Exam 2 true/false
If someone asked you to put a large ugly sign in your front yard to promote safe driving if you would probably refuse. However, agreed earlier to put small sign in your window you are more likely to agree to place a large sign in your front yard. This is referred to as foot-in-the door-technique
true
If your grandparents scored 100 on an IQ test taken 50 years ago, they might score as low as 70 today.
true
In Freudian theory, the ID works by the pleasure principle
true
In the Milgram obedience studies subjects were less likely to deliver a high voltage if the subjects sat face-to-face rather than in separate rooms.
true
In the twin studies involving the "Jim Twins" and the identical "Spiro twins," Carolyn Spiro and Pamela Spiro Wagner (discussed in Critical thinking: The Amazing Twins) one of the Spiro twins was schizophrenic and experienced hallucinations, whereas her twin sister was a psychiatrist
true
In the twin studies involving the "Jim Twins" and the identical "Spiro twins," Carolyn Spiro and Pamela Spiro Wagner (discussed in Critical thinking: The Amazing Twins) the Spiro twins were raised were raised in the same home, whereas and the "Jim Twins" in different homes.
true
Kim Peek, the individual with savant syndrome could recite from memory 9000 books
true
Kim Peek, the individual with savant syndrome knew all the zip codes and area codes in the US
true
Kim Peek, the individual with savant syndrome was poorly coordinated and couldn't button his own clothes
true
Men in the Tchambuli people of New Guinea are expected to be dependent, flirtatious, concerned with their appearance, and to adorn themselves with flowers and jewelry.
true
Mere presence refers of people to changes their behaviors just because of the presence of other people.
true
Neural intelligence refers to the innate speed and efficiency of a person's brain and nervous system.
true
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder that plagues children who lack a particular enzyme.
true
SAT reasoning scores and math scores are becoming increasingly alike for males and females
true
Social facilitation is the tendency to perform better when in the presence of others.
true
Spontanaeity, autonomy non-hostile sense of humor, and peak experiences are characteristics of self-actualizers
true
Strict learning theorists reject the idea that personality is made up of traits and stress that behavior has a lot of situational determinants.
true
Studies by Henrich et al. 2010 observed that children adopted from orphanages gained an average of 29 IQ points, whereas those who stayed in the orphanage lost an average of 26 IQ points.
true
Subjects in the study who were paid the larger amount of money ($20) for lying to others did not change their opinion of the task (that it was boring).
true
Subjects who were paid the smaller amount of money ($1) for lying to others rated the task as interesting and pleasant.
true
Tests of creativity are more strongly related to achievement in art, music writing, science, dramatics and leadership than IQ.
true
The Rorschach (ink blot) test is an example of a projective test
true
The terms psychological situation, expectancy, reinforcement value, and self-reinforcement are most closely linked to Social Learning Theory.
true
a college athlete practicing less before an athletic competition is an example of self-handicapping
true
a factor analysis is a statistical technique used to correlate multiple measures and identify general underlying factors
true
a large dose of alcohol suppresses orgasm in women, erections in males, pleasure, and performance in both sexes
true
a normal curve is bell-shaped, with a large number of scores in the middle area tampering to extremely high scores and extremely low scores
true
a woman is more likely to have multiple orgasms than a male is
true
a woman's sex drive is closely related to the testosterone level in her bloodstream
true
according to Adler's personality theory, people compensate for limitations and struggle to overcome imperfections by striving to be superior to others
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according to Freud you feel anxiety when your ego is threatened or overwhelmed
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according to Rogers, many adult emotional problems are due to living by the standards of others
true
according to Rogers, organismic valuing is more likely to occur in children and adults who receive unconditional positive regard
true
according to social learning theory, the most important expectancy is self-efficacy
true
according to the cognitive dissonance theory "buyer's regret" creates cognitive dissonance, which is minimized by emphasizing positive aspects of what we choose while downgrading other alternatives
true
according to the textbook, nature's primary impulse is make a female rather than a male
true
all of the following are among the Five Factor Model (big five): neuroticism, agreeableness, extroversion, open to experience, and conscientiousness
true
although there are difference in math ability and verbal ability between men and women, scores for men and women overlap so much that it is impossible to predict whether any one person will do good or bad on a test of math or language skills simply by knowing the person's sex.
