Exam 3

___ is an average representation of a category

A prototype

For most adults over age 50, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

Adolescence and early adulthood

List the four major types of error associated with eyewitness testimony

Attentional erros (high,low arousol diff focus) Errors due to familiarity Errors due to feedback from people Errors due to post event questioning

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___ in which an error signal is transmitted from output units towards the input units

Back propagation

Briefly explain the process of back propagation

Back propagation occurs when the actual activity of the output units doesn't match with the correct activity do to error signal is then back propagated though the circuit to adjust the weights in order to match with the concept activity.

According to Rosch, the __ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged level of category that reflects peoples everyday experience

Basic

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables it is most likely that

Carrot would be named before egg plant

Shrauf and Robin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with a period of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life by shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the

Cognitive hypothesis

According to the ___ approach to memory, what people report as memories are based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations

Constructive

In False memory lab exercise you completed, false memory occur because of

Constructive memory processes

Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though behaviors isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the cieling when think about a complex problem, even though ;thinking" would likely continue if they didnt look up. This describes

Epiphenomenon

Research suspect that the ___ approach to categorization works best for small categories (US presidents)

Exemplar

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

Extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

Facilitates the response to another stimulus

Briefly explain how flashbulb differs from everyday memories. With regard to flashbulb what is the relationship between memory vividness/confidence and memory accuracy?

Flashbulb memory differ from everyday memory bc they are extremely vivid and detailed and are resistant to fading. People are highly confident in these memories Same because they can be just as inaccurate or have missing info as out normal memory Shows that our memory vividness/confidence does not correlate with how accurate they memory actually is

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time

Briefly describe two pieces of neurophysiological evidence supporting the theory that visual perception and visual imagery have overlapping mechanisms

Lebihan study showed that perception and imagery had overlapping neural mechanism from fmri scans Ganis and coworkers found the same thing but saw that the back of the brain (occipital lobe) was more activated Amedi and coworkers found those things as well but also saw that when visual perception and imagery was occurring it shutdown neural mechanisms for other senses (hearing and smell) maybe because vision is sensitive and tries to avoid disruption/ distraction Kosslyn used TMS to disrupt parts of peoples brain and found that both perception and imagery task were impaired when parts disrupted also showing an overlap

The memory trace replacement hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because

MPI impairs or replaces memories that were formed during the original experiencing of an event

Shepart and Metzler measure the time it took for participants to decide whether two object were the same or were different . The researched inferred cognitive processes by using

Mental chronometry

Category-specific neurons respond to

Mental images and perception of objects in a specific category

Olin and bob are neighbors. Olin loves bird. His father works for the zoo, He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries...

More exemplars that bobs

In the sematic network model, a specific category is represented at a

Node

Which of the following is most closely modeled on the way the nervous system operates

Parallel distributed processing theory/connectionist networks

Cannis and coworkers used fmri to measure brain activation for the perception and imagery of an object. Their results showed that

Perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain that imagery does

Spreading activation

Primes associated concepts

Remembering to pick up your little brother at his soccer practice and dinner for both of you on you way home from class tomorrow is an example of ___ memory?

Prospective

Your friend has been sick for several days. You go over to her home to make her some homemade chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then you turn to the big Cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you relied on a kitchen

Schema

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the tyicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials, Owl, Penguin, Sparrow

Slowest, medium, fastest

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and allergy specialist , but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor, Instead he was advised to buy an over the counter medicine. While he was in the specialist waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw tree ads for an allergy medicine called sneezless. A week later in a drug store Wei says to his brother "my doctor says sneezeless works great. Ill buy that one" Wei and his doctor never discusses sneeze less. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

Source monitoring error

Which of the following would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality?

Sparrow

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his reason on imagery(such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea the mechanism responsible for imagery involves __ representation

Spatial

Items high on prototypically have __ family resemblance

Stron

According to the text, jumping from ______ categories results in the largest GAIN on info

Superordinate to basic

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

The distance that must be travled through the network

Stanny and Johsons weapons focus experiment, investigating memory for crime scene found that

The presence of weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

The same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information

Which of the following has been used in an argument against the idea that imagery is spatial in nature

The tacit-knowledge explanation

One study reported in you text had college student recall their high school grades. Checking their self- reports against their transcripts, the study showed the students remembered

Their good grades much better than their poor grades

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

They took themselves

Good psychological theories must have all of the following properties except being

Too powerful to be refute by empirical evidence

Collins and loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. In their modifications, Collins and loftus account for the typicality effect by

Using shorter links to connect more closely related concepts

One of sarahs friends asks her to describe her new house. He asks her how many windows are on the front of the new house. After a minute, sarah answers 12. She has most likely used __ in answering the question

Visual imagery

Research on eyewitness testimony reveal that

When viewing a line up and eyewitness confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority confirmation of her choice even when the choice is wrong

Supposed we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then we asked them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might as people if the rabbit has whiskers. Given out knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the FASTEST response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

a fly

Your Text's discussion of false memories leads to conclusion that false memories

are a natural consequence of largely adaptive memory system

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann, and coworkers suggest that perception necessarily involves__ processing and imagery starts as a __ process,

bottom-up ; top-down