Exam 3

_____ leader behavior, identified by the path-goal theory, primarily involves setting challenging goals, expecting subordinates to perform at high levels, encouraging subordinates, and showing confidence in subordinates' abilities.

Achievement-oriented

___ is striking a middle-range position between two extremes when resolving conflict.

Compromise

____ is the part of the Managerial Grid that deals with the job and task aspects of leader behavior.

Concern for production

_____ is the process of enabling workers to set their own work goals, make decisions, and solve problems within their sphere of responsibility and authority.

Empowerment

Which of the following motivational theories is based on the idea that employees compare the treatment they receive relative to others' treatment in order to determine if they are being treated fairly?

Equity theory

____ focuses on how much people want something and how likely they think they are to get it.

Expectancy theory

Which of the following reinforcement methods can be used to weaken behaviors?

Extinction

Which of the following is a group based-incentive reward system?

Gainsharing

____ is based on disagreements between two or more individuals in an organization.

Interpersonal conflict

____ conflict occurs when there is a conflict between two or more roles.

Interrole

What type of power is essentially the same as authority?

Legitimate

_____ power is power granted through the organizational hierarchy.

Legitimate

____ is the process of giving employees a voice in making decisions about their own work.

Participation

Which of the following leadership models is a direct extension of the expectancy theory of motivation?

Path-goal

_____ conflict results from a discrepancy between the role requirements and the individual's personal values, attitudes, and needs.

Person-role

____ is a reward system wherein an organization pays an employee a certain amount of money for every unit he or she produces.

Piece-rate incentive plan

___ describes activities carried out for the specific purpose of acquiring, developing, and using power and other resources to obtain one's preferred outcomes.

Political behavior

_____ argues that behavior that results in rewarding consequences is likely to be repeated, whereas behavior that results in punishing consequences is less likely to be repeated.

Reinforcement theory

_____ needs in Maslow's hierarchy involve realizing one's potential for continued growth and individual development.

Self-actualization

____ leadership is the style of leadership that goes beyond ordinary expectations by transmitting a sense of mission, stimulating learning experiences, and inspiring new ways of thinking.

Transformational

Family and community relationships outside of work as well as friendships on the job all satisfy the need for

belongingness.

Punishment involves the use of _____ power.

coercive

The _____ role is what a person understands the sent role to mean

discerned ​

As a process, leadership can be defined as

the use of noncoercive influence to shape an organization's goals

A value associated with the outcomes of a performance is called its

valence.

A(n) _____ group is a permanent group created by the organization to accomplish a number of organizational purposes with an unspecified time horizon.

functional

In group role structure, the _____ role comprises the messages and cues that group members use to communicate their expectations to another member.

sent

Acknowledging the existence of conflict but downplaying its importance is known as

smoothing.

_____ conflict controls when a single source sends clear but contradictory messages.

Intrasender

According to the two-factor theory, which of the following is a hygiene factor that influences an employee's satisfaction or dissatisfaction?

Working conditions

A supervisor exhibiting _____ leader behavior, identified by the path-goal theory, is most likely to let subordinates know what is expected of them, gives guidance and direction, and schedules work.

directive

According to Maslow's hierarchy, _____ needs include the need that people have for recognition, positive self-image, and self-respect.

esteem

Work schedules that allow employees to select, within broad parameters, the hours they work is called

flextime

Windmere allows its administrative employees to arrive any time between 7:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m., and to leave any time between 4:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m., as long as they work an eight-hour day. This arrangement is known as

flextime.

During the _____ stage of group development, the members begin to try out various forms of behavior in an attempt to determine the interpersonal behaviors that are acceptable in the group.

forming

demographic characteristics investigated in the early psychological approach to understanding negotiation included

gender.

According to the Managerial Grid, a manager who exhibits impoverished management

has little concern for people or for work performance.

A(n) _____ leader is likely to be a person capable of carrying out both task specialist and socioemotional roles effectively.

informal

The CEO at Green Inc. has established that employees at the workplace should adhere to the vertical communication system. She has established fixed work flow systems and strictly monitors these processes. The steps taken by the CEO at Green Inc. reflect the _____ behavior of leaders suggested by the Ohio State studies.

initiating structure

Cheri and Aaron both wanted to work part time, and they found a lawyer who was willing to split one full-time paralegal job between the two of them so that Cheri works mornings and Aaron works afternoons. This arrangement is known as

job sharing.

The first organized approach to studying leadership focused on

leadership traits.

During the _____ stage of group development, group members begin to recognize and accept their roles, and understand the roles of other members.

norming

During the _____ stage of group development, members begin to accept one another and develop a sense of unity.

norming

The standards of behavior that a group accepts for and expects of its members are called

norms.

In the _____ stage of group development, the group really begins to settle down to work and focuses on goal attainment.

performing

According to Maslow, an individual is motivated first and foremost to satisfy _____ needs.

physiological

Assurance on ____ can satisfy the security needs of an employee in the workplace.

recognition

When employees in an organization do not know what is expected of them, it results in

role ambiguity.

According to Fiedler, a task is structured when it is:

routine, easy to understand, and unambiguous.

A newcomer in an organization gradually begins to learn the company norms such as dress codes, working hours, and interpersonal relations. This process is known as

socialization.