Exam 2 Review Part 1

Gas exchange

(exchanging carbon dioxide with oxygen) a. First several levels—including the branches of the bronchi and the first branches of bronchioles—contain "dead space" (i.e., gaseous exchange cannot take place). b. Gaseous exchange takes place in the lower levels of bronchioles and, most efficiently, in the alveoli. IN OTHER WORDS: delivery of oxygen from lungs to the bloodstream AND elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs.

What are the main components of the pectoral girdle?

-**Clavicle/collarbone (2) -**Scapula/shoulder blade (2) -Humerus

Lower respirtory tract includes: (mainly)

-Trachea -Bronchi -Bronchioles -Alveolar air sacs/alveoli

as lung volume increases (because of increasing thoracic expansion), lung pressure _______________ and __________________________________________.

-decreases -air flows into the lungs until lung pressure equals room's pressure.

There are ______ pairs of ribs, and the rib cage also include the _______.

12, sternum

Posterior articulation

All ribs articulate posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae (costovertebral joints), and with the transverse processes of the vertebrae.

Explain rib motion. What happens? What does this allow for?

Allows expansion (and contraction) (contraction = muscles decrease in size) of the thorax along the transverse dimension. EX: When the lungs expand, the ribs have to expand too.

Why does air enter the lungs?

Boyle's Law—States that volume and pressure are inversely related; i.e., as volume of a container increases, pressure inside decreases. ii. Air flows from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure.

Explain trachea

Cartilaginous (c-rings) and membranous tube that extends downward from the larynx ii. Note that the esophagus (of the digestive system) is located posterior to the trachea. iii. Ends interiorly as the right and left main/primary bronchi.

What is the pelvic girdle?

Components serve as place of attachment for a few muscles of respiration (e.g., external abdominal oblique ms. & rectus abdominis ms.). EX: Bony pelvis

Besides from lubrication, what is another function of serous fluid?

Creation of negative intrapleural pressure (SUCTION) between the membranes EX: negative air

Vertebral Column (spine)

Divided into levels: a. cervical vertebrae —7 vertebrae of the neck b. thoracic vertebrae -12 vertebrae of the chest c. lumbar vertebrae—5 vertebrae of the lower back d. sacrum—vertebrae fused together; help form the pelvic girdle (vertabrae at the very end) e. coccyx—lowest three to four vertebrae (kind of like the little tail bone)

air is _____________________ into the lungs, NOT _____________

Drawn/sucked pushed/forced

What is pleural linkage?

Important concept that refers to the linkage of the lungs to the chest wall and diaphragm by means of the negative intrapleural pressure between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes. EX:it enables the lungs to expand and contract as the thorax changes volume

What else happens during quite breathing?

Muscles of inspiration are relaxed, which allows the lungs shrink in size. ii. Muscles of expiration are relaxed and are not involved

Explain Bronchi

Right & left primary bronchi (2) (a) Subdivisions of the trachea (b) Each bronchus enters a lung ii. These continue to subdivide in the lungs; several levels of bronchi exist. iii. Bronchi terminate in bronchioles ("little bronchi").

Pleural membranes

Surrounds the lungs

Explain bronchioles

The bronchioles continue to subdivide; several levels of bronchioles exist. ii. Terminate in alveolar ducts and air sacs.

vertebral foramen

The circular center in the middle of the vertabra

Parietal pleural membrane

This layer forms a bag-like enclosure around each lung and its visceral pleura. ii. Each one lines the inner wall of one side of the rib cage and extends onto the upper surface of the diaphragm, which is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. ii. It also separates the lung from the mediastinum. EX: outer layer that lines rib cage and covers upper surface of diaphragm

Explain alveolar air sacs

Tiny air sacs at end of respiratory tract. ii. Very thin walls for gaseous exchange. iii. [There are lots of them, about 300 million.]

What is the function of the body?

To support our body weight.

Lungs are _____________.

Two cone-shaped structures (which consist of two lobes in the left lung and three lobes in the right) located within the thorax (i.e., chest).

What are the two types of pleural membranes?

Visceral pleural membrane and Parietal pleural membrane

What are the main components of the pelvic girdle?

a. ***Pelvic bones: ***ilium, with its iliac crest; ***ischium; & ***pubis b. Sacrum & coccyx of the vertebral column

Lungs consist of _______, _______, and _______.

a. Base rests on top of the diaphragm. b. Apex extends upward to the base of the neck. c. Root (i.e., hilum) is where bronchi, blood vessels, etc. enter.

