exam 2

when is an animal considered domesticated? (textbook)

kept for distinct purpose human controlled breeding survival depends on humans develop genetic traits not found in wild

Canned hunting (textbook)

large animals being brought to the hunter for killing

Fifth major extinction

(c. 65 mya) It wiped out the remaining terrestrial dinosaurs and marine ammonites, as well as many other species across the phylogenetic spectrum, in all habitats sampled from the fossil record. Consensus has emerged in the past decade that this event was caused by one (possibly multiple) collisions between Earth and an extraterrestrial bolide (probably cometary). - Some geologists, however, point to the great volcanic event that produced the Deccan traps of India as part of the chain of physical events that disrupted ecosystems so severely that many species on land and sea rapidly succumbed to extinction. - 17% of families lost. Most famous, perhaps, was the most recent of these events at the end-Cretaceous.

animal damage control act (textbook)

Allows the USDA's Wildlife Services to kill coyotes, mountain lions and other predators responsible for livestock death and crop destruction

What are the major forms of human subsistence? (dr leatham)

1. Foraging/ AKA Hunting and Gathering, also known as Foragers/Foraging cultures. - Humans, the genus homo, starts out as foragers in East Africa. - Foraging is the process of gathering food from uncultivated plants or undomesticated animals. · 2. Horticulture/Agriculture o Horticulture is a subsistence form, mainly still used in the tropics. Is a subsistence strategy that intentionally cultivates plants for personal or small community use. The distinguishing aspect of horticulture is that no extensive technology is used in the cultivation of produce. The intent is not to grow an abundance of food but to grow enough food to sustain life within the group/community. o Agriculture 10,000 years ago begins a form of subsistence production in which fields are in permanent cultivation using plows, animals, and techniques of soil and water control. Came as a result of pressure on grasses from herding- and need to develop a way to grow and store grasses and eventually understanding of cultivation in order to not have to move from place to place in search of food sources for animals and humans. 3. Industrialism -Last type/recent and is an extension of agriculture/ a type of huge mass scale production -Industrial food and animal (use in) production is a variation of agriculture and herding common among industrial societies. It is characterized by even greater, energy intensive use of modern mechanical, chemical, and biological technologies to maximize production. Broadly considered to be non-sustainable scale farming. 4. pastoralism - Pastoralism refers to a stage in the development of civilization between hunting and agriculture and also to a way of life dependent on the herding of livestock, specifically, - ungulate developed end of ice age, in the Middle East; when humans who had hunted then developed way of corralling some wild species in close proximity in order to better predict subsistence. - Types: nomadic societies do not create permanent settlements, but rather they live in tents or other relatively easily constructed dwellings the year round moving with small herds as needed for grazing and survival. - Pastoral nomads are usually self-sufficient in terms of food and most other necessities. - Transhumance pastoralists have a more set pattern of migrations that usually take them to cool highland valleys in the summer and warmer lowland valleys in the winter. This is seasonal migration between the same two locations in which they have regular encampments or stable villages often with permanent houses or structures. - Transhumance pastoralists usually have herds used for more than food. They trade animals with other bands/herders for brides and/or at markets for grain and other things that they do not produce themselves. - Not all pastoralist societies can be accurately described as following a nomadic or transhumance way of life. - Pastoralism led to domestication and selective breeding of some species (bovine, fowl/chickens, pigs, horses, sheep etc.) and keeping the animals close by created pressure on grasses/grains nearby in wild. Living so closely with herd animals, also leads to zoonoses and immune changes. - Pastoralism is found in many variations throughout the world, generally where environmental characteristics such as aridity, poor soils, cold or hot temperature, and lack of water make crop growing difficult or impossible.

1. who was EO wilson and 2. what did he estimate?

