Exam 3 Review (Ch. 5,6,7)

Social movement

A large body of people interested in a common issue, idea, or concern that is of continuing significance and who are willing to take action. seek to change attitudes or institutions, not just policies

Movement

A large group of people who are fervently interested in an issue or concern that is of continuing significance and are willing to take action.

Caucus

A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform, including for the presidency

national party convention

A national meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every four years to nominate candidates for president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect officers and adopt rules.

lobbyist

A person who is employed by and asks for an organized interest group or Corporation to try to influence policy decisions and positions in the executive and legislative branches.

minor party

A small political party that persists over time that is often composed of ideologies on the right or left, or centered on a charismatic candidate. Such a party is also called a third party.

Bundling

A tactic in which PACs collect contributions from like-minded individuals (each limited to $2000) and present them to a candidate or political party as a "bundle", thus increasing the PAC's influence.

party identification

An affiliation with a political party that most people acquire in childhood. The best predictor of voting behavior in partisan candidate elections.

realigning election

An election during periods of expanded suffrage and change in the economy and society that proves to be a turning point, redefining the agenda of politics and the alignment of voters within parties.

Direct Primary

An election in which voters choose party nominees

Revolving door

An employment cycle in which individuals who work for government agencies that regulate interests eventually end up working for interest groups or businesses with the same policy concern.

Super PACs

An independent expenditure only committee first allowed in 2010 after court decisions allowing unlimited contributions to such PACs. were important in the 2010 and 2012 elections.

Political party

An organization that seeks political power by electing people to office so that its positions and philosophy become public policy. want to have their WAY by making public policy

Common Cause

Campaigns for electoral reform and the reduction of media consolidation

__________ governments are necessary in __________ systems, where no one party recieves the majority of the vote.

Coalition, multi-party

What does it mean to: Help organize the government

Congress and most legislatures organized along party lines. The Party in power gets patronage.

Ralph Nader

Consumer activist working to protect citizen interest

Why is there a need to provide loyal opposition?

Critisim of the white house starts after a while

Platform

Every four years the political parties draft a document stating the policy positions of the party. This party platform details general party-wide issue stances. The process sometimes engenders disputes among fellow partisans but is rarely an election issue and often is written to avoid controversy.

professional associations

Groups of individuals who share a common profession and are often organized for common political purposes related to that profession.

The NRA on guns, right to life and pro-choice groups, anti-immigration groups and anti-vax groups like Club for Growth are examples of

Ideological/single-issue groups

The Supreme Court has ruled that individuals, groups, and parties can spend unlimited amounts in campaigns for or against candidates as long as they operate independently from the candidates. when an individual, group, or party does so, they are making an

Independent expenditure

__________ parties do not have much chance of winning elections.

Minor

soft money

Money raised in unlimited amounts by political parties for party building purposes. now largely illegal except for limited contributions to state or local parties for voter registration and get-out-the-vote efforts.

Greenpeace and Amnesty International are examples of

NGOs

__________ systems like Britian have a head of state and most have __________. The head of the __________ is the prime minister or chancellor.

Parliamentary, presidents, government

What does it mean to: Translate preference into policy

Party enacts its policies and campaign promises

Closed Primary

Primary election in which only persons registered in the party holding the primary may vote.

Foreign Policy

Promote or oppose U.S. foreign policies. Council on Foreign Relations. Opponents of free trade

Issue advocacy

Promoting a particular position or an issue paid for through unlimited and undisclosed spending by interest groups or individuals but not candidates. much issue advocacy is often electioneering for or against a candidate, avoiding words like vote for or vote against, and until 2004 had not been subject to any regulation.

What does it mean to: Organize the competition

Recruit and nominate candidates, register voters and raise money

party-independent expenditures

Spending by political party committees that is independent of the candidate. The spending occurs in relatively few competitive contests and is often substantial.

party registration

The act of declaring party affiliation; required by some states when one registers to vote.

Honeymoon

The first six months or so of a new presidential administration when the president enjoys generally positive relations with the press and Congress, his or her president's supporters are still celebrating victory, and the public focuses on the inaugural festivities and presidential agenda.

