exam 3 community
In what way is the U.S. approach to primary health care inconsistent with the World Health Or-ganization (WHO) approach? a. Our primary health care system does not provide universal coverage to all citizens. b. Most U.S. citizens can afford health care through employer insurance plans. c. Tertiary care is preferred over primary care. d. U.S. hospitals make maximum use of the newest and best technology.
A
Which of the following assumptions underlies the Declaration of Alma-Ata? a. Communities should be encouraged to cooperate with national health goals. b. Gross inequalities and disparities will al-ways exist. c. Health is a fundamental human right. d. Public health agencies are responsible to plan and take action to improve health.
C
Which of the following best describes a food desert? a. The inability to store foods at an acceptable temperature b. The inability to have healthy foods at home c. A neighborhood with little to no access to healthy foods d. A neighborhood that has experienced a recent food-borne illness
C
Which of the following best explains why it is difficult to get others interested in environmental health? a. Environmental problems just are not inter-esting or dramatic. b. It's difficult to get media interested. c. People respond more to an acute crisis than chronic environmental problems. d. People respond more to an individual ask-ing for help than a community asking for help.
C
Which of the following statements best describes how the Centers for Disease Control and Pre-vention (CDC) differs from its many peer agencies? a. It focuses primarily on prevention. b. It is a uniquely American approach to problem resolution. c. It responds to health emergencies. d. It uses years of experience as the basis for its actions.
C
Which of the following statements best describes what has happened to air quality since the United States outlawed the use of chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and carbon tetrachloride? a. Air quality immediately improved. b. Air quality is slowly improving. c. Little change occurred because these chemicals remain in the atmosphere. d. Nothing has happened because other countries worldwide continue to exten-sively use these products.
C
Which of the following statements best describes what tobacco companies have done to counter their losses resulting from U.S. efforts to decrease smoking tobacco? a. Begun advertising in more subtle ways such as sponsoring sports programs or building and naming large sport arenas b. Bought off more restrictions on tobacco through the tobacco settlement funds, which gave a large amount of money to each state c. Increased international exports and tar-geted children d. Rapidly decreased their tobacco compo-nents and focused on other products
C
Which of the following statements supports why it is believed that the risks of various employ-ment positions are inaccurate? a. Companies refuse to share employee injury information. b. Because factories reimburse employees directly, the injury is not reported. c. Individuals assume it is a personal prob-lem, not an employment issue. d. Most employment positions do not have known risks.
C
Which of the following steps should the nurse take first when triaging a victim of a disaster? a. Assess mental status b. Assess perfusion c. Assess respirations d. Assess blood pressure
C
Which of the following types of behaviors would a nurse expect to see when a disaster first strikes a community? a. A sense of all being okay and that one can rebuild and go on b. Anger and despair that help being offered is insufficient, slow, and inadequate c. Everyone trying to help strangers, as well as their neighbors, survive. d. People involved sharing their stories and reliving what occurred.
C
Which of the following aspects of health care could be learned by a developing country from a developed country? a. Acceptance of illness or disease as a learning experience b. Effective ways to treat chronic disease c. Use of healthy behaviors to prevent illness d. Delivery of primary health care
D
Which of the following best describes how the United Nations (UN) is able to implement its de-cisions? a. Asking for funding from all member na-tions to obtain appropriate resources b. Through five permanent members of its security council c. Sending military units to developing countries d. Using its moral authority and world opin-ion
D
Which of the following best describes the mission of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)? a. To consolidate all existing agencies, groups, and organizations into a single department b. To distribute federal financial aid to disaster-stricken areas c. To enable appropriate response to assist a state having a disaster d. To protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the nation
D
Which of the following best explains why many people decide to move to large urban areas? a. To be eligible for social aid b. To be with friends c. To join family who are already there d. To seek employment
D
Which of the following is a direct result of global warming? a. Decreased prevalence of infectious dis-eases b. Increased water pollution from soil erosion c. Decreased protection from the ozone layer d. Increased number of parasites and insects
