Exam 3 - PSYCH

Forming Categories

- Unable to detect facial features. - The other race effect.

Acceptance

- Unconditional positive regard. - Love + accept no matter what. - Acknowledging feelings, + problems without judgement

Empathy

- Understand where one's coming from. - Turning into feelings of others.

Fundamental Attribution Error

- We do something wrong and we blame it on something else. - Take personal credit for success.

Internal Locus of Control

- We feel we are un charge of ourselves + circumstances. - Blame ourselves.

External Locus of Control

- We picture that a force outside of ourselves controls our fate. - Lose motivation to achieve.

Stress in Men

-Numbs selves with drugs/alcohol - Hides away/isolation - Aggression

Oral Psychosexual Stage

0-18 months- - Pleasure centers on the mouth (sucking, biting, chewing).

4 Stressors

1. Catastrophes. 2. Significant life changes. 3. Chronic daily hassles. 4. Low social status power.

According to your text, emotionality is "more true of women," a perception expressed by nearly 100 percent of BLANK Americans.

18 to 29 year old.

Anal Psychosexual Stage

18-36 months- - Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination. - Coping with demands for control.

Phallic Psychosexual Stage

3-6 years- - Pleasure zone is genitals. - Coping with incest sexual feelings. - Oedipus complex.

Latency Psychosexual Stage

6 until puberty- - Dormant sexual feelings.

Reciprocal

A back + fourth influence with no primary cause.

Attribution

A conclusion about the cause of an observed behavior/event.

Social Norms

A correct/normal behavior in a specific group.

A celebrity actress experiences ever-increasing levels of acclaim following each successful movie role. Yet with each success, she experiences only a temporary surge of subjective well-being. This is best explained in terms of the:

Adaptation-level phenomenon.

Conformity

Adjusting behavior/thinking to fit with a group standard.

Superego

Age 4 or 5 - - Conscience internalized from parents/society. - "Morality principle"

Stress Response

Alarmed (shocked) Resistance (denial) Exhaustion (too tired from resisting)

Stress

An event or condition in which we view as threatening, challenging, or overwhelming.

Catastrophic Events/Conditions

Appraisal is NOT essential.

Spotlight Effect

Assuming people have their attention focused on you, but in reality didn't notice you.

Id

Baby- - Impulsively meet basic needs. - "Pleasure principle"

If the self-serving bias is evident in the way an athlete explains her success or failure, she might:

Blame her failure on bad officiating.

Equity

Both giving, receiving + sharing responsibilities.

Stress in Women

- 'Tend + friend" = bonding - Oxytocin released = bonding hormone - Empathetic

Type A

- 'Up tight' - Overachiever - Prone to heart attacks

Power of Vivid Cases

- Availability heuristic ignores statistics. - Assumptions based on looks/generalizing.

Genuineness

- Being honest, direct, not using a facade.

Type B

- Chill/relaxed - Less likely to be successful

According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among behaviors and:

Both internal personal factors and environmental events.

Peripheral Route

Changing attitudes by going around the rational mind and appealing to fears, desires, + associations.

Martin Seligman

Conducted experiments with dogs that led to the concept of "learned helplessness".

When we adjust our own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, we are exhibiting:

Conformity.

Personality Types

Discrete categories of people based on personality characteristics. - Type A - Type B

Projection

Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

Social Loafing

In group projects, people who don't take part + leave it all to 1 person.

Automatic Mimicry

- Contagious yawning (arm folding, face rubbing). - Adopting regional accents.

Self

- Core of personality. - Organizer/receiver of our thoughts.

Introverts

- High autonomic system. - Shy. - Can be social, but needs to go home/be alone to 'recharge'.

Aggression

- Intent of harming another person.

Extraverts

- Low level brain activity. - Hard to suppress impulses. - Seek stimulation.

Social Facilitation

- Motivates you more when with a group supporting you. - If not experienced: freak out/not do well because not familiar with conditions.

Personality

- Ones characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, + behaviors. - Personality is 'locked in' around age 25.

"Just World" Belief

- People deserve what they get fed by hindsight bias, cognitive dissonance. - Trying to reason why life isn't fair.

