Exam 3 Chapters 12-15
Give an example of how an authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative teacher would handle the following situation:16-year-old Alex has been acting out in class by criticizing the material you are covering in class, critiquing your teaching methods, and arguing with other students when they voice their opinion. As a result, you rarely complete your lesson plans and other students have stopped contributing to classroom discussions
An authoritarian teacher would punish the child by giving them detention or give them extra class chores. A permissive teacher would most likely do nothing about it because they usually impose few rules and only provide assistance when asked. An authoritative teacher would punish the child, but also explain why the punishment is being given. In addition, they would provide ideas on how to gain better self control
According to Piaget, what motivates us to learn?
Children possess an inherent desire to maintain a sense of organization and balance in their conception of the world, equilibration
Explain one key to a successful classroom that has been supported by empirical research
Clearly demonstrate that they have thought about classroom procedures ahead of time. Planned first day activities that make it possible for classroom routine to be handled with minimal
Give an example of one summative assessment that a teacher could use.
Assigning grades to assignments, performances, quizzes and tests
What is one way teachers can increase their organization of information?
Communicate clear goals and objectives. Tell students what you want them to learn, why and how they will be tested
Explain adaptive testing?
Computers determine sequence and difficulty level of test items.
standard deviation
- degree of deviation from the mean of a distribution
planned ignoring
-extinguishing behavior by simply ignoring it -carl has recently gotten into the habit of tapping his pencil on his desk as he works on an assignment as a way to engage you in a conversation that is unrelated to the work. the next several times carl does this, do not look at him or comment on his behavior
criticism and encouragement
-give criticism privately; then offer encouragement -if a student doesn't take subtle hints, you might say "LeVar, you're disturbing the class. we all need to concentrate on this"
marginal use of interpretation
-helps student become aware of potential trouble and make efforts to control it -to restless and cranky pre-lunch class, you might say "i know that you're getting hungry and that you're restless and tired, but lets give it all we've got for 10 minutes more. ill give you the last five minutes for some free visiting time"
construct validity
-how accurately a test measures a theoretical attribute
validity
-how accurately a test measures what users want it to measure
z score
-how far a raw score is from the mean in standard deviation unitss
predictive validity
-how well a test score predicts late performance
content validity
-how well test items cover a body of knowledge and skill
specific objectives
-identify the act -define conditions -state criteria -minimum number correct -time limit
interest boosting
-if the student seems to be losing interest in a lesson or assignment, pay some additional attention to the student and the student's work -ask the student a question, related to what is being taught in class
criterion-referenced tests
-indicate degree of mastery of objectives
grade equivalent score
-interprets test performance in terms of grade levels
standardized test
-items presented and scored in standard fashion -results reported with reference to standards
cooperative learning
-learn from working with others -small, heterogeneous groups -all must participate in group -students should help and encourage each other -each individual help accountable -help develop positive interpersonal skills
evaluation
-make judgement about measurement -good to one, may be bad to another
achievement tests
-measure how much of a subject or skill has been learned
aptitude test
-measure the predisposition to develop additional capabilities in specific areas
formative to performance
-measure what students can do with what they know -use knowledge to solve realistic problems or create real products -types: direct writing assessments, portfolios, exhibitions
summative assessment
-measurement used-grade assigned -assessment of learning -teacher-directed learning
formative assessment
-monitor progress-grades may not assigned -assessment for learning -cooperative learning with teacher
program restructuring
-must occasionally be changed in midstream. -recognize when a lesson or activity is goin poorly and to try something else -well class, i can see that many of you are bored with this discussion, lets turn it into a class debate and the winning team gets 50 points to their final grade
psychomotor objectives
-obtaining cues to guide motor activity -performing with guidance -performing new, but related tasks
proximity and touch control
-place yourself close to the misbehaving student. -walk over and stand near the student
direct appeals
-point out the connection between conduct and its consequences -if everyone would stop shouting, we'd be able to get this finished and go out to recess
t score
-raw score translated to a scale of 1-100 with a mean of 50
knowledge
-remember facts -able to name nine planets in order from the sun -bloom's taxonomy
humor