A divided government occurs when

The government is divided between the parties, especially when one holds the presidency and the other controls one or both houses of congress

Duverger's Law

The principle that in a democracy with single-member districts and plurality voting, like the United States, only two parties' candidates will have a realistic chance of winning political office.

Crossover voting

Voting by a member of one party for a candidate of another party.

dealignment

Weakening of partisan preferences that point to a rejection of both major parties and a rise in the number of independents.

closed shop

a company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment.

open shop

a company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment.

non-governmental organization(NGO)

a nonprofit Association or group operating outside government that advocates and pursues policy objectives.

Issue network

a policy making instrument composed of relationships among loosely related interest groups congressional committees and subcommittees presidential aides government agencies and other parties all of whom share a common policy concern.

pluralism

a theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power of anyone group.

Interest groups work within the political system to -

achieve their goals and use lobbyist tactics

When does the honeymoon period start?

after the election

nonpartisan election

an election in which candidates are not selected or endorsed by political parties, and party affiliation is not listed on ballots.

free rider

an individual who does not join a group representing his or her interest yet receives the benefit of the groups influence.

Section 501c groups

are organized under this section of the Internal Revenue Code. some of these groups have spent heavily in recent campaigns. because donors to these groups are not disclosed, they are attractive to some donors.

Movements want to change __________ or __________, not just __________.

attitudes, institutions, policies

In centrist parties, like the two-party system, the opinions of the __________ are more important and the views of the __________ are suppressed.

center, extremists

Because of Duverger's Law, the two-party system becomes __________ and appeals to the moderate center.

centrist

Public interest groups seek to influence policy in Congress and other state legislatures on -

consumer protection, safe energy, and environmental issues

Faction

defined by the founders as political parties or interest groups (special interests)

In multi-party systems the legislatures more accurately reflect the full rage of views of the __________.

electorate

In multi-party systems, parties at the __________ have more influence, but they make governments __________ as coalitions form and collapse.

extremes, unstable

patronage

giving out government jobs to persons belonging to the winning political party

collective action

how groups form and organize to pursue their goals or objectives, including how to get individuals and groups to participate and cooperate. has many applications in the various social sciences such as political science, sociology, and economics.

China

is an example of where there is a single-party system

Bipartisan campaign Reform Act (BCRA)

largely banned party soft money, restored a long-standing prohibition on corporations' and labor unions' use of general Treasury funds for electoral purposes, and narrowed the definition of issue advocacy.

parties with the __________ portion of the vote have the most __________ in their assemblies of parliments.

largest, legislators

In a winner-take-all system, winning second place means minor parties become __________ __________ since a plurality decides the winner.

less significant

Amicus curiae brief

literally a "friend of the court" brief, filed by an individual or organization to present arguments in addition to those presented by the immediate parties to a case.

Party Conventions

meeting of party officials to debate and vote on matters of policy

Minor parties have __________ influence, where the major parties may have to _________ with __________ parties in order to govern or make policies.

more, bargain, small

American Israel Political Action Committee (AIPAC)

one of the most influential foreign policy groups

winner-take-all

only the candidate with the most votes in a district or state take office.

hard money

political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed. Raising such limited funds was harder than raising unlimited soft money

proportional representation

political parties receive a portion of the legislation based on the proportion of their vote.

Sucess in enacting policy __________ the honeymoon

prolongs

What does it mean to: Unify the electorate

reach out to voters and unify them under one platform

Public choice

synonymous with "collective action" specifically studies how government officials, politicians, and voters respond to positive and negative incentives.

interest group

the collection of people who share a common interest or attitude and seek to influence government for specific ends interest groups usually work within the framework of government and try to achieve their goals through tactics such as lobbying. want to have their SAY in policy making

Federal Register

the official record of what the federal bureaucracy does.

political action committee (PAC)

the political arm of an interest group that is legally entitled to raise funds on a voluntary basis from members, stockholders, or employees to contribute funds to candidates or political parties.

Collective bargaining

the process in which a union represents a group of employees in negotiations with the employer about wages, benefits, and workplace safety.

The United States has a __________ system and most other democracies around the world have a __________ system.

two-party, multi-party