Exam 4

The following map distances are calculated from single crosses on the X-chromosome of Drosophila (assume no double cross overs): Yellow body (y) to orange body (ob): 40Yellow body (y) to hairy legs (hl): 50Orange body (ob) to hairy legs (hl): 40If you were to draw a map of the X chromosome that included map distances over 50, the map distance between yellow body (y) and hairy legs (hl) would be _________ 20 90 0 80 40 50

80

Which of the following phenotypic ratios are expected for independently assorting loci in a dihybrid cross (a cross between two heterozygotes at two loci)? 3:0:0:1 1:1:1:1 1:2:1 5:1:1:1 9:3:3:1

9:3:3:1

Herceptin is a drug used to treat breast cancer by blocking the function of HER2 protein. What kind of protein is HER2? A Receptor Tyrosin Kinase (RTK) A G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) A transcription factor A cytoplasmic kinase An estrogen receptor

A Receptor Tyrosin Kinase (RTK)

Which two of the following are incorrect? All 7 of Mendel's traits can be traced to known genes Peas have more chromosomes than Drosophila Peas have larger chromosomes than Drosophila At least two of Mendel's traits are on the same chromosomes but far apart from each other Peas have 23 pairs of chromosomes 4 of Mendel's traits can be traced to known genes

All 7 of Mendel's traits can be traced to known genes Peas have 23 pairs of chromosomes

Cell to cell communication is known to occur in ___________________________. (choose one) Only in animals Only in prokaryotes Only in multicellular vertebrates Only in animals and plants All unicellular (bacteria) and multicellular organisms Only in plants

All unicellular (bacteria) and multicellular organisms

Two DNA strands in the double helix DNA are made of a sugar phosphate backbones as side rails of the ladder with nitrogenous bases forming rungs in the middle. What is the orientation of the two strands? (choose one) Opposite Anti-proximal Proximal Near Distal Parallel Anti-parallel

Anti Parallel

Inserting a plasmid with a human gene into a bacterium requires which of the following? (Choose all that apply) Antibiotic resistance in the plasmid Restriction enzymes Intron sequences of the human gene of interest Next Generation Sequencing DNA ligase

Antibiotic resistance in the plasmid Restriction enzymes DNA ligase

You suspect a patient of yours has sickle-cell anemia. One of your colleagues suggests that you prepare a karyotype in order to diagnose this condition. Why won't this work? Because the sickle-cell mutation is in a non-coding portion of the genome, and a karyotype only shows the parts of the chromosomes that code for proteins. Because karyotypes can only be prepared from germ line cells that are undergoing meiosis Because sickle-cell anemia is caused by a change in a protein sequence, not a mutation in the DNA Because karyotypes don't show the sex chromosomes, and sickle-cell is an X-linked trait Because karyotypes can only detect changes in chromosome number or large-scale chromosomal rearrangements. Small changes at the nucleotide level can't be detected by this method.

Because karyotypes can only detect changes in chromosome number or large-scale chromosomal rearrangements. Small changes at the nucleotide level can't be detected by this method.

Epinephrine generated by the adrenal glands are central to the "fight or flight" response. How does this signaling molecule mobilize nutrients to provide fuel for body's response? None of the listed answers It binds to its receptor on lung cells to cause faster respiration It binds its receptor on liver cells and activates the metabolic enzyme glycogen phosphorylase By binding to a receptor on muscle cells to make the prey and predator run faster It binds to its receptor on heart cells to pump blood faster

By binding to a receptor on muscle cells to make the prey and predator run faster

In understanding the molecular basis of apoptosis, what role does Ced 9 play? Cell death in the absence of a death factor Cell survival in the absence of death factor Cell survival in the presence of a death factor Cell death in the presence of a death factor

Cell survival in the absence of death factor

During cell signaling, what changes are observed for both the receptor molecule during signal reception and the relay molecules after their phosphorylation? (choose one) Their De-phosphorylation (loss of phosphate group) Generation of calcium ions Change in their translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus Change in their conformation (shape or tertiary structure) Their Degradation

Change in their conformation (shape or tertiary structure)

During the Annealing step of PCR which of the following occurs? DNA primers bind to the DNA template The DNA goes from double to single stranded TAQ DNA polymerase makes new DNA Fluorescent dyes are added to the growing DNA strand The two template strands bind to each other

DNA primers bind to the DNA template

Oxford Nanopore Technologies is a new method of Next Generation sequencing that uses: Differences in electrical currents across a membrane to distinguish the different bases DNA attached to beads produce light of different intensity depending on whether the next base is present or absent Different sized fragments each with a unique color Different colored lights for each base with differing intensities for multiple bases DNA from different crime scenes to reconstruct whole genomes

Differences in electrical currents across a membrane to distinguish the different bases

Which of the following is true of cDNA ? (Choose all that apply) Reverse transcriptase is used to convert the RNA to DNA It represents all of the genes in the genome It can be used to study introns Different cell types will have different cDNA Different cell types will have the same cDNA

Different cell types will have different cDNA Reverse transcriptase is used to convert the RNA to DNA

What is the name of the transcription factor responsible for determining the Dorsal-Ventral axis in Drosophila? Dorsal Bicoid Ventral Hox Gene All of the other answers

Dorsal

A yellow Labrador retriever male is crossed with a female chocolate lab. All of their puppies are black. Using the melanin (B/b) locus and the deposition locus (E/e), what is the genotype of the chocolate lab mother?