D
Which of the following is one of the biggest threats faced by developing countries that are trying to grow economically and make a better life for their citizens? a. Lack of education and knowledge b. Political unrest c. Environmental hazards d. Large population
D
Which of the following is the leading cause of lung cancer among nonsmokers? a. Secondhand smoke b. Living near a nuclear power plant c. Exposure to pesticides d. Radon gas
D
Which of the following nursing actions would be the most helpful to the community's long-term health? a. Careful assessment, diagnosis, planning, and giving care to individual patients and their families b. Dialogue with community members con-cerning what health issues are of im-portance in that community c. Focusing on family health through school-based neighborhood clinics d. Helping the community create political change through organization, use of me-dia, legislative lobbying, and mass demonstrations
D
The local stream was full of trash. The Boy Scouts had a cleanup day so they could again canoe on the stream. Which of the following actions should be taken by nurses in the local community? a. Hold a dialogue with community members about the problem and its effects b. Fight for stronger "do not trash" laws and harsher penalties c. Lecture community organizations about the value of safe water for recreation d. Put all personal trash in appropriate trash receptacles
A
When does disaster management begin? a. Before a disaster occurs b. Immediately after the disaster c. Throughout the disaster period d. When the disaster begins
A
Which of the following actions has been most effective in reducing HIV infections in some countries? a. ABC campaign b. Free HIV immunizations c. Religious leaders stressing abstinence or faithfulness in monogamous marriages d. Public health workers distributing free condoms
A
Which of the following do terrorists hope to accomplish by causing mass destruction and violence toward innocent persons going about their daily lives? a. Create fear to intimidate and coerce to accomplish a political goal b. Encourage others with similar beliefs to join them and their cause c. Obtain publicity for themselves and their goals d. Obtain increased negotiating power and respect
A
Which of the following groups makes up about 30% of the world's population? a. Children b. Elderly c. Teenaged adolescents d. Caucasians
A
Which of the following has been a common result in countries with a severe HIV/AIDS epidem-ic? a. Birth rate is high, but life expectancy is only 35 to 40 years. b. Free clinics have begun distributing con-doms to stop the spread. c. International aid has begun to lower the infection rates. d. Missionaries are establishing orphanages within their churches.
A
Which of the following nongovernment organizations (NGOs) is active in improving health on a global scale? a. Carter Center b. Centers for Disease Control and Preven-tion (CDC) c. Pan American Health Organization d. UNICEF
A
Which of the following strategies should be used to lower the risk of malaria among the world's population? a. Distribute insecticide-treated nets and antimalarial medications b. Educate people to keep their windows closed at night c. Spray neighborhoods with insecticides to kill any mosquitoes present d. Spread DDT on bodies of water to pre-vent larva growth
A
Who should create a disaster plan including emergency supplies and where to meet in case of an emergency? a. All families b. All government officials c. All public health employees d. Members of Congress and the Supreme Court
A
Why are health care providers concerned over such social issues as mass transit, clean power, and the farming industry? a. Because air pollutants are contributors to asthma and other health problems. b. Clean power would reduce the pollution that results from burning of high-sulfur coal. c. Manure runoff from industrial farming is polluting water and killing fish throughout the United States. d. Mass transit would remove the problem of so many Americans being killed or injured by drunken or impaired drivers.
A
What have been the foci of international nursing research? (Select 3) a. Development of home care or transition from hospital to home b. Diverse clinical experiences c. Educational exchange programs for stu-dents and faculty d. How to integrate technology into devel-oping country health care systems e. How to use a career in nursing to change the cultural expectations of gender roles f. The importance of sharing resources with poverty stricken countries
ABC
Which of the following disasters are considered NA-TECH (natural-technological) disasters? (Select 4.) a. Constant rain led to mud slides, and whole neighborhoods were buried. b. An earthquake caused structural collapse of bridges and highways in the area. c. People stampeded out of the overcrowded arena, trampling people who had fallen. d. River flooding resulted in overflow of the sewage plant and contaminated drinking water throughout the city. e. The tsunami washed out all the power and telephone lines throughout the downtown area of the city. f. Volcanic eruption covered the town with ash, making it difficult to breathe.
