Exam 2 - Unit 2: Chapter 21/Development

What does the formal operational stage involve?

(11/12 years to 14/15 years) •Characterized by abstract thinking and deductive reasoning •World is evaluated by testing beliefs to establish values and meaning in life

What does the pre operational stage involve?

(2/3 years to 6/7 years) •Characterized by beginning of use of symbols, increased language skills •Divided into 2 parts: Preconceptual (2-4 years) & Intuitive (4-7 years)

What does the concrete operational stage involve?

(6/7 years to 11/12 years) •Children learn by manipulating tangible objects, classify articles on 2 or more characteristics, realize feelings are unique to themselves •Logical thinking is developing, aware of external events, ability to focus on multiple parts of a problem

What does the sensorimotor stage involve?

(Birth to 2-3 years) •0 to 1 Month: Demonstrates basic reflexes (sucking, grasp) •1 to 4 Months: Discovers enjoyment of random behaviors and repeats them (smiling, sucking thumb) •4 to 8 Months: Relates own behavior to change in environment (shaking rattle, manipulating a spoon) •8 to 12 Months: Coordinates multiple thought patters to reach goal •12 to 18 Months: Recognize permanence of objects (even if out of sight)/ understands simple commands •18 to 24 Months: Begins to develop reasoning and anticipates events

What does the anal stage of Freud's theory involve?

- Development of neuromuscular control of anal sphincter - Conflict occurs with toilet training (there is a delay of gratification)

What factors influence growth and development?

- Genetic history - Prenatal, individual, and caregiver factors - Environment and nutrition - Health-illness state - Culture

What does the phallic stage of Freud's theory involve?

- Increased interest in sex differences - Curiosity about genitals and masturbation - Conflict occurs with parent of same sex (Oedipus & Electra Complex)

What does the oral stage involve?

- MOUTH (each child has a need for oral gratification) focal point of gratification and exploration - Primary need is for security - Conflict occurs with weaning

What are the principles of growth and development?

- Orderly and sequential - Continuous and complex - Follow regular and predictable trends - Are both differentiated and integrated - Aspects occur at different stages and rates, and can be modified - Pace is specific for each person

What does the genital stage of Freud's theory involve?

- Sexual interest expressed in sexual relationships - Conflict from sexual pressures and adjustments in relationship changes - Freud believes full sexual maturity is reached at this stage

What does the latency stage of Freud's theory involve?

- Transition to genital stage during adolescence - Increased sex-role identification with parent of same sex

What does Piaget's theory help you understand?

- learning occurs as a result of the internal organization of an event, forming a mental schema (plan), and serving as a base as one grows and develops - Intellectual growth is a continual restructuring of knowledge = higher levels of problem solving and critical thinking

What are the four major concepts of Erikson's theory?

1)Stages of Development 2)Developmental Goals or Tasks 3)Psychosocial Crises 4)The Process of Coping - Development is a continuous process throughout the lifetime

What are the four stages of Piaget's theory?

1. sensorimotor 2. pre-operational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

23 pairs

Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson)

Adolescence: Transition to adulthood. Hormones are producing secondary sex characteristics, they're trying on roles and sometimes rebelling to acquire sense of self Role confusion: results if unable to establish identity and sense of direction

Assimilation vs. Accommodation (Piaget's theory)

Assimilation is the process of classifying new information into existing schemata, but if the new information does not fit neatly into existing schemata then accommodation occurs, which is the process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass new information

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson)

Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt (I.e. overprotective caregivers, too high expectations)

Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)

Infancy. Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner Mistrust: results from inconsistent, inadequate, or unsafe care

Ego integrity vs Despair (Erikson)

Later Adulthood - Reminiscence about life events, either fills fulfillment and pride or sense of despair if series of failures

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson)

Middle adulthood - Involvement with family, friends, and community - Concern with next generation and contribution to the world - Stagnation: results from unresolved task and becoming self-absorb with own needs

What are Freud's developmental stages?

Oral stage (0 to 18 months) Anal stage (8 months to 4 years) Phallic stage (3 to 7 years) Latency stage (7 to 12 years) Genital stage (12 to 20 years)

What is the unconscious mind stage in Freud's theory?

Part of the mind that includes memories, motives, fantasies, and fears that are not easily recalled

Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)

Preschool. sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, ability to enjoy accomplishment, gains confidence in learning Guilt: results from restrictions or reprimands for exploring

Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)

School age. Gains pleasure from finishing projects and recognition Inferiority: results from not meeting parental expectations or accepted by peers

What is the ego stage in Freud's theory?

The conscious part of the mind that serves as a mediator between desires and constraints of reality This includes intelligence, memory, problem solving, separation of reality/fantasy, and incorporation of experiences

What information do chromosomes carry?

The genetic information that determines the person's cellular differentiation, growth, and function

What is the Id stage in Freud's theory?

The part of the mind concerned with instant self gratification If a patient isn't able to cope - they've likely stayed in this stage

What is the superego stage in Freud's theory?

The part of the mind that is commonly called the conscience Represents the internalization of socially acceptable rules and values

what is Lawrence Kohlberg's theory?

Theory of Moral Development

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson)

Young adulthood. - Task to unite self-identity with identities of friends - Focus on relationships and commitments - Isolation: results from fear of commitments and loneliness

Define growth

an increase in body size or changes in body cell structure, function, and complexity

Define development

an orderly pattern of changes in structure, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors resulting from maturation, experiences, and learning

Which theory is Jean Piaget's?

cognitive development theory

Which theory is Sigmund Freud's?

psychoanalytic development

Which theory is Erik Erickson's?

psychosocial development

What's important to know about development?

within each stage of development, a person may retain behaviors of a previous stage, attain goals of the current stage, and exhibit behaviors of the next stage