EEbb

If you owned a female black Labrador Retriever and you didn't want to spend the money to buy a Vetgen® genotyping kit, you could still find out what your dog's genotype is at the deposition locus.You perform a testcross. What kind of male dog do you need cross with your dog in order to find out what your dog's genotype is at the deposition locus? A black Lab who is heterozygous for both genes (BbEe) A homozygous dominant black lab for both genes (BBEE) A yellow lab with a black nose. Either a Yellow lab with a liver (brown) nose or a chocolate lab Any yellow lab

Either a Yellow lab with a liver (brown) nose or a chocolate lab

Which of the following is one common feature between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA? Choose one best answer. Exons/Coding sequence Regulatory sequence poly-A tail Signal sequence Introns/non-coding sequence Spliceosomes

Exons/Coding sequence

The primary transcript or pre-mRNA is the first transcript generated in prokaryotes during gene transcription. True False

False

The initiation of gene transcription starting at the eukaryotic promoter occurs as follows (choose one). Transcription factors bind to the AT-rich promoter sequence first followed by binding of DNA polymerase First Transcription factors bind to the AT-rich promoter sequence, followed by binding of the RNA polymerase II Transcription factors bind to the GC-rich promoter sequence first followed by binding of the RNA polymerase II Transcription factors are sufficient to drive transcription of genes RNA polymerase II binds to the AT-rich promoter sequence first followed by binding of the transcription factors

First Transcription factors bind to the AT-rich promoter sequence, followed by binding of the RNA polymerase II

In the GPCR signaling pathway for the eye (sight) Photons (light) are the signaling molecule (ligand) that initiates this pathway after binding an eye-specific GPCR. The following events best describe the sequence of these events that occur when a photon is received by a GPCR expressed in retina: (choose one) GPCR --> GTP --> cAMP --> PKA --> Transcription factor --> nucleus --> eyesight GPCR --> G Protein + GTP --> PKA --> cAMP --> eyesight GPCR --> G Protein + GTP --> Adenylyl cyclase activation --> cAMP --> PKA --> eyesight GPCR ---> Phosphorylation cascade --> cAMP --> Transcription factor activation --> PKA --> eyesight Receptor Tyrosine Kinase --> dimerization --> Phosphorylation cascade --> cAMP --> eyesight

GPCR --> G Protein + GTP --> Adenylyl cyclase activation --> cAMP --> PKA --> eyesight

Connexin channel proteins are present on the surface of _____________________ cells and involved in transport of _________________ entities between the two cells. (choose one) Plasmodesmata in plant cells for transport of nutrients and ions Plasmodesmata in animal cell for transport of nutrients and ions Gap junctions in plant cells for transport of nutrients and ions Gap junctions in bacteria for transport of nutrients and ions inside the cell Gap junctions in animal cells for transport of nutrients and ions

Gap junctions in animal cells for transport of nutrients and ions

The regulation of gene expression is facilitated when chromatin is ___________________ (choose one) a Double helix In open/loose configuration-unspooled Within the chromosome a Fiber In closed/compact configuation- spooled broken

In open/loose configuration-unspooled

What is the main difference between human sexual reproduction and the sexual cycle called alternation of generations performed by plants and some algae? In plants, diploid gametes fuse to produce the zygote, while in humans fertilization is between two haploid gametes In plants, haploid cells can undergo mitosis to produce a multicellular form, while in humans the only multicellular form of the organism is diploid In plants, diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce a multicellular sporophyte, while in humans haploid cells perform mitosis to produce the multicellular organism In plants both diploid and haploid cells undergo meiosis, while in human cells only diploid cells undergo meiosis Only in alternation of generations does fertilizaton produce a diploid zygote

In plants, haploid cells can undergo mitosis to produce a multicellular form, while in humans the only multicellular form of the organism is diploid

Methylation of cytosine within the DNA nucleotide sequence of a gene _____________ (choose one). Allows translation of the methylated gene Allows transcription and translation of the methylated gene Allows transcription of the methylated gene Inhibits transcription of the methylated gene Inhibits translation of the methylated gene

Inhibits transcription of the methylated gene

Topoisomerase plays a critical role in DNA replication. Which description below defines the role of this molecule in DNA replication. (choose one) t synthesizes an RNA primer It relieves over-winding strain ahead of replication fork by breaking, swirling and rejoining DNA It binds to the origin of replication It unwinds the double helix DNA at the replication fork It generates the lagging strand It binds and stabilizes the single stranded DNA

It relieves over-winding strain ahead of replication fork by breaking, swirling and rejoining DNA

