Exam 3 Chapter 11 Book Questions

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence? a) Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night. b) The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. c) The cats won't bake. d) The Eskimos were frightened by the walrus.

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night

The ____ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way people think. a) interactionist approach b) Sapir-Whorf hypothesis c) given-new contract d) cooperative principle

Sapir-Whorf hypotheysis

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include? a) an extraneous cough. b) two similar-sounding letters (e.g., "T" and "C"). c) a categorical perception task. d) a garden-path sentence

an extraneous cough

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) inference. a) narrative b) instrument c) analogic d) anaphoric

anaphoric

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n) a) instrument inference. b) garden path sequence. c) global connection. d) anaphoric inference

anaphoric inference

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) inference. a) causal b) coherent c) anaphoric d) instrument

casual

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. a) the cooperative principle b) local connections c) environmental context d) instrumental inferences

environmental context

In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his ____ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure." Results showed the participants' ____ was shorter for the target word ____ . a) lexical distinction; pretty b) lexical distinction; demure c) fixation; pretty d) fixation; demure

fixation; pretty

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that a) had a large number of sophisticated language systems. b) had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies. c) communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it. d) had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules.

has a large number of sophisticated language systems

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n) a) garden path model. b) given-new contract. c) instrument inference. d) age-appropriate principle

instrument inference

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language? a) Language involves the use of a lexicon b) Coding is required for langauge c) Language symbols must have high discriminability d) Languge has a structure that is governed by rules

language has a structure that is governed by rules

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's a) lexicon. b) parser. c) syntactical capacity. d) mental set.

lexicon

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on a) psychophysics. b) psychoacoustics. c) neuropsychology. d) psycholinguistics

psycholinguistics

Coherence refers to the a) mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text. b) principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context. c) mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading. d) representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text

The interactionist approach to parsing states that? a) semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence. b) semantics is activated as a sentence is being read. c) the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing. d) semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read

According to the idea of , when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment. a) global connections b) situation models c) causal inference d) speech continuity 40

situation models

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more a) slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words. b) slowly to letters appearing in non-words than letters appearing in words. c) quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word. d) quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word.

slowly to low frequency words than high frequency words

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results a) support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. b) contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. c) support the word frequency effect. d) contradict the word frequency effect.

support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as a) anaphoric inferencing. b) phonemic restoration. c) garden-pathing. d) syntactic priming.

syntactic priming

The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s). a) one b) two c) three d) four

three

Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning? a) Word frequency effect b) Word superiority effect c) Phonemic restoration effect d) The lexical decision task

word frequency effect

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify a) 100% of the words spoken by their own voices. b) 50% of the words spoken by their own voices. c) 50% of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs. d) none of the words spoken by others.

50% of words spoken by their own voices

The given-new contract is a method for creating a) comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation. b) children's mastery of syntax. c) resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence. d) anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to a) separate a sentence into individual words. b) decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation. c) identify words that are contained in sentences. d) decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the property of language. a) hierarchical b) relational c) parallel d) propositional

hiearchical

Noam Chomsky proposed that a) humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. b) language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement. c) as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. d) the underlying basis of language is different across cultures

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

According to the situation model of text processing, a) people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of information about phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. b) people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events. c) it will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations. d) people draw inferences about what is happening in a story by considering both local and global connections.

people create a mental representation of what text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex? a) the parietal and occipital lobes b) the frontal and temporal lobes c) the temporal and parietal lobes d) the frontal and parietal lobes

the frontal and temporal lobes

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect? a) The group with one year of English instruction b) The group with 10 years of English instruction c) The two groups would show equal phonemic restoration effects d) Neither group would show an effect because they are non-native English speakers

the group with 10 years of English instruction

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on a) the identification of a single meaning for that word. b) the meaning dominance of each definition of the word. c) the word that comes immediately before and the word that comes immediately after the ambiguous word in the sentence. d) a bottom-up progression of meaning comprehension.

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word