ABDE
A man walked to the staging area after an earthquake crying that he was hurt. A triage nurse noted he had cuts, abrasions, and an open (bone was seen) fractured arm. Which of the following actions should be taken next? a. Put a green tag on his shirt and he can get in line to wait his turn for medical treatment b. Put a yellow tag on his shirt and then await transport to a medical facility c. Put a black tag on his shirt and give him a chair to rest in until something can be done d. Put a green tag on his shirt and ask him to use his good arm to help others make it to the staging area
B
As a nurse and a citizen, what is the nurse's additional responsibility in relation to disasters? a. Assume the nurse will be asked to volunteer to assist the American Red Cross with helping care for disaster victims b. Be aware if there is an unusual increase in the number of people seeking care with similar symptoms c. Expect and plan for the possibility of being called to report to work for additional work efforts in caring for the sick and injured d. Expect to be a role model in preparing for and reacting to a disaster
B
Which of the following best describes why a nurse working in a U.S. urban area should be knowledgeable about infectious diseases common to areas of Africa? a. Nurses have an ethical commitment to care for others throughout the world. b. Every infectious disease is just one air-plane ride away. c. Infection could occur if a nurse goes out in public. d. Nurses meet people who may originally have been born elsewhere.
B
. How does critical theory differ from other nursing theories such as the health belief mod-el or Orem's self-care deficit theory? a. Critical theory can be used by profession-als other than nurses. b. Critical theory focuses on oppression and facilitates group action. c. Critical theory is not directly related to health promotion. d. Critical theory confronts changing an in-dividual's beliefs.
B
7. Which of the following statements best define epidemiological transition? a. A change from morbidity due to a partic-ular infectious disease to a different infec-tious disease b. A change from mainly infectious diseases to chronic diseases c. A change in infectious diseases caused by a difference in agent, host, or environment d. A change in life spans of various age groups in a specific country
B
In a community presentation about asthma, a nurse explained the causes of asthma in children, how to observe for "triggers" that lead to an attack, and how to use an inhaler. Which of the fol-lowing statements best identifies what was omitted from this presentation? a. The nurse did not ask the attendees to disclose if any of them smoke around children. b. The nurse did not address actions that should be taken to improve air quality and only focused on the treatment of asthma. c. The nurse did not address the need to avoid exposure to others who may have a communicable disease. d. The nurse did not review the genetic components related to asthma in families.
B
It has been learned that a particular industry has vastly polluted the surrounding neighborhood. Which of the following actions would most likely be taken by those living in the neighborhood? a. Band together to shut the industry down b. Nothing, because of family ties and cost of relocation c. Immediately move to a different neigh-borhood d. Seek legal reimbursement for the hazard exposure
B
What would be an appropriate term for intoxicated drivers, secondhand smoke, urban crowding, noise, and mechanization? a. Risks of living style b. Risks in the built environment c. Personal health risks d. Modern day health risks
B
When using an environmental perspective, which of the following would be the most important question for a nurse to ask when assessing potential health problems? a. "Can you tell me how you have been feel-ing?" b. "Can you tell me what you do at work?" c. "What brings you here today?" d. "What problems have you been having?"
B
Which of the following actions should be taken during a biological attack? a. Close doors and windows and turn off all ventilation b. Seek medical attention if you become sick c. Develop a family emergency plan d. Keep a written record of everything that you have eaten
B
Which of the following agencies should develop a community disaster plan, have emergency drills to test the plan, and determine the proper response? a. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) b. Office of Emergency Management c. State Disaster Office d. The National Disaster Relief Agency
B
Which of the following aspects of a developed country would be most worthwhile to be copied by a developing country? a. Education of health care professions b. Health care reform policies to improve health care delivery c. Advanced technology with its miracle in-terventions and cures d. Our approach to rationing health care
B
Which of the following best describes how a community will know whether its disaster plan is adequate? a. After a disaster occurs and reports of deaths and injuries are fairly accurate b. By following practice drills involving various feasible scenarios as an initial step of planning c. When federal experts have reviewed and approved the plan d. When state officials have reviewed and approved the plan
B
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn concerning efforts to decrease environmental pollution? a. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets priorities for environmental problems and funds action. b. Federal policies have been weakened, and enforcement lacks funding. c. Federal recycling mandates have de-creased waste products. d. Legislation is increasingly being passed to force companies to lower toxic waste emissions.
