Exam 3 Review

priming

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that lead to it. This is known as _____.

during sleep, the brain organizes and consolidates information for long-term memory

One important reason that sleep is so important in remembering what you have studied is because: -sleep will cause you to think deeply about what you have studied. -sleep will clear out past memories to make room for newly learned material. -during sleep, the brain organizes and consolidates information for long-term memory. -if you play a recording of items you have studied, you will continue studying while sleeping.

relearning

One way to test memory is to check the speed of _____ for things that we once learned but have since forgotten. -priming -proactive interference -retroactive interference -relearning

digits; letters

Our short-term recall is slightly better for random ____ than for random ____, which may have similar sounds. letters; symbols symbols; letters digits; letters letters; digits

semantic

Although Jordan cannot recall the exact words of a poem he heard recently, he clearly remembers the poem's meaning. This best illustrates the importance of _____ encoding.

motivated forgetting

Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking little more than one pack per day. This poor memory best illustrates _____.

rehearsal time

Hermann Ebbinghaus found that the more times he practiced the nonsense syllables on Day 1, the fewer repetitions he needed to relearn the information on Day 2 because he had increased his: -proactive time. -rehearsal time. -automatic processing time. -retroactive time.

semantic encoding

Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This best illustrates the advantage of: -the peg-word system. -semantic encoding. -implicit memory. -the spacing effect.

encoding failure

If you ask your classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the vast majority will not be very successful. This is likely caused by: -bias -suggestibility -encoding failure -misattribution

state-dependent memory

If you learn a list of chemistry terms while you are in a great mood, you have a better chance of recalling that list if you are in the same kind of mood when you take the exam. This is known as: the misinformation effect. state-dependent memory. source amnesia. a repressed memory.

90

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2,000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize _____ percent of the slides they had seen before.

recognition

Imagine you have to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This aspect of memory is known as _____.

memory construction

The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve: automatic processing. implicit memory. long-term potentiation. memory construction.

acoustic encoding

It is easier to remember the phrase "what sobriety conceals, alcohol reveals" than the phrase "what sobriety conceals, alcohol unmasks." This best illustrates the value of: -the serial position effect. -acoustic encoding. -the spacing effect. -implicit memory.

interference

Jane often studies Spanish and French back to back right after school. She might have trouble remembering the different vocabulary because she is not minimizing _____.

recognition

Joe is happy to hear that the final will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a better chance to pass the class by using _____.

right hippocampus

Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has probably suffered damage to his: right hippocampus. right thalamus. left hippocampus. left thalamus.

memories are not located in single, specific locations in the brain

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze, and then removed pieces of their cortices. He reported that, no matter what part of the cortex was removed, the rats retained partial memory of how to solve the maze. This indicates that: -rats learn differently than humans do. -memories are not located in single, specific locations in the brain. -long-term potentiation does not occur in rats. -rats' brains are more plastic than are human brains.

3

Memories before age _____ are often unreliable. 2 5 3 4

encoding

One reason our memories fail is because of problems with information _____.

repressing

According to Sigmund Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are _____ painful memories. repressing retrieving processing focusing

serial

At a block party, Cyndi meets nine new neighbors. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors she met. Her experience illustrates the _____ position effect.

misattribution

When you recall an imagined event as something that you directly experienced, or something that really happened to you, you are best illustrating source _____.

working memory

Which stage of memory can be thought of as the "workshop" of consciousness and memory? -working memory -sensory memory -long-term memory -episodic memory

effortful

While you probably wish that your study time was automatic, successful studying, unfortunately, requires the attention and conscious work known as _____ processing.

Jane, who studies Spanish and French back-to-back

Who is MOST likely to have memory difficulties? -Jane, who studies Spanish and French back-to-back -Jack, who studies one hour before bed -Jasmine, who builds a network of retrieval cues -John, who mentally recreates the situation in which he originally learned the material

Retroactive

____ interference occurs when something you learn now interferes with your ability to recall something you learned earlier.

Working

_____ memory associates new and old information and solves problems.

Source amnesia

_____ occurs when we mistakenly attribute a memory.

Mood-congruent memory

_____ refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. In other words, if you are in a bad mood, you will be more likely to have negative associations. Retroactive inhibition Serial position effect State-dependent learning Mood-congruent memory

repression

n psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories is called: repression. automatic processing. source amnesia. retroactive interference

recall

Dr. Napleton prefers to give his students all essay and fill-in-the-blank questions to fully test their: -reconstruction. -recognition. -relearning. -recall.

overlearning

Even after we learn material, _____ increases retention.

The book was never purchased

Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the encoding problem? The book was never purchased. The card catalog is wrong. The book was thrown away. The book is on the wrong shelf.

meaning

Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving found that deep processing, by its _____, produced better recognition.

hippocampus

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having seen the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the _____.