-remember that it should be good-humored humor-gentle and benign rather than derisive. -avoid irony and sarcasm -shawn for goodness sake, let that poor sharpener alone. i heard it groan when you used it just now
bullying
-repeated harming of another through words, or physical attacks -girls: relational aggression -boys: physical aggression
permissive
-rules not important -high warmth and responsiveness -following bad behavior-no punish, no talk (Ms. Chandy)
authoritative
-rules provided with explanation for why -high warmth and responsiveness -when rules broken-punishment, lots of talk -encourage self-regulation (Professor Thill)
Big Five NCTQ
-rules: establish and communicate expected behavior -routines: build structure and establish routines -praise: reinforce positive behavior -misbehavior: establish consequences for negative behavior -engagement: maintain student engagement and active participation
analysis
-see how parts related/organized -bloom's taxonomy -compare what we know about solar system today with 200 years ago
reliability
-similarity between two ranking of test scores obtained from the same individual
task mastery
-social cognitive view -learning goals -meaningful learning
performance avoidance
-social cognitive view -learning goals -limiting failure
performance approach
-social cognitive view -learning goals -demonstrating superiority
helping over hurdles
-students do not understand what they are to do or lack the ability to carry out an assignment -try to make sure your students know what they are supposed to do, have a variety of activities available
signals
-subtle signal can put an end to budding misbehavior -clear you throat, stare at the offender, stop what you are saying in midsentence and stare, shake you head
direct instruction
-teacher directed -focus on learning basics -teacher makes all decisions -keeps students "on task" -lessons: demo, practice, corrections -utilize positive reinforcement -learn basics-move to more advanced skills
cognitive approach
-teaching to help learn more effectively -use objectives -explain how they will be evaluated -get their attention -be organized -tell students how the info applies to them -present in realistic chunks of info -help move info to long-term store
influences on personal interest
-valued by culture -emotional arousal and competence -prior knowledge -relevance to goals
authoritarian
-very strict rules, but no explanations for why -low warmth and responsiveness -when rules broken-punish, no talk (Mrs. Baugh)
physical restraint
-when student loses control, may need to physically restraint the child to protect themselves and others students -if a boy completely lost his temper and starts to hit another child, lead him gently but firmly away from the other students, or sit him in a chair
What are some types of media that might be incorporated into a digital portfolio?
Digitized pictures and scanned images, documents, audio recordings, video clips and multimedia presentations.
What is direct instruction and how effective is it?
Direct instruction focuses on learning basic skills and the teacher makes all decisions. This is effective because it keeps students on task, provides opportunities for practice and gives feedback
why might an adult want to limit the amount of external rewards they provide in a learning situation?
Excessive use of external rewards may lead to temporary behavior change, materialistic attitudes, decreased intrinsic motivation
According to Gronlund, what is the difference between a general objective and a specific learning outcome?
General objectives are general instructions that describe types of behavior students should exhibit to demonstrate what they learned. A specific learning outcome provides a representative sample of what students should be able to do when they have achieved the general objective
Look at the misconceptions about standardized tests section. Explain a fact that surprised you in this section.
All tests measure what its name implies. Test measures a lot of things that do not have anything to do with the title. Such as a particular attribute according to how the person who constructed the test defined that attribute
describe one advantage and one disadvantage to using electronic gradebooks and grading programs?
Allows teachers to track, summarize, and present student performance in a variety of ways. A disadvantage is they can lead to unfair assignment of grades when used uncritically.
In what ways can schools address bullying?
Implement schoolwide programs to reduce its frequency such as teaching students who witness such incidents to report them immediately or to intervene
What are instructional objective and how effective are they?
Instructional objectives are specified, observable and measurable student behaviors that make it possible for the underlying goals to be achieved. It helps create more specific objectives rather than vague goals
What is the humanistic approach to teaching?
It assumes that students will be highly motivated to learn when the learning material is personally meaningful, when they understand the reasons for their own behavior, and when they believe that the classroom environment supports their efforts to learn, even if they struggle.
Provide an example of an instructional objective within the cognitive domain for a hypothetical lesson on multiplication
Knowledge, remembering previously learned information, such as facts, terms, procedures and principles
Provide two examples of influences on personal interest. Can these be incorporated in a classroom?
