Exam 3

Physiologic tests of short-term energy capacity measure.....

- Blood lactate - Intramuscular glycogen depletion

What criteria indicates that a test subject has reached their *VO2max*?

- a leveling off or peaking over in oxygen consumption with an increase in intensity - RER value greater than or equal to 1.15 - they have achieved their age-predicted HR

List the six factors that affect maximal oxygen consumption?

- age - gender - body size/composition - state of training - heredity - mode of exercise

Why does there tend to be a low correlation between power tests within individuals?

- human exercise performance remains highly task-specific -each specific task requires different neuromuscular and skill components that introduce variability and specificity into test scores

List 3-4 types of power tests

- spring running - cycling - shuttle runs -arm cranking (any all-out exercise lasting 6-8 seconds)

What does the rate of diffusion depend on?

- surface area exposed - partial pressure of the gas

Why do we see higher blood lactate concentrations in trained individuals compared to untrained?

- they are used to pushing themselves harder - higher motivation - their bodies can handle the higher levels

What factors contribute to biological differences between men and women in anaerobic exercise capacity?

- women tend to have less body mass - men tend to have more fat-free mass - men tend to have greater metabolic capacity - men tend to have a greater surface area of fast-twitch muscle fibers

What factors influence lung volumes?

-age -gender -body size -stature -genetic factors

What infleuences the applicability of a short-term energy system exercise test?

-age -gender -skill -motivation -body size

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in ambient air?

0.25 mmHg

Why do we always see a greater blood lactate concentration in trained individuals compared to untrained? (give two reasons)

1. Trained individuals are used to pushing themselves harder 2.) trained individuals can handle a higher lactate concentration (they have a higher lactate threshold)

List five factors that contribute to endurance performance.

1.) VO2max 2.) Capillary density 3.) Level of aerobic enzymes 4.) Mitochondrial size and density *more mitochondria = more oxidative ability* 5.) Muscle fiber type *more slow-twitch fibers = greater aerobic capacity*

What are the two assumptions we make when using performance tests to evaluate the immediate energy system?

1.) all ATP at maximal short-term power output regenerates via ATP-PCr hydrolysis 2.) adequate ATP and PCr exist within the muscle to support maximal performance for about a 6-second duration

Describe the two types of VO2max test protocols.

1.) continuous: progressively increasing exercise increments without recovery/rest intervals; provides a practical test of aerobic capacity for most healthy individuals; total time ~8-10 minutes 2.) discontinuous: progressively increasing exercise increments with recovery and rest intervals; total time ~65 minutes

What are the three factors that contribute to differences among individuals in their capacity to generate short-term anaerobic energy?

1.) effects of previous training 2.) capacity to buffer acid metabolites 3.) level of motivation

*Physiologic* measures of immediate energy capacity depend on what two factors?

1.) the size of intramuscular ATP-PCr pool 2.) depletion rates of ATP and PCr in all-out short-duration exercise

When fully saturated, each hemoglobin molecule can carry how many mLs of oxygen?

1.34 mLs

VO2max predictions based on submaximal HR typically falls within +/-______% of actual VO2max. a.) 10-15% b.) 10-20% c.) 5-15%

10-20% *big standard error of estimate!*

Women score ______ to _____% below male values for VO2max.

15-30%

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in ambient air?

160 mmHg

Each minute at rest, _______mL of oxygen leave the alveoli and ______mL of carbon dioxide enter the alveoli.

250mL oxygen; 200mL of carbon dioxide

What is the partial pressure of CO2 at the tissue?

46 mmHg

At which % of VO2max would we see the fastest rate of glycogen depletion? a.) 21% b.) 31% c.) 65% d.) 87%

87% * the range in which we see the fastest rate of glycogen depletion is 83-150% VO2max*

Why is it important to keep "fueling" the body with glycogen during an endurance race (performance above 80% vo2max)?

Because of glycogen depletion

Why is glycogen a good fuel source?

Because of how quickly we can obtain energy from it!

Gases diffuse ________ the concentration gradient.

Down

(t/f) VO2max and exhaustion are reached at the same time.

FALSE

(t/f) the majority of the lungs is solid tissue.

FALSE

(t/f) During respiration, the movements at the joints are large.

FALSE *movements are frequent and small*

(t/f) due to the generality principal, it can be assumed that an elite swimmer will perform well on a running test because of their high aerobic fitness.