William James

He said, "If we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as ill off as if we remembered nothing." William James Sigmund Freud Eugen Bleuler Raymond Cattell

helps us to understand how memory works

Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory: -makes us realize that it is impossible to study memory. -explains how consciousness works. -helps us to understand how memory works. -is not useful to psychologists who study normal memory.

Sperling

Psychologist _____ studied the characteristics of visual sensory memory.

construction

Raoul decided to ask a hypnotherapist to help him deal with difficult childhood issues. However, if the hypnotherapist asks leading questions, "hypnotically refreshed" memories can be inaccurate because of memory _____.

source amnesia

Recalling something that you had once merely imagined happening as something you had directly experienced best illustrates: proactive interference. source amnesia. mood-congruent memory. the spacing effect.

active

Short-term memories have a limited life without _____ processing.

flashbulb memories

Some of our memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as:

hippocampus

Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet, they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have most likely suffered damage to the _____.

effortful processing

Studying for your psychology test requires _____. It takes attention and conscious work, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories. -mood-congruent memory -automatic processing -implicit memory -effortful processing

D

The controversy regarding claims of repressed and recovered memories is best described as involving: A) whether the hippocampus or the prefrontal cortex is the main brain area in which repressed memories are processed. B) price-gouging by pharmaceutical companies that have developed memory-enhancing medications for people with repressed memories. C) whether deception should be used in studies that involve creating false memories in the participants. D) whether "repressed" memories of childhood abuse that are "recovered" using hypnosis, guided imagery, or other highly suggestive techniques are false memories or memories of actual experiences.

retrieval cues

The happier Judie feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be _____.

traumatic

The most common response to a(n) _____ experience includes vivid and persistent memories.

long-term potentiation

The prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing believed to be the basis for learning and memory is called _____.

serotonin

When learning occurs in the California sea slug, more of the neurotransmitter _____ is released at certain synapses.

hippocampus

Lara is trying to remember events from her life at 18 months of age. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her _____ , which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.

explicit; implicit

Mable has Alzheimer's disease and has lost her ____ memories for people and events. However, she is able to display an ability to form new ____ memories be being repeatedly shown words. explicit; detailed explicit; implied explicit; implicit implicit; explicit

the mental processes that enable us to learn, store, and retrieve information

Memory can be formally defined as: -a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it. -the mental processes that enable us to learn, store, and retrieve information. -a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of past experience. -the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.

automatic processing

Strange as it may seem, you have run into the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. You get a little nervous, wondering if she is following you. Your ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times you've run into the co-workers is known as: the serial position effect. automatic processing. the next-in-line effect. sensory memory.

that some information is processed into long-term memory without our conscious awareness.

The three-stage model of memory developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin has been criticized because it does not take into account: -that we are able to focus all of our attention on every piece of sensory information presented to us. -that some information is processed into long-term memory without our conscious awareness. -our memory for surprising, significant events. -our experiences in contrast to our memories of those experiences.

short-term

Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy, which will affect his _____ memory.

rehearsal

Through conscious repetition of information, we can encode information for long-term storage. This is known as: -automatic processing. -proactive interference. -retroactive interference. -rehearsal.

Short-term

To make a long-distance call, you have to dial an unfamiliar phone number. You are likely to have trouble retaining the number you just looked up. This best illustrates the limited capacity of _____ memory.

All of these things are effective retrieval cues for the memory

We use retrieval cues to access target information. The best retrieval cues are the: -result of associations formed when the memory was encoded. -experiences or words associated with the memory. -tastes, smells, or sights that were part of the original context when the memory was encoded. -All of these things are effective retrieval cues for the memory.

encoding, storing, and retrieveing

When Bill studies for an exam he reads the textbook, stops to think about the material, and then takes a practice exam. According to the computer information-processing model Bill is actively: -encoding storing, and practicing -feeling, storing, and retrieving -sensing, engaging, and practicing -encoding, storing, and retrieving

chuncking

When asked to memorize 15 letters, CIACBSABCFBIIRS, Mary reorganized them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS, Mary used the tactic called: -implicit memory -the serial position effect -blocking -chuncking

misinformation

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as the _____ effect.

mood-congruent

When people get depressed, they are often flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. This experience best illustrates _____ memory.

source misattribution

When you recall an imagined event as something that you directly experienced, or something that really happened to you, you are best illustrating: mood-congruent memory. proactive interference. the self-reference effect. source misattribution.

long-term potentiation

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory? long-term potentiation semantic encoding priming proactive interference

Echonic memory

____ is our brief memory of auditory stimuli. This type of memory only lasts for about three seconds fading away. Echoic memory Iconic memory Semantic encoding Long-term potentiatiom