Exam 3 part 2 Nutrition take 2

biofield therapies

healing methods based on the belief that illnesses can be cured by manipulating energy fields that purportedly surround and penetrate the body. Examples include acupuncture, qi gong, and therapeutic touch.

nutrition support teams

health care professionals responsible for the provision of nutrients by tube feeding or intravenous infusion like Nurses when Registered Dietitians are not available.

half-life

in blood tests, refers to the length of time that a substance remains in plasma. The albumin in plasma has a half-life of 14 to 20 days, meaning that half of the amount circulating in plasma is degenerated in this time period.

expected outcomes

patient oriented goals that are derived from nursing diagnoses.

food frequency questionnaire disadvantages

1. Relies on memory 2. Food lists are limited only including common foods. 3. Serving sizes can be difficult to evaluate by patients. 4. calculated nutrient intakes not accurate 5. food lists of gen population not work in smaller pops 6. Can't monitor short changes in diet

food record advantages

1. does not rely on memory 2. Recorded as foods consumed so great accuracy 3. process helps control intake of food choices because keeping records increases awareness

food frequency questionnaire advantages

1. long term intake "daily/season changes doesn't-effect" 2. Questionnaire after intakes so methods doesn't effect 3. Method is inexpensive

Direct observation advantages

1. process doesn't rely on memory 2. method doesn't influence food intake 3. method can be used to evaluate the acceptability of a prescribed diet

Direct observation disadvantages

1. process possible only in residential situations 2. method is labor intensive.

food record disadvantages

1. recording process influences diet choices 2. underreporting/error of portion sizes 3. time consuming/burdensome/need motivated patient 4. Patient must be able to read and write 5. Seasonal changes in diet are not taken into account

24 hour dietary recall disadvantages

1. relies on memory 2. Bad recall like over/underestimations of food intakes 3. patient will omit/lie & not include embarrassing foods 4. Data from one day can't scope a person's usual diet 5. seasonal variations in diet not addressed 6. skills of interviewer affects the outcome.

24 hour dietary recall advantages

1. results not depended on how smart the person is 2. interview after food is consumed so there's no peer pressure 3. results are quick and easily conducted 4. patient doesn't need to know how to read or write

Food record

A detailed log of food eaten during a specified time period, usually several consecutive days; also called a food diary. A food record may also include information about medications, disease symptoms, and physical activity. Foods are recorded as consumed in order for the most accuracy & not reliant on memory. A detailed food record includes the types/amounts of foods/beverages, times of consumption, & methods of preparation.

24 hour dietary recall

A guided interview in which an individual recounts all of the foods and beverages consumed in the past 24 hours or during the previous day. The interview includes questions about the times when meals or snacks were eaten, amounts consumed, and ways in which foods were prepared.

genes

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes "has the genetic material' needed for a protein production.

Reflexology

A technique that applies pressure or massage on areas of the hands and feet to allegedly cure disease or relieve pain in other areas of the body; sometimes called zone therapy.

Nutrition Care Process

After the Nutrition screening a systematic approach to medical nutrition therapy used by Registered dietitians professionals to evaluate and treat nutrition-related problems. It has 4 steps. 1. Nutrition Assessment 2. Nutrition Diagnosis 3. Nutrition Intervention 4. Nutrition Monitoring

acupuncture

Chinese medical practice of inserting needles into certain areas of the body allegedly to correct disruptions in the flow of energy within the body.

Nursing Diagnosis

Clinical judgments in a nursing care plan about the patient in response to an actual or potential health problem that provide the basis for selecting appropriate nursing interventions. For example "impaired swallowing" alerts the nurse to potential problems with food consumption so makes a modified diet.

antineoplastic drugs

Drugs that control or kill cancer cells and thus can affect nutrient absorption or upset GI tract.

Diuretics

Drugs that elevate the rate of bodily urine excretion so it prevents nutrient reabsorption in the kidneys so causes nutrient loss of calcium, potassium, magnesium, and thiamin.