1. Harvard biologist 2. as early as 1993, said Earth is currently losing something on the order of 30,000 species per year — which breaks down to the even more daunting statistic of some three species per hour

What are some (at least three) main characteristics of Pastoralism cultures mentioned in the lecture with examples. (dr leatham)

1. Pastoral societies represents massive dependence on animals. 2. This culture is very masculine, the men manage and protect the animals while the women have children and manage the crops. 3. The notion of private property was introduced through pastoralism. 4. The animals are so praised in this society they are actually considered at the center of the society

two discrete phases:Sixth Extinction

1. Phase One began when the first modern humans began to disperse to different parts of the world about 100,000 years ago. Humans began to impact all ecosystems on earth. - The first phase began shortly after Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and the modern humans began migrating out of Africa and spreading throughout the world. - Humans reached the middle east 90,000 years ago. - They were in Europe starting around 40,000 years ago. Neanderthals, who had long lived in Europe, survived homo sapien (our) arrival for less than 10,000 years, but then abruptly disappeared — victims, according to many paleoanthropologists, of our arrival through outright warfare or the more subtle, though potentially no less devastating effects, of being on the losing side of ecological competition. 2. Phase Two began about 10,000 years ago when humans turned to agriculture. - perhaps first in the Natufian culture of the Middle East. - Agriculture appears to have been invented several different times in various different places, and has, in the intervening years, spread around the entire globe. has accelerated the sixth extinction - Agriculture represents the single most profound ecological change in the entire 3.5 billion-year history of life. With its invention: (1) humans did not have to interact with other species for survival, and so could manipulate other species for their own use (2) humans did not have to adhere to the ecosystem's carrying capacity, and so could overpopulate

what were the reasons bisons were targeted in 1870s america? (textbook)

1. both native americans and bison were seen as savage 2. by forcing natives to stop bison hunting / taking away bison, its easier to displace and move them to the reservations 3. bisons no longer blocked railroads 4. white trappers moved into emptied out lands

debate over indigenous hunting brings number of complex factors (textbook)

1. killing intelligent, social animals 2. hunting no longer traditional - modern techniques - hunting for sport

implications of conservation framing ( whose conservation article)

1. measuring conservation success - nature for itself framing: well establish metrics based on changes in number of species on IUCN red list of threatened species - nature despite people framing: separate threat type - difficult when people and nature are complex 2. designing ecosystem management 3. assigning economic value to nature - environmental decisions based on economic concept of costs and benefits - if nature has no value, nature will continue to be destroyed

4 framing of conservation ( whose conservation article)

1. nature for itself - Key ideas: species, wilderness, protected areas - pre 1960s- 1960s - scientific underpinnings from wildlife ecology, natural history, theoretical ecology 2. nature despite people - starting to observe habitat destruction, threats to species from humans and strategies to reverse these trends ( over harvesting, invasive species, etc) - focus on sustainable harvesting, minimum viable populations - intense debates about community based management, sustainable use of nature, etc - 1970s, 80s - scientific underpinnings of population biology, natural resource management 3. nature for people - realization that nature provides crucial goods and services that are irreplaceable yet continue to be ignored. wider acceptance of people part of the ecosystem - conservation is failing, extinction is escalating - cost of environmental mismanagement is starting to build up - moving away from species to ecosystems - millenium ecosystem assessment - scientific underpinnings in Ecosystem functions, environmental economics - 2000- 2005 4. people and nature - recognizing dynamic relationship between nature and people - emphasizes importance of cultural structures and institutions of developing sustainable interactions between humans and nature - intellectual origins in resource economics, social science, theoretical ecology

Manifest Destiny (textbook)

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

connection between human health and conservation ( Thompson conservation powerpoint:)

A subtler connection between ecosystem degradation and human health can be seen in disease-causing organisms that move from wildlife to humans. Two thirds of the world's emerging diseases, such as the Ebola virus, avian flu, and now COVID-19 are caused by pathogens that now are able to infect nonhuman animal hosts and only made the jump to people because of changes in land use and agricultural practices. At issue are not just "exotic" diseases, however. By eliminating wolves and mountain lions, people in the eastern U.S. triggered an explosion in the deer and deer tick populations, which has resulted in more than 20,000 new cases of Lyme disease annually. Attempts to eradicate predators more than a century ago have jeopardized human health today.

