Exam 3-Final

Which of the following was a success of black nationalism?

It made many black people feel more proud of their African American identity.

In recent polls regarding racial, gender, and religious identities, which type of presidential candidate have Americans showed the least support for?

a Muslim candidate

The practice known as a "Mississippi appendectomy" is best described by which of the following?

a forced sterilization performed on a poor black woman in the South as practice for medical residents at teaching hospitals

In contrast to the models of color-blindness and multiculturalism, the racial democracy ideal envisions an "ideal America" as:

a place where people are liberated beyond the structural restraints of the legacies associated with their racial and ethnic groups through a systematic redress of racial injustices

According to Elijah Anderson, a "cosmopolitan canopy" is:

a pluralistic space where people come to appreciate one another's differences and empathize with each other

In the 1800s, immigration rates among Asian men to the West Coast were much higher than immigration rates among Asian women. Many Asian men remained single due in part to a combination of these differential rates of immigration and:

antimiscegenation laws criminalizing interracial marriage and sex

When an Indian American father tells his teenage daughter to be chaste and traditional and not promiscuous and weak like white American women, he is alluding to the way in which:

racial identity is defined through certain sexual practices and performances

To argue that schools should adjust their curriculum so that African, Asian, and indigenous accounts of history be incorporated with equal weight alongside European accounts is to advocate for:

racial justice and democracy

When we say that interactions operate at the "mezzanine level of social structure," what does that mean?

Interactions between people and the styles of interactions others observe of people in groups are patterned, reflect social structure, and are sometimes generalized into racial assumptions.

When an individual is the victim of a hate crime, how does that crime typically impact the larger racial and ethnic community of which he or she is a part?

It puts community members on notice by making them aware that there are people out there who want to hurt them.

The whitest of all the major religions in the United States is:

Judaism

Who helped to bring about the resurgence of black nationalism in the 1960s?

Malcolm X

Because many American Indians are married to non-American Indians, they often find themselves looking through the cultural lens of their partners and expanding their perspective. This type of emotional work is called:

cultural labor

Homophily:

is a matter of pulling friends in

In 1930s America, economic pressures resulted in which of the following impacts for nonwhite families?

efforts to force repatriations of Mexicans and Mexican Americans to Mexico

Marcus Garvey's ethnic chauvinism is best described as:

excessive loyalty toward and belief in the superiority of one's racial or ethnic group

An elementary school that recognizes holidays of various groups during the fall and into winter by having children make crafts relating to the Islamic celebration of Eid al-Adha, the Christian celebration of Christmas, the Jewish celebration of Hanukkah, and the American civic celebration of Thanksgiving, among many others, is most likely adopting which of the following frameworks?

multiculturalism

Sheila is a black executive at a company that is almost entirely all-white. She jokes with her mother that when she goes to work she "checks her blackness at the door." Erving Goffman might say that at work she is her _________ self.

front stage

Multiracial social movements:

have a long history in the United States

African American fraternal lodges and federations (such as the Masons):

nurtured African American solidarity and supported many instances of civil rights advocacy

Data from a study of contemporary Internet (online) dating showed that the group of women most likely to exclude men from their own racial category as potential mates was:

heterosexual Asian women

Immigrant organizations often aim to help with adjustment to American society. For example, organizations such as the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association and the Chinese-American Planning Council:

oversee English-language classes, career training, and cultural events

On one hand, racial tourism can denaturalize racial categories and provide people with a kind of racial freedom that offline life does not permit. On the other hand, too often racial tourism:

reinforces racial divides through stereotypes

In American history, the assimilation model:

required that people adopt the predominant cultural norms of the established society of power and influence while minimizing the practices of their racial/ethnic groups

A person is most effective at changing his or her own attitudes and behaviors when the changes are:

self-perpetuating

One claim about the phenomenon referred to as the "new black nativism," a practice of limiting entry into the legitimate ranks of being black in America primarily to those descendent from American slavery, is:

that it is responsible for a tendency to define blackness in mostly negative terms (for example, as opposed to being white)

When the membership of a racial justice social movement is itself multiracial:

the goals of the movement are reflected in its composition

A form of black communication style involves indirect questioning and acknowledgement of information. For example, Sharon offhandedly and jokingly comments about her sister Dee's weight gain rather than asking Dee outright if she is pregnant. This communication style is called:

signifying

In the United States, the census bureau classifies Hispanic-origin people as being either racially black or racially white. This classification is an example of:

society's symbolic order

Alabama did not remove language from its state constitution prohibiting interracial marriage until 2000. Though not legally binding, the language operated as a powerful:

symbol

Using the practice of affirmative action under the integrative model means:

that institutions achieve racial democracy by allowing worthy and qualified people of all races the chance for meaningful participation