PES statement

Each nutrition problem in a nutrition diagnosis is identified by a formatted statement that describes the nutrition problem by; the problem (P), the etiology or cause (E), and the signs and symptoms (S). Example: "problem P" unwanted weight gain "etiology/cause E" long-term corticosteroids use "symptoms S" involuntary weight gain for 6 months

Direct observation

Observation of meal trays or shelf inventories before and after eating; possible only in residential facilities. Nurses use direct observations to conduct patient's calorie counts, which are estimates of food energy often protein consumed by patients in a single day or several consecutive days. To do it nurses record the dietary items that a patient is given at meals and subtracts the amounts remaining after meals are completed.

Ayurveda

The traditional medical system of India that promotes the use of diet, herb, medication, massage, and yoga for preventing and treating illness.

Anthropometric

The measurements of body size that can reveal problems in PEM & overnutrition that are related to physical measurements of the human body, such as height, weight, body circumferences, and percentage of body fat. Used to evaluate growth in children and nutrition in adults.

Qi Gong

Traditional Chinese system that combines movement, meditation, and breathing techniques and allegedly cures illness by enhancing the flow qi "energy" within the body.

osteopathic manipulation

a CAM technique performed by a doctor of osteopathy "D.O. or Osteopath" that includes deep tissue massage and manipulation of the joints, spine, and soft tissues. A D.O. is a fully trained and licensed medical physician, although osteopathic manipulation has not been proven to be an effective treatment.

diet progression

a change in diet as a patient's food tolerances improves

clear liquid diet

a diet that consists of foods that are liquid at room temperature and leave little residue in the intestine & require little digestion. Ex: Water, Sprite, Ginger Ale, all beverages without any residue, broth, Jello

modified diet

a diet that contains foods altered in texture, consistency, or nutrient content or that includes or omits specific foods; may also be called a therapeutic diet.

regular diet

a diet that includes all foods and meets the nutrient needs of healthy people; may also be called a standard diet, general diet, normal diet, or house diet.

Registered Dietitian or Registered dietitian Nutritionist

a food or nutrition expert who is qualified to provide medical nutrition therapy because they completed the education and training specified by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics , including a bachelor's degree in nutrition or dietetics, a supervised internship, and a national registered examination.

chiropractic

a method of treatment based on the unproven theory that spinal manipulation can restore health. According to chiropractic theory, a subluxation is a misaligned vertebra or other spinal alteration that may cause illness. Adjustment is the manipulation therapy practiced by chiropractors.

BMI

a person's weight in relation to height; determined by dividing one's weight "in kilograms' by square of the height in meters.

Indirect calorimetry

a procedure that estimates energy expenditure by measuring oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during a period of rest

promoter

a region of DNA involved with gene activation

Diet Manual

a resource that specifies the foods or preparation methods to include or exclude in modified diets and provides sample menus.

meditation

a self-directed technique of calming the mind and relaxing the body.

protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

a state of malnutrition characterized by depletion of tissue proteins and energy stores, usually accompanied by micronutrient deficiencies. In 15 minutes done by a nutrition support team member or assistant.

therapeutic touch

a technique of passing hands over a patient to purportedly identify energy imbalances and transfer healing power from the therapist to patient; also called laying on of hands.

Hypnotherapy

a technique that uses hypnosis and the power of suggestion to improve health behaviors, relieve pain, and promote healing.

food frequency questionnaire

a written survey of foods/beverages routinely consumed during a time period often a year. Some questionnaires ask about the types of food eaten and yield only qualitative information; others include questions about portions consumed and yield semi-quantitative data as well.

Methylation

addition of a methyl group (-CH3) to DNA or RNA

Traditional Chinese Medicine "TCM"

an approach to health care based on the concept that illness can be cured by enhancing the flow of qi "energy" within a person's body. Treatments may include herbal therapies, physical exercises, meditation, acupuncture, and remedial massage.

Naturopathy

an approach to health care using practices alleged to enhance the body's natural healing abilities. Treatments may include a variety of alternative therapies including dietary supplements, herbal remedies, exercise, and homeopathy.

Nutrition Screening

an assessment procedure that helps to identify patients who are malnourished or at risk for malnutrition. Conducted within 24 hrs of patients admission and involves collecting health related data that can indicate protein-energy malnutrition PEM.

clinical pathways

coordinated programs of treatment that merge the care plans of different health practitioners; also called care pathways, care maps, or critical pathways.