FALSE! *although some people with a high VO2max are more likely to score well on other tests of aerobic fitness, we cannot assume that they will perform well in a dissimilar activity. Different activities require different metabolic and neuromuscular components.*

(t/f) An individual who is exceptionally good at long-distance endurance running will be equally successful at an 800m race because their aerobic fitness will translate into anaerobic fitness due to the generality principle.

FALSE! *an elite long-distance runner has developed their aerobic energy system through specific training - this training contributes little to their anaerobic energy capacity because of the specific metabolic and neuromuscular demands of endurance running!*

(t/f) All ATP at maximal, short-duration exercise power output is regenerated via glycolytic pathways.

FALSE! *All ATP at maximal, short-duration exercise power output is regenerated via ATP-hydrolysis!*

(t/f) Females tend to demonstrate higher VO2max values regardless of body mass/composition.

FALSE! *Women tend to have lower VO2max values than men!*

(t/f) Expiration is *always* a passive process.

FALSE! *expiration is normally passive, but during intense exercise, muscles can help to expel air forcefully!*

(t/f) Giving verbal encouragement to a test subject is not encouraged as it can be distracting during a VO2max test.

FALSE! *verbal encouragement can help! There is influence of motivational factors on termination of tests that do not necessarily reflect physiologic strain.*

(t/f) An exercise/performance test provides more precise data than a physiologic test when evaluating immediate energy capacity.

False! *it is nearly impossible to obtain such percise data from a performance test as we can with a physiologic test of ATP-PCr stores*

(t/f) MVV is representative of breathing during maximal exercise.

False! In healthy individuals, maximal exercise isn't stressing lung volumes.

When can predictions of VO2max based on HR be especially useful?

In a clinical setting with patients where it may be dangerous to their health to subject them to a maximal exercise test.

Why would it be concerning for an endurance runner to lack the ability to pace themselves, resulting in a start that was too fast or too high of an effort (above 83% VO2max)?

Intramuscular glycogen stores are depleted at a faster rate with increasing intensity. More specifically, intramuscular glycogen is depleted fastest within a range of 83-150% VO2max. For this reason, a racer who starts off too fast will deplete their glycogen stores and not have enough energy to finish the race.

What is the function of the rectus abdominis in expiration?

It aids in forceful expiration!

A test lasting 10 minutes in duration that requires all-out, maximal effort is testing the ____________ energy system.

Long-term/aerobic system

In itself, is VO2 max an absolute preduction of endurance performance?

No - VO2max does not directly correlate to endurance success! There are other factors (capillary density, aerobic enzymes, mitochondria, and muscle fiber type) that contribute to endurance success. However, VO2max can be a great indicator of cardiovascular health, and therefore endurance performance - it is just not the only factor.

Is exercise limited by air movement?

No! Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) is 25% more than ventilation during maximal exercise, indicating that exercise is not limited by air movement.

Can training alter lung volumes and lung capacities?

Nope

Is maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) indicative of respiration during maximal exercise?

Nope. MVV is 25% higher than ventilation at max exercise.

During expiration, the diaphragm (relaxes/contracts).

Relaxes *the relaxed position of the diaphram is a concave shape that decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity!*

(t/f) Trained endurance athletes *always* exhibit a higher level of blood lactate and a more pronounced rate of glycogen depletion relative to untrained individuals.

TRUE!

Describe the role of surfactant in respiration.

The pressures with alveolar and pleural spaces are constantly changing throughout the ventilatory cycle. Resistance to normal expansion of the lung cavity and alveoli increases during inspiration due to surface tension. Surfactant is released from the pores of Kohn to reduce this surface tension, therefore reducing the amount of energy that is required to inflate and deflate the alveoli during respiration.

Why might it not be the best idea to subject an untrained cardiac patient to a discontinuous VO2max test, even though it is being performed at a lower intensity?

There is a greater possibility of termination of the test before completion because of how long the test is. An untrained patient may be more distressed by a discontinuous test because they aren't used to exercising for that long of a time! Thus, there motivation for completion may be lower.

When a test subject does not meet the criteria indicative of reaching their VO2max, what measure can still be obtained that also provides us with useful information about cardiovascular fitness?

VO2peak

What is an important consideration when using stair-sprint tests to determine power (related to body mass)?