What kinds of activities does Carolina do in her work (at least 3) ( grantham talk)

A. Behavioral management is observing reproduction, aggression, development of the birds. Breeding pairs get along and eggs hatching fine, and other behavioral issues of birds B. Artificial incubation: letting eggs incubate than switching it with a dummy egg. Making sure egg develop properly. Total incubation period 57 days, cant let birds have it for that long. Bring eggs in lab to observe. Weigh eggs everyday to make sure loosing weight everyday and temperature okay. Determine fertility with flashlight C. Medical procedures: medical examinations. Vaccinate for west Nile virus D. Facility management: construction of barns.

What were two jobs Carolina had before working for Peregrine Fund? ( grantham talk)

A. Monitoring macaws in the deep of the jungle. Did Supplemental feedings, getting up close to the birds in the wild B. Helping DR. Bennet for a wind energy project on bats. Trapped wild bats at parks and housed them at enclosures to see how they would react to white noise machine. C. Internship in Hawaii of breeding and then releasing endangered birds

problem with economic SLNS ( Thompson conservation powerpoint:)

Capitalism emphasizes expanding markets, competition, wealth for its own sake, and production and profit over workers. -First world trumps developing nations and communities. Major countries poised to lead new conservation movement are those that are currently in a neoliberal tailspin —economically critical times, deregulating, and mocking and undermining environmental communities for their concerns about global climate catastrophe. Capitalist economic interests hardens hearts to human condition—creates scripts of blame for the poor and others people and other animals.

connection between economic loss and conservation ( Thompson conservation powerpoint:)

Connections between habitat loss and economic loss that are not always as obvious. - Winds that whip through Africa's ever expanding Sahara and Sahel carry dust that is blown west over the Atlantic Ocean. - Yearly, several hundred million tons of sand lands in the Americas or the Caribbean. - The dust, pollutants, microorganisms and nutrients accompanying the sand play a part in wiping out coral reefs—reducing tourism and fisheries in those places as well. Overgrazing and unsustainable farming practices in northern and sub-Saharan Africa have fueled poverty, famine and malnutrition regionally and undermined corals and economies half a world away.

hot spot conservation creation ( Thompson conservation powerpoint:)

Derived from the 1988 work of Norman Myers (Oxford) who developed the idea of biodiversity hot spots, small areas that harbor a great variety of endemic, or native and geographically restricted, plant species. FORGOT WHO CREATED IT to date, 25 hotspots have been named - example: bocaina national park Public perception of a nature-versus-people theme

Humans began disrupting the environment as soon as they appeared on Earth.

Everywhere, shortly after modern humans arrived, many (especially, though by no means exclusively, the larger) native species typically became extinct. They disrupted ecosystems by overhunting game species, which never experienced contact with humans before and had evolved slow reproduction capacities and/or niche existence. And perhaps humans spread microbial disease-causing organisms as well

alternative approaches to conservation ( Thompson conservation powerpoint:)

Focus on ecosystem services we are advocating is, in many ways, a repackaging of traditional conservation ideas that emphasize interconnectedness Conservationists have to let go of the idealism of 'pristine' ecosystems. ¼ million more people enter this planet every day. There is no place without human influence. Biodiversity must be pursued with the understanding that urban centers, agricultural lands, etc. are present in the landscapes. Any 'protected' areas will need intense supervision and protection as they are vulnerable to incursion. And, animals don't understand human made boundaries, until it is too late

Wherever early humans migrated, other species became extinct.

Humans arrived in large numbers in North America roughly 12,500 years ago-and sites revealing the butchering of mammoths, mastodons and extinct buffalo are well documented throughout the continent. The demise of the bulk of the La Brea tar pit Pleistocene fauna coincided with our arrival. The Caribbean lost several of its larger species when humans arrived some 8000 years ago. Extinction struck elements of the Australian megafauna much earlier-when humans arrived some 40,000 years ago. Madagascar-something of an anomaly, as humans only arrived there two thousand years ago-also fits the pattern well: the larger species (elephant birds, a species of hippo, plus larger lemurs) rapidly disappeared soon after humans arrived. Indeed only in places where earlier hominid species had lived (Africa, of course, but also most of Europe and Asia) did the fauna, already adapted to hominid presence, survive the first wave of the Sixth Extinction pretty much intact.