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

length

distance from the top of the head to the soles of the feet while a person is lying down. In contrast to height which is measured while a person is standing upright.

antiemetics

drugs that control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain

Anticonvulsants

drugs that prevent or control seizures that might affect metabolism specifically increasing levels of enzymes that metabolize folate, vitamin D, and vitamin K so they might need vitamins.

Antiretroviral drugs

drugs that treat retroviral infections, such as infection with human immunodeficiency virus HIV and thus can affect nutrient absorption or upset GI tract.

biofeedback training

instruction in techniques that allow individuals to gain voluntary control of certain physiological processes, such as skin temperature or brain wave activity, to help reduce stress and anxiety.

multigene or polygenic

involving a number of genes, rather than a single gene.

tube feed

liquid formulas delivered through a tube placed in the stomach or intestine.

anorexia

loss of appetite can be caused by medications

massage therapy

manual manipulation of muscles to reduce tension, increase blood circulation, improve joint mobility, and promote healing of injuries.

residue

material left in the intestine after digestion; includes mostly dietary fiber, undigested starches and proteins, GI secretions, and cellular debris.

Inherited disorders

medical conditions resulting from genetic defects.

Selective menus

most hospitals provide selective menus from which patients can select their meals. If a patient is following a modified diet, the menu includes only foods that are permitted on that diet.

Medical Nutrition Therapy

nutrition care provided by a registered dietitian; includes assessing nutrition status, diagnosing nutrition problems, and providing nutrition care

Homeopathy

practice based on the theory that "like cures like"; that is, substances believed to cause certain symptoms are prescribed at extremely low concentrations for curing diseases with similar symptoms.

gene expression

process by which a cell converts the genetic code into RNA and proteins.

Epigenetics

process that causes heritable changes in gene expression that are seperate from the DNA nucleotide sequence.

Transcription factors

proteins that bind to DNA at specific sequences to regulate gene expressed

parenteral nutrition

provision of nutrients intravenously "by vein", bypassing the intestine.

noncoding sequences

regions of DNA that do not code for proteins. Some noncoding sequences may have regulatory or structural properties, but most have no known function.

pressure sores

regions of skin and tissue that are damaged due to prolonged pressure on the affected area by an external object, such as a bed, wheelchair, or cast; vulnerable areas of the body include buttocks, hips, and heels. Also called decubitus.

microarray technology

research technology that monitors the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously.

diet orders

specific instructions regarding dietary management; also called diet or nutrition prescriptions.

nutrition care plan

strategies for meeting an individual's nutritional needs

Chromosomes

structures within the nucleus of a cell that contain the cell's DNA & associated proteins.

HACCP (Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points)

systems of food or formula preparation that identify food safety hazards and critical control points during food service procedures. It addresses food handling, cooking, storage, cleaning/disinfecting equipment & utensils, & staff sanitation.

genome

the full complement of genetic material in the chromosome of a cell.

wasting

the gradual atrophy (loss) of body tissues; associated with protein-energy malnutrition or chronic illness.

Aromatherapy

the inhalation and bodily application of essential oils from aromatic plants to relax, balance, rejuvenate, restore, or enhance the body's mind and spirit. It strengthens the self-healing process by indirect stimulation of the immune system to cure illness & enhance health.

Nutritional genomics

the study of dietary effects on genetic expression; also known as nutrigenomics.

genomics

the study of genomes

nucleotides

the subunits of DNA and RNA molecules. These compounds cytosine C, thymine T, uracil U, guanine G, and Adenine A are each composed of phosphate group, a five carbon sugar ribose, and nitrogen-containing base. A DNA molecule is made up of two long chains of nucleotides bases on opposing strands; each hydrogen-bonded nucleotide couple is called a base pair.

imagery

the use of mental images of things or events to aid relaxation or promote self-healing.

faith healing

the use of prayer or belief in divine intervention to promote healing.

bioelectrical or bioelectromagnetic therapies

therapies that involve the unconventional use of electric or magnetic fields to cure illness

Polymorphism

variations in DNA sequences of a particular gene. A single-nucleotide polymorphism, the most common type of polymorphism, involves the insertion, deletion, or substitution of a single nucleotide in the DNA strand.