Exam 3

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism this experiment studies ____ reasoning

Deductive

Insight refers to

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

Functional fixed ness

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates

Group brainstorming

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem

Has one correct answer

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel by combining parts

Novel objects before a function was described

The application of an _______ makes it easier to solve the drinking beer problem

Permission schema

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem.

Russian marriage

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health , and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "George burns smoked cigars and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his "George burns" argument involves

Sample size

Which concept below is most closest associated with evolutionary perspective to solving Wason four-card problem?

Social change theory

Gentner and glodinmeadow illustrated that analogically encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to

Structural ; enhance

A ____ strong led to a restricted representation in the two string problem

Swinging

The evolutionary approach proposes that the wason problem can be understood in terms of people's

Tendency to detect when others are cheating

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?

Two-string problem

Consider the following syllogism: all cats are birds All birds has wings All cats have wings This syllogism is:

Valid

Consider the following syllogism: all of the students are tired Some tired people are irritable Some of the students are irritable It is likely that people will just the following syllogism as:

Valid because this conclusion is believable

The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the

confirmation bias

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process?

connecting the fortress with the tumor

Cosmides and Tooby tested participants' ability to solve variations of the Wason problem, including ones containing stories about a particular culture. Their results showed that ____ is not always necessary for conditional reasoning.

familiarity

Experts categorize problems based on

general principles that problems share

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

noticing, mapping, and applying

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.

inductive

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

mental set

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.