Level of prior knowledge, people are often more interested in topics they already know something about than in topics they know nothing about. The degree of subject or activity is perceived to be relevant to achieving a goal. Many students fail to perceive such relevance, partly because teachers rarely take the time to explain how a topic or lesson may affect students' lives.
Explain at least two outcomes from using cooperative learning.
Motivation, because they encourage such achievement-oriented behaviors as trying hard, attending class regularly, praising the efforts of others. Cognitive elaboration, explaining something to someone else.
What is norm-referenced grading? What do you think of this practice?
Norm-referenced grading is comparing one student with others. I do not think it is a good idea to compare students to others because everyone has different intellects or are better at one thing than the other. In addition, I believe this can cause students to develop low efficacy.
Provide one advantage and one concern about the use of performance assessment.
One advantage is that the teacher will gain insight into how competently students can carry out various tasks. One concern is the reliability and validity of performance assessments not yet firmly established.
percentile rank
Percentage of scores at or below a specified score
Why are more teachers not using cooperative learning?
Perhaps teachers find the models too complicated and difficult to put into a practice.
Give an example of one formative assessment that a teacher could use
Periodic quizzes, homework assignments, in-class worksheets
What is criterion-referenced grading? What do you think of this practice?
Permits students to benefit from mistakes and improve their level of understanding and performance. I believe this is an okay way to help bring to light students strengths and weaknesses
Describe one way that teachers facilitate the encoding of information.
Present information through such different media as pictures, videotape, audiotape, live models and manipulation of physical objects
Describe two key elements to a classroom that utilizes cooperative learning.
Promotive interaction, students promote each other's success. Group Heterogeneity, groups should contain both males and females and students of different ability levels
Provide an example of an instructional objective with the affective domain for a hypothetical lesson on multiplication
Responding, active participation indicating positive response or acceptance of an idea or policy
What is one disadvantage of computer-based testing?
Schools need to have a plan for dealing with interruptions due to a faulty computer or power loss.
Define what a digital portfolio is.
Similar to traditional portfolios, but can extend beyond paper versions because they can include sound effects, audio and video testimonials.
Describe what you believe are two of the most important features of humanistic teaching.
Students are given clear expectations for behavior and academic work that are geared to individual differences and abilities. Feedback is constructive rather than harsh, so avoid humiliation, embarrassment and fear.
Describe one piece of evidence that supports the use of technology as a catalyst for motivation
Students who were at risk of failing to learn basic literacy skills engaged in computer-assisted literacy instruction. Not only did the technology engage the students in ways that enhanced their listening, reading and writing skills
There are three categories for how students feel about their cognitive capabilities: entity theorists, incremental theorists, and mixed. How does each one of these beliefs influence motivation?
Students with incremental beliefs tend to have mastery goals and are motivated to learn meaningfully, improve skills. Students with entity beliefs tend to have performance goals and are motivated to get high grades, avoid failure. A student with mixed beliefs may have mastery goals for math and performance goals for science
What is one challenge to constructivist teaching?
Teachers have to teach students how to work productively in collaborative activities even though some students may be uninterested in or even opposed to working with others.
How concerned should you, as a teacher, be about a homicide occurring at your school? Explain
Teachers should always be concerned about homicide occurring at school because it can occur at any time, even perpetrated by outsiders
Can technology be used to increase intrinsic motivation? Explain.
Technology increases intrinsic motivation by making learning more interesting and meaningful
What makes ESSA different from NCLB? You will have to do a little more research on your own for this one, but it is worth taking the time to investigate this new law.
The NCLB uses test scores to hold educators accountable for their efforts. Such as setting standards, annual testing and showing adequate yearly progress. The ESSA advances equity by upholding critical protections for America's disadvantaged and high-need students. As well as maintains an expectation that there will be accountability and action to effect positive change in our lowest-performing schools.
What is self-concept?
The evaluative judgements people make of themselves
Provide two examples of influences on situational interest. Can these be incorporated in a classroom?
The teacher's use of novel stimuli. The teacher's use of games and puzzles
What were some of the consequences of NCLB on achievement, motivation and teaching? You should get this information directly from your textbook
They found no relationship between earlier pressure from high-stakes tests and later achievement. Having high stakes seems to have little effect on motivation and sometimes even decreases it. Teacher morale decreases and causes teachers to focus their lessons on testing strategies instead of making sure the students are understanding course content.