Aerobic exercise BLANK the body's production of serotonin and _BLANK its production of the endorphins.

Increases ; increases.

Problem- Focused Coping

- Reducing by working out a conflict, (confrontation). - Clear beef

Passionate Love

- State of a strong attraction, interest, excitement. - Felt so strongly people are absorbed in each other.

Emotion- Focused Coping

- Taking to friends (bitch + complain/rant). - Ignoring Problem

Central Route

Influencing attitudes with evidence and logic.

Which theory suggests that you would NOT experience intense anger unless you first noticed your racing heart (or other symptoms of physiological arousal)?

James-Lange theory.

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the disguised, symbolic meaning of dreams is called the BLANK content.

Latent.

Openness

Likes change/variety, new experiences.

Self Control

The ability to control impulses + delay gratification. - Kids = more successful in life. - "Willpower"

Self- Serving Bias

- Think were above average - Helps defend self-esteem - Believing we aren't like everyone else.

Elements of Conformity

- Trends - Laughing with others - Social norms - Way you talk

Stress Reaction

Emotion or physical response to a stressor. - Increased heart rate - Elevated cortisol level - Crying

Trait

Enduring quality that makes a person tend to act.

Role Playing Effects

Eventually adapting the role you are playing.

It has been suggested that raised eyebrows are universally associated with a surprised expression because they effectively widen the eyes to enhance the perception of unexpected circumstances. This suggestion best illustrates the:

Evolutionary perspective.

Optimism

Expect the best, overconfident in extreme conditions.

Sigmond Freud

Explored how mental/physical symptoms could be caused by purely psychological factors.

Which of the following is NOT an effective way to manage anger?

Express your anger in a hostile manner in order to release your aggressive feelings.

Psychologists would use BLANK to assess whether a single personality trait is reflected in a cluster of characteristics (e.g., ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance).

Factor analysis.

In-Group Bias

Favoriting one's own group.

Attitude

Feelings, ideas and beliefs that affect how we approach and react.

The most widely accepted trait theory today is called:

Five-factor model of personality.

Early one Halloween evening, Bart's friends asked him to join them in smashing their neighbors' decorative pumpkins. He complied. Later, he was surprised by his own failure to resist them when they asked him to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the:

Foot in the door phenomenon.

Informational Social Influence

Formal dinner party (observing what fork to use).

Defensive self-esteem is to _____________ as secure self-esteem is to _____________.

Fragility; sturdiness.

Free Association

Freud- Encouraged patent to speak whatever comes to mind.

Psychodynamic Theory

Freud- Focus on inner forces that interact to make us who we are (unconscious forces).

Stereotype

Generalized belief about a group applied to every member of a group.

According to Carl Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are:

Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

You are the expert on psychometrics and assessment; however, three of the clinicians disagree on your choice of scales. You decide to change your opinion for the good of the group. This best illustrates:

Groupthink.

A month ago, Jason lost his job due to circumstances beyond his control, and now he is very concerned about his financial situation. Since then, he has learned that his wife will not be able to return to the United States because she cannot get her "green card," and that his rent-controlled apartment is being sold and he will have to find another place to live. Given what happens when people feel unable to control their environment, which of the following do you think is happening to Jason?

His immune response is dropping.

Albert Bandura

How people exposed to an environment adjusts their personality to fit in.

Reciprocal Determinism

How personality, thoughts + social environment all reinforce/ cause each other.

Factor Analysis

Identifying factors that tend to cluster together.

Compared with men, women are BLANK effective in discerning whether a male-female couple is a genuine romantic couple or a posed phony couple. They are BLANK effective in discerning which of two people in a photo is the other's supervisor.

More ; more.

Dynamic

More people participating making other people want to join in as well.

Extraversion

Needs to constantly be around people to gain energy.

Rationalization

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of real, more threatening unconscious reasons for ones actions.

Locus of Control

Our perception of where the seat over our lives is located (passenger or driver).

Those perceived as different, or apart from one's ingroup, are called:

Outgroup.

Deindividuation

People are more likely to be harsh when they're anonymous/no one knows who they are.