When using a test such as a stair-sprint, it is important to consider body composition and mass. In using these tests, it is usually best to use them when comparing individuals with similar body mass/composition, or to evaluate the same individual before and after a specific anaerobic training program.

Performances that substantially activate the *short-term energy system* require maximal exercise for up to: a.) 2-3 minutes b.) 6-10 seconds c.) 10 minutes d.) 20 minutes

a.) 2-3 minutes

Which of the following is not a function of the transitional and respiratory zones? a.) filtration b.) blood clot regulation c.) endocrine function d.) gas exchange

a.) filtration *filtration occurs within the conducting zone!*

What is the greatest contributor to VO2max? a.) heredity b.) level of training c.) mode of exercise e.) body size and composition f.) age

a.) heredity *heredity contributes 20-30% to max VO2*

Which of the following exercise intensities would we expect the greatest/quickest glycogen depletion? a.) 25% VO2max b.) 83-150% VO2max c.) 75% VO2max

b

The standard error of estimate for VO2max predictions based on runner performance is +/- _______. a.) 4-8% b.) 8-10% c.) 10-15% d.) 1-2%

b.) +/- 8-10%

Heredity contribute ______-_______% to VO2max. a.) 20-25% b.) 20-30% c.) 10-25% d.) 15-25%

b.) 20-30%

Healthy individuals can expel about ____% of air during forced expiration. a.) 78% b.) 85% c.) 80% d.) 50%

b.) 85%

Which performance measure is *not* given from a Wingate test? a.) peak power b.) aerobic power c.) anaerobic power d.) average power

b.) aerobic power *the Wingate test is a measure of short-term energy capacity - therefore, it does not provide us with a measure of aerobic power!*

Which of the following is not included in the conducting zone? a.) trachea b.) alveolar ducts c.) terminal bronchioles

b.) alveolar ducts

The first few seconds of a sprint would be powered by a.) the glycolytic system b.) intramuscular high-energy phosphates c.) lipolysis

b.) intramuscular high-energy phosphates

During all-out exercise lasting *beyond 10-minutes*, which energy system is most active? a.) short-term b.) long-term c.) immediate

b.) long term

Brief, all-out exercise testing measures a.) endurance b.) power c.) aerobic capacity

b.) power

Forced vital capacity (FVC) is a measure of everything except: a.) tidal volume b.) residual volume c.) inspiratory reserve volume

b.) residual volume

In selecting an exercise mode to determine VO2max, which would give the most accurate result? a.) leg-cycle ergometer, because it eliminates the influence of body mass on the results b.) treadmill, because it produces the highest O2-consumption values c.) outdoor track, because it provides the most practical application

b.) treadmill

The faster an individual's HR comes back down to resting levels after exercise, the (better/worse) indication of cardiorespiratory health.

better

Relative power looks at peak power relative to what?

body mass

In individuals with emphysema or asthma, FEV is typically ______% or less. a.) 70% b.) 65% c.) 40%

c.) 40%

The inability to expel more than _____% of air forcefully indicates pulmonary obstruction. a.) 60% b.) 85% c.) 70% d.) 20%

c.) 70%

When using a treadmill for a VO2max test, we are increasing ________ throughout the test: a.) grade b.) speed c.) both grade and speed

c.) both grade and speed

A measure of average power obtained during a performance test to evaluate short-term energy gives us an idea of a.) the subject's aerobic capacity b.) the subject's high-energy phosphate capacity c.) the subject's glycolytic capacity

c.) glycolytic capacity

Past ~90 seconds of performance of all-out effort activity, which energy-transfer system is providing the greatest % contribution of total work? a.) glycolytic b.) phosphagen (ATP-PCr) c.) lipolysis

c.) lipolysis *aerobic energy-transfer system* *anaerobic energy-transfer systems provide energy for all-out exercise up to 90-second duration*

Which muscle fiber type is best suited for endurance activities, such as long-distance jogging? A) fast glycolytic fibers B) fast oxidative fibers C) slow oxidative fibers D) slow glycolytic fibers

c.) slow oxidative fibers

A measure of peak power can give us an idea about: a.) the subject's aerobic capacity b.) the subject's glycolytic capacity c.) the subject's high-energy phosphate capacity

c.) the subject's high-energy phosphate capacity

Intramuscular high-energy phosphates power all-out activities for a.) up to a 5-minute duration b.) up to a 2-minute duration c.) up to a few seconds

c.) up to a few seconds (first 6-10 seconds of all-out activity)