Explain problem-based learning and how technology can help with this.
This method requires learners to develop solutions to real-life problems or to construct answers to such complex questions. Computer-based problem-solving programs typically provide students with story, laboratory, and investigation problems.
Explain the relationship between self-efficacy and attribution theory.
Those with a high level of self-efficacy for a subject are likely to attribute failure to insufficient effort. Such as vowing to work harder next time
Describe one school wide program that can be used to reduce violence
Unified Discipline, teachers, administrators and other school personnel create a uniform approach to managing disruptive behavior. The goal is to create a consensus about the following programs elements: attitudes, expectations and rules
Describe two assessment practices to avoid that you will be most cognizant of when you are teaching others?
Worshiping averages, where teachers mechanically average all scores and automatically assign the corresponding grade, even when they know an unusually low score was due to an extenuating circumstance. Providing insufficient instruction before testing, where teachers may increase the pace of instruction or simply tell students to read the remaining material on their own.
Would you recommend that an adult give rewards sparingly, at least in certain situations? Explain
Yes, rewards should be used to provide students with information about their level of competence on tasks they have not yet mastered and to encourage them to explore topics in which their initial interest is low.
What is one advantage of computer-based testing?
You can get scores and detailed reports at any time, from immediately after a test is completed to a few days later and can therefore provide students with timely feedback
Remind me...what is the zone of proximal development?
Zone of proximal development is the difference between what a learner can accomplish without assistance and what can be accomplished with assistance
Describe the relationship between self-concept and academic achievement
academic , self-concept and achievement can positively affect each other
instructional objectives
specify observable, measurable student behaviors
stanine score
student performance indicated with reference to a 9-point scale based on normal curve
postsituational follow-up
-emotion packed atmosphere -in private if an individual is involved, with the whole class if it was a groupwide situation -private-"leila, im sorry i had to ask you to leave the room, but you were getting kind of carried away"
defining limits
-establishing rules but also enforcing them -establish class rules, with or without student assistance and make sure the rules are understood
selected response
-advantage: easy to grade -disadvantage: too simple, memorization, recognition
essay
-advantage: synthesis -disadvantage: one or two questions at a time, long time to grade
short answer
-advantages: tap into comprehension, go beyond knowledge, not difficult to write -disadvantages: difficult to be objective
application
-apply info -use various foam balls to make a model of the solar system -bloom's taxonomy
antiseptic bouncing
-asking a student to leave the room -time-out -nancy please go down to the principals office and sit on that bench outside the door until you feel you have yourself under control
affective objectives
-attitudes and values -willingness to attend to info -active participation -expressing beliefs
humanistic approach
-be warm and nurturing -when you are-creates a positive school climate -students behave better and learn more
evaluation
-bloom's taxonomy -make judgements -write if pluto should be a planet
synthesis
-bloom's taxonomy -rearrange parts into new whole -classroom management paper -write term paper on history of pluto
comprehension
-bloom's taxonomy -understand meaning -explain why ancient people thought the world was flat
ripple effect
-class will respond to reprimand of single student
influences on situational interest
-cognitive conflict -hands-on or group activities
measurement
-collect info on how much students have learned -create rules-compare to rules -scores, grades
norm-referenced tests
-compare one student with others
Kounin-general suggestions
-cope with overlapping situations -demonstrate "withitness" -keep a rhythm and momentum -involve everyone -be enthusiastic
general objectives
-describe behavior students should exhibit to demonstrate what they learned -students will understand history of the Incan civilization -list up to five specific learning outcomes
diagnostic achievement test
-designed to identify specific strengths and weaknesses
competency test
-determine whether potential graduates possess basic skills
use praise appropriately
-dont praise outcome -praise the behavior that led to desired outcome-hard work, taking time to understand problem, not giving up -focus on effort-increase effort=increase outcome
extrinsic motivation
-driven by external reward (go to college=get more money)
intrinsic motivation
-driven by internal reward, learns for the sake of learning (child pre-lab or art)