Roger's Person-Centered Perspective

People have natural tendencies to grow, become healthy, and move toward self-actualization.

Group Polarization

People have only encountered ideas reinforcing views they already held.

Agreeeableness

People pleaser, go along with the crowd.

Emotion is a response that includes physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience. Which of the following describes these three components?

Pounding heart, increased pace, sense of fear.

BLANK is to addressing work problems with a colleague as BLANK is to talking to your hair stylist about all of the problems at work.

Problem-focused coping; emotion-focused coping.

Prolonged Stress

Production of new neurons declines.

Genitial Psychosexual Stage

Puberty and on- Maturation of sexual interests.

Alex often acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Which defense mechanism does Alex demonstrate?

Reaction formation.

Denial

Refusing to believe.

Regression

Retreating to infantile psychosexual stage where some psychic energy remains fixated.

Mere Exposure Effect

Seeing someones face + name making them more likable.

Football players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate:

Self-serving bias.

Displacement

Shifting sexual impulsive toward acceptable/less threatening object or person.

We tend to use BLANK when explaining our own behavior the behavior of those we know well.

Situational attributions.

Normative Social Influence

Social approval (going along with what people do to to fit in).

You decide that your free time over the weekend to volunteer at the Special Olympics is not as important to you as the good feelings and the joy you receive from giving back to the community by volunteering. This illustrates the:

Social exchange theory.

Norman Triplett found that performance on a task can be strengthened in the presence of others. This is referred to as:

Social facilitation.

Social Influence

Social situations influencing our behavior, attitudes, beliefs + decisions.

Situational

Something outside a person doing an action. - If we already know/like the person we assume they're just going through something.

Although Catherine's legs are paralyzed, she is able to minimize the stress that the inability to walk might cause by viewing this handicap as a challenge rather than a threat. This illustrates the importance of:

Stress appraisal.

Neuroticism

Stressed constantly, panic attacks.

Researchers use a measure of BLANK to determine a person's self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.

Subjective well-being.

Physical Arousal

Sweating/heart pounding.

Reaction Formation

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites.

You decide to make a positive change in your life. Instead of going to work with a frown on your face, you will force yourself to smile when you walk out the door. According to the BLANK, by altering your behavior you stand a good chance of changing your attitude.

The attitudes follow behavior principle.

According to Freud, BLANK "is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind."

The interpretation of dreams.

When Mark buys groceries he prefers certain products simply because the products have a familiar brand name. His preference best illustrates the importance of:

The mere exposure effect.

After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any Middle-Eastern person they saw. This behavior is best explained in terms of:

The scapegoat theory.

Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for the:

The scapegoat theory.

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

The tendency for people to agree to a large request after already agreeing to a small one.

Cultural Differences

Those which emphasize a religion, union, group, etc.

Internal Personal Factors

Thoughts + feelings about risky activities.

Disposition

To assume someone did something due to their personality traits (arrogant).

Ego

Toddler- - Develops self with thoughts, judgments, + memories. - Serves Id's needs - "Reality principle"

Persuasion

Two cognitive pathways to affect attitudes.

BLANK personality people are competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone.

Type A.

Four-year-old Brooke throws a tantrum when her parents want to leave the playground and go home. Instead of punishing her, Brooke's parents patiently and lovingly try to teach Brooke a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration. Using Carl Rogers's terminology, Brooke is experiencing a high degree of BLANK from her parents.

Unconditional positive regard.

Prejudice

Unjustified (-) attitude toward a group/its members.

Discrimination

Unjustified (-) behavior selectively applied to members of a group.

Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare of other people (no internal motivator).

Conscientiousness

Very organized, uncomfortable with not.

In terms of the bystander effect, the best odds of our helping someone include all of the following EXCEPT:

We are in a hurry.

Although Brandon is frequently caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about his actions. According to Freud, Brandon most clearly demonstrates a(n):

Weak superego.

Scapegoat Theory

When bad things happen, prejudice offers an outlet for anger by finding someone to blame.

Mimicry

Without knowing it you dress, say + act like same thing.

Stanley Milgram

obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if all people were capable of committing evil actions