
easy
Select a morpheme that is also a suffix (a morpheme added to the end of a word) and that, when combined with the morphemes already provided above, produces one word. Touch-____
ed, able
The fact that Elon can remember more words on his German test while taking the exam inside his classroom (instead of the testing center) can be explained by the
encoding specificity principle.
Ivan Pavlov
established the principles of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs.
What are the stages of the sexual response cycle?
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are
explicit memories
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?
explicit memories
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, but then Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. Molly stopped giving the puppy treats, and eventually the puppy no longer jumps on her when she walks in the door. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.
extinction
When a previously learned behavior disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, we call it ________.
extinction
The recall of false autobiographical memories is known as
false memory syndrome.
________ is the recall of false autobiographical memories.
false memory syndrome.
If Jolene drinks alcohol while pregnant, particularly during the sensitive period of prenatal development, then it is possible that her baby will be born with facial deformities or other delays characteristic of
fetal alcohol syndrome.
Napoleon works at the golf course. In addition to his salary, they told him he can get $10 for every bucket he fills with stray balls he finds scattered throughout the course. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed ratio
For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.
flashbulb memory
Janelle gets a dollar from her mom every time she learns a song on the piano. This increases her desire to practice the piano and is an example of
positive reinforcement.
When a person says he or she would break the law and then confess to the authorities to save someone's life, this person's moral reasoning is at the ________ level.
postconventional
Hamlin, Mahanjan, Liberman, and Wynn found that if a young child has a preference for green beans and is shown a puppet that prefers graham crackers, then when they watch a show with a puppet stealing a ball from the graham cracker-loving puppet, the child will
prefer the puppet that took the ball away from the graham cracker-loving puppet.
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
primary
Shelter, sex, and touch are examples of
primary reinforcers.
Water, food, and sleep are examples of
primary reinforcers.
Derek's email log-in forced him to create a new password, but now when he logs on, he only remembers his old password. This is an example of ________ interference.
proactive
Arianna was an accomplished gymnast in her youth but hasn't been to the gym for nearly 10 years. Despite this, with some prompting from her old coach, she's able to do almost her entire uneven bar routine. This is an example of
procedural memory.
Lawrence Kohlberg is best known for ________.
proposing a theory of moral development with three distinct levels, each level having two stages that represent different degrees of moral reasoning
Developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains. Which of the following is not one of these domains?
psychological
Which theory says that in each stage of development, a child focuses on a specific pleasure-seeking area of the body?
psychosexual
What are the three types of encoding?
semantic, acoustic, and visual
Rylee has moved to a new city and is visiting the doctor for the first time. Even though she's never been before, she goes to the check-in counter first and then waits patiently in the waiting room chairs. She does this because
she already has a concept for doctors offices and automatically applies that to the new office. Check Answer
According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.
short-term memory itself has different forms
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