true
an IQ measured at age 3 is not a good indicator of the person's IQ at age 27
true
an asexual person is someone who is not romantically or erotically attracted to men or women
true
at least one woman in sex experience rape or attempted rape in her lifetime
true
attitude change due to brainwashing usually is not permanent
true
common traits are personality traits shared by most members of a culture
true
crystalized intelligence is the ability to solve problems using already acquired knowledge
true
down's syndrome is genetic but not hereditary
true
drinking a lot of alcohol before an exam is an example of self-handicapping
true
during the resolution phase of the human sexual response, there is a return to lower levels of sexual arousal, sexual tension, and arousal
true
fluid intelligence but not crystalized intelligence declines rapidly after middle age
true
fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitive reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory are cognitive factors that make up general intelligence
true
fragile X syndrome is hereditary and is a type of intellectual disability that is more likely to occur in boys than girls
true
gender role refers to the pattern of behaviors that are regarded as "male" or "female" by a culture
true
highly intelligent persons are no more susceptible to mental illness than anyone else
true
homosexual males are no more likely to have serious emotional problems than heterosexual males
true
in Freudian theory the ego is the executive
true
in Freudian theory, the ego operates according the reality principle
true
in Freudian theory, the superego is the "judge" or sensor for the thoughts and actions of the ego
true
in Rogers' theory the ideal self is similar to Freud's ego ideal in that it is an image of the person you most like to be
true
in presenting a persuasive argument it is best to give both sides of the argument if the audience is well informed about the subject
true
knowing a child's IQ scores at 11 years old is a good predictor of adult IQ
true
men and women have equal potential for sexual arousal and women are no less physically responsive than men
true
most child molesters are married and have children
true
most children of homosexual or bisexual parents become heterosexual
true
much attitude change is related to a desire to avoid clashing or contradictory thoughts, an idea summarized in cognitive dissonance theory
true
nearly 20% of American women will be raped in their lifetime
true
non-assertive behavior causes anxiety, hurt, and self-denial in the actor and sympathy guilt, or contempt in the receiver
true
overall women in America earn only 77 cents for every dollar earned by a man
true
parents encourage boys to engage in instrumental behaviors and girls to engage in expressive behaviors
true
parts of the hypothalamus differ in size in homosexual and heterosexual males
true
performance intelligence is measured by solving puzzles, assembling objects, completing pictures, and other non-verbal skills
true
pornography can cause relationship problems because it is a supernormal stimulus so sex can be so exciting that normal sex with a partner seems to pale in comparison
true
procrastination is an example of self-handicapping
true
research shows that exhibitionists are not harmless and about 40% go on to commit more serious sexual crimes
true
self-handicapping allows the individual to have an excuse for failure
true
shy people tend to consider their social anxiety to be a lasting personality trait
true
social loafing refers to the tendency for people to work less hard when they are part of a social group than when they are solely responsible for the work
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studies indicate that 35% of people are androgynous, whereas 50% show traditional female and male traits
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studies involving the auto kinetic effect focus on social influence- how one person's behavior is changed by the actions of others
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the "broken record" techniques is used in assertiveness training
true
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) is an example of an objective personality questionnaire
true
the Oedipal conflict and the Electra conflict occur during the Phallic Stage of development
true
the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is considered to be a projective test
true
the apparent movement of stationary pinpoint of light displayed in a dark room is called the auto kinetic effect
true
the core of general intellectual ability that involves reasoning problem-solving, ability, knowledge, and memory is referred to as the g-factor
true
the deviation IQ is calculated by converting a persons' relative standing in his age group to an IQ score
true
the fundamental attribution error is to attribute the actions of others to internal causes
true
the halo effect is the tendency to generalize favorable or unfavorable first impressions to unrelated details of personality
true
the overall capacity to think rationally, act purposefully and deal effectively with the environment is referred to as a person's intelligence
true
the self-actualized person is comfortable with solitude, has a non-hostile sense of humor, comfortably accepts self, others and nature, and often has profound interpersonal relationships
true
the term aptitude is used to refer to a capacity for learning certain abilities; examples are mechanical, artistic, or music
true
the term gender variant refers to individual's biological sex does not match his or her preferred gender
true
the term incongruence refers to a discrepancy between a person's experience and self-image
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the term persona is used by Jung to refer to a "mask" that people wear; it is the public self that the person presents to others
true
the term reliability is used to refer to the ability of a test to yield the same score, or nearly the same score, each time it is given to the same person
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the term temperament refers to the hereditary aspect of personality, including emotional sensitivity, activity levels, prevailing moods, irritability, and adaptability
true
the three components of attitude are: the belief component, the emotional component, and the action component
true
the use of ambiguous stimuli is most characteristic of projective tests
true
when situational demands are strong we tend to discount internal causes for a person's actions
true
whether a person has erotic fantasies about women or men is a strong indicator of his or her sexual orientation
true
women often skip the plateau phase of the human sexual response
true
women self-handicap less frequently than men do
true
younger Americans are shifting to sexual scripts that favor casual sex such as the "friends with benefits" script
true
A fellow student asks to borrow $25 for a day and you agree. Once you give him the money, he explains that it would be easier to repay you after payday in 2 weeks. This is an example of the low ball technique.
true
A test has validity if it measures what it claims to measure
true
A woman over 40 years of age is more likely to have a child born with Down's Syndrome because the reproductive cells become more prone to errors in cell division as people age.
true
A(n) attitude is a learned tendency to respond to people, objects, or institutions in a positive or negative way.
true
African Americans score higher on the Dove Counterbalance Test than European Americans.
true
An extrovert is a person whose attention is directed outward, a bold outgoing person.
true
An introvert is a person whose attention is focused inward, a shy, reserved, self-focused person.
true
Androgynous individuals, compared to "feminine" or "masculine" individuals, have higher emotional intelligence, are more flexibility in coping with difficult situations, and express a higher level of life satisfaction
true
Cretinism is linked to a deficiency in thyroid hormone.