A white woman is driving through an unfamiliar neighborhood and becomes frightened when she sees black people on the street corner waving and gesticulating at her. They are trying to signal to her that she is going the wrong way on a one way street, but she thinks they are threatening her. What dynamic does this example display best?

the need for vigilant reflexivity when it comes to cross-racial communication

An aspect of the color-blind ideology called "color-blind racism" occurs when:

whites use the language and rhetoric of color-blindness to discriminate against blacks and other people of color

Jeremy, who is white, has been thinking about how he teases his friend Lee, who is Asian, about being "good at math." Jeremy has recently come to realize that by making such claims, he is using a stereotype and has determined to stop making such jokes. This type of personal change is a result of:

the openness of Jeremy to deliberate reflection and self-criticism about his actions

A beauty product marketed to Asian American women with the intent of "lightening" their skin represents:

the racialization of Asian femininity toward white standards

Couples who are dissimilar from one another may have a lower probability of staying married; black couples show greater spousal dissimilarity than nonblack couples. One reason for this may be that:

the relatively small size of the marriage pool for blacks limits choices for potential mates, increasing the chance of incompatibility

Two political commentators are debating the merits of affirmative action. One commentator argues that affirmative action should be eliminated now that there's "an even playing field" for everyone. The other commentator replies, "The fact is that people who live in the white suburbs have advantages over blacks and Latinos in the city, just like they have advantages over poor people more generally." The second commentator's argument against ending affirmative action is responding to which of the following tendencies of color-blindness?

the tendency of color-blindness to minimize the importance of the historical legacies of race-based structural inequalities

When a native-born, third-generation Chinese American woman encounters repeated interactions with others where she is asked, "Where are you originally from?," what aspects of her identity are being highlighted?

the way that many native-born Asian American citizens remain in a position symbolically tied to an assumed immigrant status

The "cool pose" of many young black men; the overt sexism and machismo of some Latino young men; and the in-your-face sexual bravado of some young white fraternity brothers are all examples of:

the ways in which performances of masculinity vary by race

While a strength of __________ is that it/they can give impoverished minorities a sense of self-respect and provide an outlet for justified anger, one weakness of this form of protest is that __________.

urban uprisings; they are often self-destructive and short-lived

To move toward racial democracy and take into account the realities of race privilege means that:

we must begin with people's actual experiences with other people and social institutions, where racial injustices are a reality

Kathleen Blee conducted research on women who were involved in white supremacist groups and found that most:

were middle class, had college educations, and were gainfully employed

White slave masters forcing black women to bear children for potential profit prior to the Civil War and forced sterilizations of black women in the 1970s are different examples of the same phenomenon, which is best described as:

white control of black female sexuality

In social and political debate, the ideal of color-blindness has pushed itself to the _____________ of the ideological debate.

center

As the debate over immigration has intensified, the percentage of _____ who are the targets of reported hate crimes increased from 17 percent in 2004 to _____ percent in 2012.

Hispanics; 30

According to the textbook, which of the following is the most accurate statement about "political correctness"?

It is designed to minimize offense to marginalized groups, censoring certain speech deemed off-limits.

A metaphor for the multicultural framework that the textbook mentions is:

a salad bowl

What are the limits of "diversity training"?

Diversity training has expanded to incorporate so much difference that it signals human variation instead of calling forth structural racism

When describing the African American community and religion, some scholars have argued that many residents of poor black neighborhoods are "overchurched." What does this mean?

African Americans have more churches in their community than they can maintain or use to help alleviate the social and economic hardships of their communities.

Robert Putnam, the author of the modern classic Bowling Alone, argues which of the following about American civil society?

Americans' participation in civil society is a way to gauge how trustful and connected we are to one another, and by those indicators, American civil society is in trouble.

Which of the following is most true about evangelical Christian megachurches?

By preaching interracial solidarity, over a third of megachurches can be defined as multiracial.

Critics of the color-blind ideal make which of the following arguments?

Forms of everyday racism not only cannot be addressed by the color-blind framework but also may actually derive from it.

Which of the following is a reason that black marriages are twice as likely to end in divorce as whites?

High levels of poverty and high incarceration rates can strain marriages, causing conflicts over time.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the relationship among Christian religious congregations, race and ethnicity, and the neighborhoods churches are located in?