Neanderthals (textbook)

In Europe, another human species lived and adapted to life in the cold climates of the last Ice Age. worshipped bears

success story of ecosystem services conservation ( Thompson conservation powerpoint:)

Indonesian government and Komodo dragon ( slide)

What is the 'cattle complex' and what are some other (animal) forms of it? (dr leatham)

It is when the cattle is so important to pastorali zed societies that the economy, social and family values revolve around the cattle. In Africa boys can be named after the cattle and songs are sang about them.

Can conservation measures stop the Sixth Extinction?

That cause, in the case of the Sixth Extinction, is ourselves — Homo sapiens. This means we can continue on the path to our own extinction, or, preferably, we modify our behavior toward the global ecosystem of which we are still very much a part. The latter must happen before the Sixth Extinction can be declared over, and life can once again rebound.

Why does the Sixth Extinction continue?

This explosion of human population, especially in the post-Industrial Revolution years of the past two centuries, coupled with the unequal distribution and consumption of wealth on the planet, is the underlying cause of the Sixth Extinction. The invention of agriculture accelerated the pace of the Sixth Extinction. - to develop agriculture is essentially to declare war on ecosystems. converting land to produce one or two food crops, with all other native plant species all now classified as unwanted "weeds" . and all but a few domesticated species of animals now considered as pests. - "carrying capacity" of the local ecosystem: given the energetic needs and energy-procuring adaptations of a given species, there are only so many squirrels, oak trees and hawks that can inhabit a given stretch of habitat. Agriculture had the effect of removing the natural local-ecosystem upper limit of the size of human populations. Though crops still fail regularly, and famine and disease still stalk the land, there is no doubt that agriculture in the main has had an enormous impact on human population size: Humans do not live with nature but outside it. - Homo sapiens became the first species to stop living inside local ecosystems. especially post agricultural reveloution humans Earth can't sustain the trend in human population growth. It is reaching its limit in carrying capacity. - Estimates vary, but range between 1 and 10 million people on earth 10,000 years ago. - There are now over 6 billion people. - The numbers continue to increase logarithmically — so that there will be 8 billion by 2020. - There is presumably an upper limit to the carrying capacity of humans on earth of the numbers that agriculture can support , and that number is usually estimated at between 13-15 billion, though some people think the ultimate numbers might be much higher. Overpopulation, invasive species, and overexploitation+ extinction - More lands are cleared and more efficient production techniques (most recently engendered largely through genetic engineering) to feed the growing number of humans — and in response, the human population continues to expand. - Higher fossil energy use is helping agriculture spread, further modifying the environment - Humans continue to fish (12 of the 13 major fisheries on the planet are now considered severely depleted) and harvest timber for building materials and just plain fuel, pollution, and soil erosion from agriculture creates dead zones in fisheries (as in the Gulf of Mexico) - While the human Diaspora has meant the spread, as well, of alien (nonnative) species that more often than not thrive at the detriment of native species. For example, invasive species have contributed to 42% of all threatened and endangered species in the U.S.

typical approach of hot spot conservation ( Thompson conservation powerpoint:)

establish national park or reserve to protect animal and plant life discourage people from living or using land patrol land, enforce boundaries

challenges of ecosystem services conservation ( Thompson conservation powerpoint:)

Who does the problem solving —new ways of organizing and communicating across domains —environmentalists working with financial sector/banks/investors. Who makes the decisions? - Capitalistic/Business/Political —not always people in communities New models of economic development where communities are in charge —not the traditional model we are accustomed to in first world economics. Threats, war, climate change, poverty, greed, natural disasters.....