B
Which of the following disasters would most likely cause the most long-lasting mental health concerns for its victims? a. For the fourth year in a row a flood hit an area, demolishing several houses, but families heard the warning siren and evacuated in time. b. A forest fire was deliberately set but was not a major concern until the fire suddenly changed direction and people attempting to evacuate at the last minute were burned in their cars. c. A tsunami hit the beach with unbelievable force, water sweeping over the entire harbor, although most boats had been moved to deep water. d. A volcano erupted and lava destroyed the main road to the village where several houses burned, but no one died in the eruption.
B
Which of the following issues exists from communities using solid waste landfills to dispose of trash from private residences? a. Landfills are too wasteful, as solid waste can be burned to produce energy. b. Methane gas may move through the soil to cause fire or explosions nearby. c. There is an ongoing need to purchase more land as landfills eventually fill up. d. People do not use landfills but dump their garbage anywhere they will not be seen.
B
Which of the following nongovernmental groups has been expending millions of dollars to re-duce the impact of infectious diseases with profound effect on prevention and treatment for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and malaria? a. Carter Center b. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation c. Families for Freedom Foundation d. Bradley Foundation
B
Which of the following statements best describes how a disaster is the same as or different from an emergency? a. A disaster is personal, whereas an emergency is communitywide. b. An emergency is personal, whereas a disaster is communitywide. c. Both emergencies and disasters are devastating. d. Both emergencies and disasters are failures resulting in extensive insurance claims.
B
Which of the following describe a problem with the U.S. water quality today? (Select 4) a. Companies demand high reimbursement when asked to stop dumping heavy metals into local water sources. b. Many aquifers are contaminated with pes-ticides and fertilizers. c. More than 45 million Americans drink un-treated water. d. Sediment from construction, agriculture, and deforestation is often present. e. Underground water, if contaminated, cannot be cleansed. f. Water-related diseases (cholera, typhoid, dysentery) frequently occur.
BCDE
Which of the following have been identified as part of the core environmental health competen-cies? (Select 3.) a. Assurance b. Assessment c. Policy development d. Management e. Advocacy f. Communication
BDF
A hospital emergency department received a call that multiple casualties were on their way, primarily burns from a large factory fire. Which of the following actions should the hospital take immediately? a. Ask the governor of the state to declare the area a disaster area so state help can be obtained b. Call surrounding hospitals to set up burn units, because there will be too many patients for one hospital to manage c. Call in physicians and nursing staff who are experts in burn care d. Get in touch with the American Red Cross to assist families of the victims
C
Eight patients were burned in a factory fire. Shortly thereafter, four firefighters were seen with possible smoke inhalation problems. Which of the following best describes how these patients are different from the first patients to arrive? a. Burn patients probably have skin damage, whereas the firefighters have lung damage. b. Burn patients will need extensive care over time, whereas the firefighters can probably stay the night with oxygen treatment and then be discharged. c. The burn patients were direct victims, whereas the firefighters are indirect victims. d. The second set of victims may have scarring, shortness of breath, and persistent hoarseness for the next few days.
C
What is meant by discriminatory land use? a. Backlash against companies that do not protect the environment b. Daily insults to people who live in a par-ticular community c. Locating industrial hazards in low-income communities d. Political recognition that companies sup-port a safe environment
C
What was the importance of the Lalonde Report, which proposed the "health field concept" in 1974? a. It first called attention to the growing problem of air pollution. b. It first emphasized the importance of basic hand washing. c. It first emphasized influence of lifestyle and environment. d. It was the first report that suggested a link between smoking and lung cancer.
C
Which of the following types of maps is crucial to be included in any disaster plan? a. Communication map showing telephone wires and cell phone towers b. Geographic map showing, for example, roads, highways, and train routes c. Resource map showing potential resources in persons and supplies d. Response maps showing sites of first responders, such as fire stations and police stations
C
Who is responsible for ensuring the safety and welfare of communities? a. Federal government b. Federal Emergency Management Agency c. Local government d. State government
C
Which of the following best describes why earthquakes would be more frightening than floods to many people, even though both can cause extensive damage? (Select all that apply.) a. Death rate and scope are higher in earthquakes. b. There is a higher frequency of earthquakes. c. Imminence of earthquakes is unknown. d. It is not possible to prevent an earthquake. e. The intensity of earthquakes is higher. f. The predictability of earthquakes is lower.