What is the mediastinum?

a. Space between the lungs. b. Contains heart, blood vessels, nerves, bronchi, trachea, esophagus, etc.

Breathing for speech: Respiratory muscles are ______ in order to produce the desired ________________ for speech (to control loudness) and the desired______________________ the expiration lasts (to allow the production of an utterance).

active lung pressure length of time

inspiration is an _____________ _____________.

active process

Explain the Lower respiratory tract

airway located below the larynx

pulmonary apparatus includes _____________ and _____________.

airways and lungs.

Describe the clavicle/collarbone.

attach medially to sternum & laterally to acromion process of the scapula

Where does the lubrication (i.e. serous fluid) occur?

between the visceral and parietal pluerae.

Sternum is the _______________.

breast bone

QUIET BREATHING: When the respiratory muscles are relaxed, lung volume will __________________, causing the pressure inside the lungs to ________________.

decrease increase

A________________-layered __________________ _____________ surrounds/encloses each lung

double pleural membrane

Describe the scapula/shoulder blade

each scapula articulates with a clavicle and a humerus

Inspiration needs the muscles of inspiration to ___________________________. (e.g., diaphragm, external intercostals, etc.)

expand the thoracic cavity which, in turn, expands the lungs' volume (due to pleural linkage).

the root of the lungs aren't as important, but where are they located?

flip the lungs over and look from the inside.

For the 12 pairs of ribs, they all include a _______, ____________, and ______________.

head, neck, and shaft

anterior articulation

i. Upper 10 pairs ("true" and "false" ribs) articulate directly or indirectly with the sternum by means of costal cartilages. ii. Lower 2 pairs ("floating" ribs) do not articulate with the sternum.

What makes up a vertabra?

i. body (corpus) ii. spinous process (1)—posterior extension iii. transverse processes (2)—lateral extensions iv. vertebral foramen—space through which spinal cord passes

alveoli inflate during ________,and deflate during _________.

inhalation, exhalation.

While the ribs are in motion, transverse dimension is occurring. This includes two parts. What are they?

lateral and Anteroposterior expansion

Intervertebral foramina

lateral spaces between adjacent vertebrae through which spinal nerves pass out from the spinal cord EX: -The holes through which the spinal chord LEAVES the spinal column, and then turns into nerves. -It is pretty much all over the spine, except at the very top by the neck. -You can see them when the spine is turned to the side, they look like little openings.

Lungs fill entire thoracic space except the ______________.

mediastinum.

spinous process

middle of transverse process

lungs themselves are completely ________ structures

passive (like balloons

in quite breathing, expiration is ____________.

passive (resp. muscles do not contribute)

because of _____________________, as the thorax expands, the lungs will _________________.

pleural linkage expand too

For the pectoral girdle, the components serve as _______.

points of attachment for some muscles of respiration

What is intrapleural preassure?

pressure between lungs and thoratic wall (chest wall)

pulmonary system is the _______________

respiratory system

transverse process

right and left side of the vertabrae

The pleural membranes secrete (form) a ________________ that serves a couple of purposes.

serous fluid (lubricates lungs during breathing)

Thin ______________ ________________ important for pleural linkage.

serous membranes

Describe lateral expansion.

shaft of rib moves upward and outward. This movement of all ribs causes the thorax to expand from side-to-side. EX: This is very similar to a bucket handle.

visceral pleural membrane

the layer that adheres tightly to a lung's outer surface. EX: inner layer that covers lungs

Pectoral girdle is __________.

the shoulder.

The pulmonary apparatus includes the Upper respiratory tract. This is Located above the _________________, and it includes _________, _________________, and ______________.

trachea Nasal & oral cavities Pharynx Larynx

Describe Anteroposterior expansion.

upward and forward movement of the sternum carries the ribs along, causing the thorax to expand from front-to-back.

In the vertebral column, there are singular _______, and together they make ____________.

vertabra, vertabrae

Pleural linkage causes the lungs and the thoracic wall & diaphragm to ___________________________.

work together as a single functional unit (If chest wall expands, lungs follow, it the lungs contract, the chest wall follows)