Which VO2max test protocol is more time-efficient - continuous or discontinuous? Which is more practical?

continuous; continuous

VO2max declines steadily after age 25 at a rate of about a.) 2% per year b.) 25% per year c.) 27% per year d.) 1% per year

d.) 1% per year

There is a ______% difference between men and women when looking at relative VO2max. a.) 5% b.) 15% c.) 30% d.) 20%

d.) 20%

How much does training contribute to VO2max? a.) 15-30% b.) 5-10% c.) 50-55% d.) 5-20%

d.) 5-20%

Which of the following is not a test to directly measure max O2 consumption? a.) Harbor b.) Bruce c.) Naughton d.) YMCA Step Test

d.) YMCA Step Test *the YMCA step test does measure aerobic fitness, but it is a test to PREDICT VO2max from HR*

Which of the following is not a function of the conducting zones? a.) air transport b.) warming and humidifying ambient air c.) vocalization d.) gas exchange

d.) gas exchange *gas exchange occurs in the transitional and respiratory zones!*

According to Fick's law of diffusion, the rate of diffusion (increases/decreases) as the thickness of tissue increases.

decreases

As frequency of breaths increases, alveolar ventilation (increases/decreases).

decreases

Increased branching in both the respiratory system and circulatory system (increases/decreases) flow rates, allowing enough time for gas exchange to occur.

decreases

Forward airflow during inspiration (increases/decreases) because of the large increase in tissue cross-sectional area in the terminal bronchiole region.

decreases *as we get further down, velocity of airflow decreases because the cross-sectional area increases!*

During expiration, the anteroposterior dimension of the thoracic cavity (increases/decreases).

decreases (returns to neutral!!)

At age 55, VO2max averages about _____% below values for 20-year olds. a.) 20% b.) 5% c.) 1% d.) 25% e.) 27%

e.) 27%

(t/f) children tend to perform better on anaerobic power tests than adults due to their increased ability to use fat as an energy source.

false

External respiration is _____________, whereas internal respiration is ___________.

gas exchange at the lungs; gas exchange at the muscle or other tissue (cellular level)

What is the path of air from the environment into our tissues?

in through nose/mouth --> trachea --> bronchioles --> bronchi -> alveoli

An increase in respiratory rate will (increase/decrease) ventilation.

increase

Increasing oxidative capacity will lead to an (increase/decrease) in aerobic endurance.

increase

As all-out performance continues beyond 2-3 minutes, we will see an (increase/decrease) in contribution from the aerobic system and an (increase/decrease) from the anaerobic system.

increase; decrease

An increase in the partial pressure of oxygen would lead to (increased/decreased) diffusion of oxygen.

increased

During inspiration, the anteroposterior (AP) dimension of the thoracic cavity a.) increases b.) returns to neutral c.) decreases

increases

As exercise intensity (increases/decreases), the rate of glycogen depletion (increases/decreases).

increases; increases *direct relationship*

An increase in iron leads to a (higher/lower) HR peak during exercise.

lower

Which has a greater affinity for O2; hemoglobin or myoglobin?

myoglobin

At the level of the tissues, oxygen flows (in/out) of the blood and (into/out of) the tissue.

out; into

What is the equation for power?

p = (force x distance) / time

During intense exercise, myoglobin (binds/releases) oxygen for mitochondrial respiration.

releases *right shift!*

Changes in the anteroposterior dimension of the ribs occurs at ribs ____ through _____.

ribs 2-6

An increase in temperature, pH, and DPG concentration leads to a (right/left) shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.

right

The Wingate test measures the capacity of which energy transfer system?

short-term energy system (anaerobic)

Which is more likely to collapse? Small aveoli or larger alveoli?

small

Describe the path of pulmonary circulation?

superior and inferior vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary capillaries --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta --> body tissues

What assumption is made when using endurance running as a predictor of VO2max?

the ability to maintain a high, steady-rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) largely determines the fistance run performance.

Ventalatory perfusion ratio is

the comparison of air flow to blood flow

What does Hb saturation depend on?

the partial pressure of oxygen

During heavy exercise, which is higher; ventilation or perfusion? What effect does this have on the V/Q ratio?

ventilation *thus, the VQ ratio rises*