CDF
A friend who was raped and beaten appeared to be coping well. However, she recently dropped out of school and shared with the nurse that she is having nightmares where it happens all over again, and these nightmares are becoming impossible to live with. Which of the following would be the concern of the nurse? a. A late psychological reaction of despair and hopelessness b. Depression that no one rescued her and saved her from the traumatic event c. Guilt and concern over what she could possibly have done to invite such an event d. Posttraumatic stress syndrome disorder (PTSD)
D
An earthquake has hit and buildings are knocked down; people are injured and crying for help. Looters have already started grabbing essential resources. Which of the following actions should the community take first? a. Send in ambulances to transport injured persons to medical facilities b. Send in media personnel to share the event and begin efforts to obtain donations for the injured c. Send in medical personnel to administer first aid and triage the injured d. Send in law officials to secure the area and ensure the safety of the victims
D
How does participatory action research differ from other research methods? a. Participatory action research does not use a control group. b. Participatory action research does not re-quire randomization. c. Participatory action research is not based on a predetermined hypothesis. d. Participatory action research poses solu-tions to the problem.
D
Most of a country's citizens have died from malnutrition or as the result of violence. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn? a. Their country has a problem with an ade-quate water supply for agriculture. b. They live in a country where weather in-terferes with food crops. c. They live in a developed country involved in a war. d. They live in a developing country.
D
When would the National Guard become involved in a disaster? a. When the Federal Emergency Management Agency requests such assistance b. When the local government requests help keeping order in the community c. When the president has declared the area a national disaster d. When the state has been asked to help an overwhelmed community
D
Which of the following U.S. agencies is responsible for overseeing the actions of protecting against, responding to, recovering from, and preventing the effects of disaster? a. American Red Cross (ARC) b. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) c. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) d. The National Incident Management System (NIMS)
D
Which of the following actions should be taken by a small community group who hopes to ac-complish goals against a large powerful corporation? a. Appeal to the chief executive officer's conscience b. Ask the corporation's employees to en-courage change c. Begin legal action to force the corporation to change d. Form coalitions with other groups that have similar goals
D
Which of the following statements best describe why environmental health is more challenging than other variables related to an individual's health? a. Environmental health affects susceptible individuals more than groups. b. Environmental health demands that indi-viduals be willing to change their beliefs. c. Environmental health is dependent on so-cial neighborhoods, as well as geography. d. Environmental health requires social, eco-nomic, and political changes to improve.
D
Which of the following statements best describes how the American Red Cross (ARC) is different from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) or the National Incident Management System? a. Funding includes only voluntary contributions. b. It emphasizes being prepared for emergencies, not just reacting to them. c. It has only volunteers as staff. d. It is a nongovernmental volunteer agency.
D
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the environment and health? a. Because of the large number of variables involved, the relationship between envi-ronment and health cannot be researched. b. Because the environment has such long-term effects on health, research find-ings are not yet available. c. Research shows that a healthy environ-ment has limited impact on one's health. d. Research shows that a healthy environ-ment increases quality of life and years of healthy living.
D
Which of the following strategies should a nurse use to remember what should be included in a health history? a. Always use a preprinted form b. Depend on education to learn this c. Depend on experience to know what to ask d. Memorize the I PREPARE mnemonic e. Memorize the I HEALTH mnemonic
D
Which of the following would be the best example of service learning? a. Student nurses collecting gloves and coats to distribute to the homeless b. Student nurses distributing food on plates at a "feed the hungry" site c. Student nurses employed as nursing assis-tants for minimum wage on the weekends d. Student nurses volunteering at the free clinic doing health assessments
D
Which of the following are the responsibilities of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in relation to disasters? (Select all that apply.) a. Contacting family members with up-to-date information regarding victims and their condition b. Coordinating local services to prevent duplication and fragmentation c. Delivering first aid and arranging for prescription medications that were lost to be replaced d. Detecting disease outbreaks, their cause, and risk factors, and implementing interventions for control e. Ensuring that drinking water, food, shelter, and medical care are available to victims f. Setting up safe and comfortable disaster shelters (emergency housing) for families
DE
Which of the following sets of symptoms would be unexpected after a disaster? a. Confusion, disorientation, indecisiveness, and memory loss b. Depression, fear, or just numbness c. Fatigue with headaches, nausea, and dizziness d. Irritable, suspicious, argumentative, and inappropriate e. No unusual feelings or behavior
E