true
Differences in adult intelligence are roughly 50% hereditary.
true
Except for slight variations during testing IQ cannot be changed.
true
Except for slight variations during testing, a person's IQ cannot be changed.
true
Freud though that behavior often expresses unconscious forces rather than the conscious choices
true
Girls who were "tomboys" as adolescents show typical female interests and female gender characteristics as an adult.
true
Groupthink occurs when people try to maintain agreement and critical thinking and clashing views are discouraged.
true
IQ refers to a persons' mental age divided by his chronological age multiplied by 100
true
IQ scores are not generally good predictors of real-world success.
true
Identical twins raised in separate environments differ in IQ by as much as 20 IQ points.
true
it is unusual for someone to continue to masturbate after marriage
70% of married men and women masturbate at least occasionally
in Kleinfelter's syndrome, a boy is born XXY, with a extra Y chromosome will appear feminine when he matures and have undersized sex organs
False: this happens to a boy born with an extra X chromosome
In Turner's syndrome a girl is born with only one X chromosome and no Y chromosome: as an adolescent she may appear boyish and she will be infertile
True
parenting style is not very important to the development of a homosexual orientation, even if the parents are homosexual
false
if one identical twin is homosexual there is a 97% chance that his twin is homosexual
false: 50% chance
Less than five percent of subjects delivered the maximum amount of voltage (450 volts) to the learner in the Milgram obedience studies.
false: 65%. When real participants saw two other "teachers" (both actors) resist orders and walk out of the experiment, only 10% continued to obey
In the study on the influence of social status on behavior by Albrecht and Albrecht (2011) people who were well dressed (high status) given free pastries, whereas people who were poorly dressed did not receive free pastries even if they were polite to the baker.
false: According to this study, if the man was polite when he asked, he was equally likely to be given a free pastry no matter how he was dressed
africans are no more sexually promiscuous than people in developed countries
false: Africans are not promiscuous. they report less sexual partners than developed countries
Microcephaly is a disorder characterized by stunted growth and intellectual disability caused by an insufficient supply of testosterone.
false: Microcephaly is a disorder where the head/brain are abnormally small. Cretinism is stunted growth and intellectual disability caused by an insufficient supply of thyroid hormone
A woman named Mrs. Keech, claimed that she was in communication with beings from another planet. Mrs. Keech and her followers, called "seekers", believed that North America would be destroyed by the invaders from the planet on a specific date. When this didn't happen the "seekers" gave up and broke up as a group.
false: They did not give up and break up as a group. After publicly committing themselves to the group's beliefs, they had a strong need to maintain consistency (even if it was wrong). In effect, convincing others that the belief is true (even when it fails) is a way of adding proof that you're correct
personal distance refers to is the most private space around the body immediately surrounding the body. (Up to 18 inches from the skin)
false: This is referring to intimate distance. Personal distance is the distance maintained when interacting with close friends (18in-4 feet)
people in asian cultures such as Japan base self-esteem on personal success and outstanding performance; the path to self-esteem is self-enhancement
false: USA base self-esteem on personal success and outstanding performance; Asian cultures base self-esteem on collectivism or interdependence among people (based on secure sense of belonging to social groups)
women typically go through the human sexual response faster than men
false: Women are no less physically responsive than men but women tend to go through the sexual phases more slowly than men
according to Rogers, organismic valuing should be replaced with conditions of worth
false: according to Rogers conditions of worth should be replaced with organismic valuing
source traits are the core of each individual's personality. Each source trait is reflected in a number of surface traits
false: central traits that characterize an individual personality. Source traits are basic underlying traits, or dimensions of personality; each source trait is reflected in a number of surface traits
Conformity was rarely observed (about 2%) in the Asch (1956) studies involving judgments of the length of lines.
false: real students conformed to the group on about 1/3 of the critical trials
shy people show a high level of private self-consciousness, but shyness is linked to public self-consciousness
false: shyness has no connection with private self-consciousness, but shyness is linked to public self-consciousness
it is surprisingly easy to change a person's sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual if the proper techniques are used by professionals
false: the chances are practically 0 of an exclusively heterosexual/homosexual person being "converted" from one orientation to another
the terms self-reinforcement, self-efficacy, and reinforcement values are terms used by Social Learning Theorists
false: the terms psychological situation, expectancy, and reinforcement values are terms used by Social Learning Theorists
children raised by gay or lesbian parents are no more likely to be homosexual than children raised by heterosexual parents
false: they are more likely to be heterosexual
according to Social Learning Theory, habits (learned behaviors) make up the structure of personality
false: this is according to John Dollard and Neal Miller. the social learning theory is an explanation of personality that combines learning principles, cognition, and the effects of social relationships
Kim Peek, the individual with savant syndrome IQ score was 187
his IQ was 87. he had difficulty with abstract thinking and tests of general intelligence
"Don't bother me with the facts my mind is made up." This phrase is consistent with cognitive dissonance theory which states that we tend to reject new information that contradicts our ideas we already hold.
true
"love bombing" is a technique used to convert someone to a cult
true