Most churches are approximately ten times less racially diverse than the neighborhoods in which they are located.

Black women are the least likely group in American society to marry. Some analysts even estimate rates as low as what?

One in three black women will marry in her lifetime

Because of how out-of-wedlock birthrates are calculated, what would the impact be on out-of-wedlock birthrates if the number of children born to unmarried black women stayed the same but the number of children born to married black women increased?

Rates of out-of-wedlock births would decrease.

During and after World War II, some social constraints and pressures toward conformity and adherence to the white middle-class norms were relaxed. Which of the following was an example from the textbook that demonstrates how events during World War II challenged American's ideas about race and families?

Some straight soldiers of color, having dated white European women and experienced interracial relationships abroad that were forbidden in the United States, desired the same equality at home.

How do the prejudices that are part of the ideologies of hate groups compare to the prejudices that come up as part of everyday life in modern American society?

The prejudiced ideologies of hate groups represent a racist philosophy bent on conspiracies and the demonization of minorities.

Andi, a twenty-three-year old white woman, hesitated to introduce her African American boyfriend to her parents, who are both white. All of her friends from college have already met her boyfriend. According to the textbook, what might this decision say about attitudes toward interracial dating?

Younger people tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than older people are.

Which of the following is an accurate explanation for why homosexuality is viewed by some African Americans as a predominantly "white" phenomenon?

because the social construction of black sexuality precludes the possibility of homosexuality

Which of the frameworks used for responding to racial inequalities aspires to the goal of living in a society where people are judged "not by the color of their skin but by the content of their character," as Martin Luther King, Jr., once stated?

color-blindness

Corey was adamant in his feeling that most people in American society no longer have severely racist attitudes toward people of other races. Joan suggested he look at the comments in online news feeds about a recent drug bust involving people of color. He was surprised by the intensity of the racist comments he found. Joan's suggestion was an example of:

how effectively the idea that racism is dead can be challenged by looking at the online and virtual ways that people portray their prejudices

Sociologist William Julius Wilson argues that neither antidiscrimination laws nor affirmative action has succeeded in __________.

improving the life chances of the least well-off in society

During the early-to-mid-twentieth century, labor unions largely remained racially homogenous, white-dominated, and exclusionary. When they did promote integration, as early as the late 1800s through the Civil Rights Movement, an advantage of this integration was that:

integrated labor unions helped challenge the dominant stereotype of blacks, Hispanics, and other people of color as "strikebreakers"

According to sociologist Anne Rawls, whites and blacks may occupy the same geographic space, but not the same ________________ space.

interactional

Kennedy, a black female, and Samuel, a white male, are a married couple that see their relationship as an emblem of racial progress. While not denying the importance of their relationship, advocates for institutional-level racial change might say that:

interracial relationships are too narrow a gauge of interracial progress, and that this type of interactional change alone cannot overturn structural racism

When a person chooses to look toward uncomfortable racial situations and encounters with openness and self-reflection, he or she is receptive to:

racial healing

Sandy, a 19-year-old college student, was initially drawn into and became a member of the white nationalist movement through its Internet site, a professional-looking page that seemed to contain accurate historical summaries of the Civil Rights Movement. Sandy's story demonstrates:

that while white nationalist groups attempt to appeal to a broad white audience, their Internet presence aims to draw in young, college-aged men and women.

The legislation that prohibits discrimination by housing lenders and landlords is called:

the Fair Housing Act

The Internet was used effectively to extend the reach of the Hawaiian language revitalization movement, demonstrating that:

the Internet can be a useful tool for building community and providing avenues for people to communicate in their language and redeem interest in and use of that language

What is "boundary work"?

the collection of practices by which people maintain or challenge racial relations of exclusivity or inclusivity

During the first Republican debate of the 2016 election season, presidential candidate Ben Carson said, " . . . when I take someone to the operating room, I'm actually operating on the thing that makes them who they are. The skin doesn't make them who they are. The hair doesn't make them who they are. And it's time for us to move beyond that because . . . our strength as a nation comes in our unity." His statement reflects:

the color-blind thinking that is central to much of American racial discourse today

The process of immigration can be a great stressor for families coming to the United States. For example, in the United States, Hmong kinship networks of extended family relationships are limited as Hmong people are expected to adopt the nuclear family model. This pressure demonstrates that:

the definition of family is not the same across racial-ethnic groups, and the expectation to conform can take a toll on families