Debeaking (textbook)

amputating chickens beak without painkillers

drawbacks of hot spot conservation ( Thompson conservation powerpoint:)

areas rich in plant diversity not necessarily rich in animal diversity local people displaced or loose imporant resources not captured public imagination

why ecosystem services conservation is a better idea ( Thompson conservation powerpoint:)

as people see the economic importance, they will support it

what role did animals play in the Paleolithic era (textbook)

based on zoo archeology, dominant relationship was predatory because animals remains found were those that would be hunted by the early humans evidence from burials and cave paintings indicate that animals were used in ritual life to early homosapiens - drawings ensured successful hunt - religion: animals used as sacrifices for the gods

tail docking (textbook)

dairy cows getting 2/3 of tail removed without painkillers

what was the first example of animal domestication? (textbook)

dogs being used as a hunting partner 1500 years ago

How is the Sixth Extinction different from previous events?

hat humans are the direct cause of ecosystem stress and species destruction in the modern world through such activities as: transformation of the landscape overexploitation of species pollution the introduction of alien species

we are in a biodiversity crisis. What are the causes of the fastest extinction in earths history ?

human destruction of ecosystems overexploitation of species and natural resources human overpopulation the spread of agriculture pollution Some biologists have begun to feel that this biodiversity crisis — this "Sixth Extinction" — is even more severe, and more imminent, than Wilson had supposed.

giving environment ( ignod) (textbook)

hunting gatherer phenomenon people sharing with each other and with the environment hunters dont control nature, work to maintain a proper relationship w it

basic idea of hot spot conservation ( Thompson conservation powerpoint:)

identify threatened areas with high plant diversity and protect them - protecting plants lead to the protection of animals

basic idea of ecosystem services conservation ( Thompson conservation powerpoint:)

make clear peoples dependence on ecosystems - tourism revenues in punta tomba, argentina identify ecosystems that are gravely threatened and whose impairment will harm locals

thereasa goedeke take on animals and humans (textbook)

more charismatic the animal, more tolerated is their damage

what is the process of domestication a result of? (textbook)

natural and cultural evolution animals that hung around humans selected humans adapted their behavior towards certaib animals

common traits of domesticated animals (textbook)

not cats tendency to scavenge rapid maturity rate reasonable size calm disposition ability to be bred in captivity gregarious nature willingness to live with others in close quarters hierarchal social life

key concepts of conservation ( Thompson conservation powerpoint:)

preserving biodiversity for its own sake focusing on protecting ecosystems important to peoples health and material needs make more sense - forests - wetlands to make water clear and healthy - mangroves: shields against storms - reefs: sustain fisheries

paleolithic era (textbook)

ranged 2.5 million years ago to 1500 years ago named after stone tools early ancestors used

united states department of fish and wildlife mission and founding (textbook)

to conserve, protect, enhance fish, wildlife for the benefit of the ameican people established after fish and wildlife act of 1956

what role did animals play in early hunter societies (textbook)

were respected, humans an animals on the same level found in religious systems and folklore

typical approach of ecosystem services conservation ( Thompson conservation powerpoint:)

where ecosystems are being degraded, establish conservation plan that protects the ecosystem and benefits community thats dependent on it

What is the biggest threat to the bird/raptor species she is helping to save with her work? ( grantham talk)

· Lead poisoning, which mainly comes from bullets breaking apart. Lead is a toxin to the birds

What is the goal of the human-animal relationship with the birds, hatchlings/chicks in grantham care? ( grantham talk)

· Making sure humans don't imprint on the birds · Make sure they are healthy enough to go in to the wild

What degrees does Carolina have that prepared her for her current work? ( grantham talk)

· She has a Bachelor of science and a M.S in biology, and a Bachelor of science in chemistry

What is Carolina Granthon's job with the Peregrine Fund? What species is her work focused on? ( grantham talk)

· She is a propagation specialist. · California condor

what unique experiences/jobs did Carolina have before working for Peregrine Fund? ( grantham talk)

· Went to the rainforest in Peru as a junior in high school · Manu bird project post undergraduate in rainforest. This was a bird survey project. Challenges included showering with river water due to lack of running water, living in tents for 6 months in the middle of the forest. · Monitoring macaws. · Dealt with bats wanting to cuddle