The final step of cycle sequencing (also known as Sanger) is to subject the DNA to electrophoresis. What purpose does this serve? It separates DNA fragments by size It adds ddNTP to the end of each DNA fragment It separates DNA fragments into four bands based on the fluorescent tag It allows for more product to be amplified by PCR It changes the length of the DNA fragments

It separates DNA fragments by size

Histone tails are modified by histone acetyltransferases by addition of acetyl functional groups at one of the listed amino acids. (Choose one) Tyrosine Serine Lysine Leucine

Leucine

If Mendel's Purple and White flowers had showed incomplete dominance instead of complete dominance, but his cross was the same otherwise - the phenotype of the F1 would be ________ and the ratio of phenotypes in the F2 would be ________ Light Purple, 3:1 Purple, 3:1 Purple, 1:2:1 White, 3:1 White, Light Purple, Purple, 1:2:1 Light purple, 1:2:1

Light purple, 1:2:1

"Temparate" Bacteriophages infect their host bacteria and cycle through it using the following (choose one from the list). Selected Answer: Cell cycle Lytic and lysogenic cycles Lysogenic Cycle only Infectious cycle Lytic cycle only

Lytic and lysogenic cycles

The phenotype of an organism, in most part, is determined by Gene Expression. What does the term "gene expression" mean to you? (choose one) Making tryptophan Making of messenger RNA Making of protein Making of transfer RNA Making of ribosome Making of amino acids

Making of protein

There are two stages of Meiosis that mix up genetic material between the maternal and paternal chromosomes. If 2 genes are located on different chromosomes, what phase of meiosis is responsible for independent assortment?

Metaphase I

The keratin gene is transcriptionally expressed in nail cells, but not in kidney cells. Which statement explains this? (Choose one) Nail cells express an activator protein that binds the keratin enhancer. Kidney cells lack an enhancer for the keratin gene. Nail cells have an extra enhancer associated with the keratin gene. Kidney cells lack the Keratin gene.

Nail cells express an activator protein that binds the keratin enhancer.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a major cause of Cervical Cancer. Which of the following is not one of the ways that HPV causes cancer? The E6 Protein degrades p53 The E6 Protein causes apoptosis The E7 Protein stimulates the cell cycle The E7 Protein causes errors in mitosis Both the E6 and E7 protein stimulate the production of Telomerase

The E6 Protein causes apoptosis

What University did Gregor Mendel attend? Harvard University The University of Paris (Sorbonne) Oxford University The University of Vienna Cambridge University

The University of Vienna

When MyoD is on, but the cell does not look like a muscle cell The cell has undergone determination The cell has undergone both determination and differentiation The cell has undergone differentiation Transcription factors have turned on proteins that stop the cell cycle Muscle specific proteins have been produced Transcription factors have turned on proteins that stop the cell cycleand muscle specific proteins have been produced

The cell has undergone determination

Which of the following best explains why Mendel's Purple/White flower trait shows complete dominance? The gene codes for a transcription factor Large amounts of the protein are needed The gene codes for an enzyme responsible for directly making purple pigment The gene is both an enzyme and needed in large amounts All of the other answers are correct

The gene codes for a transcription factor

Which of the following is(are) not a transcription a factor(s)? Bicoid Mendel's Purple/White flower color gene The gene responsible for white, pink and red flowers in snapdragons Hox genes MyoD p53

The gene responsible for white, pink and red flowers in snapdragons

An organism has 12 pairs of homologous chromosomes. Which of the following is true? After DNA replication there will be 24 DNA molecules (chromatids) The haploid chromosome number for this organism is 12 (n = 12) Meiosis in this organism will produce 4 haploid gametes each of which will contain six chromosomes After meiosis II, each daughter cell will have 24 chromosomes, each of which consists of two sister chromatids Each cell has a total of 46 chromosomes (2n = 46)

The haploid chromosome number for this organism is 12 (n = 12)

Most mutations that cause cancer are: The result of mitotic replication errors in cells that divide often The result of environmental factors like HPV or smoking The result of inherited mutations from the mother or father like BRCA1 and 2 All of the other answers are equally likely The result of stop codons in the Ras gene

The result of mitotic replication errors in cells that divide often

When tryptophan (amino acid) is absent in your meal, the gut bacterium has to manufacture tryptophan molecules. Which one of the following statements about the trp operon is true in the absence of tryptophan in your meal? (choose one) The trp repressor is inactive, and does not bind the operator allowing RNA polymerase to transcribe the lacZ gene The trp repressor is inactive and does not bind the operator therefore preventing the RNA polymerase in transcribing all requisite genes for biosynthetic pathways The trp repressor is inactive, and does not bind the operator allowing RNA polymerase to transcribe all of the requisite genes for biosynthetic pathways The trp repressor is active, it binds to the operator allowing RNA polymerase to transcribe all requisite genes for biosynthesis

The trp repressor is inactive, and does not bind the operator allowing RNA polymerase to transcribe all of the requisite genes for biosynthetic pathways

What is one reason that the poster in the Fedigan Room of the Snapdragons incorrect? The genotypes in the Punnett square are incorrect in the poster Both the color of the flowers and the genotypes are incorrect in the poster Three of the snapdragons are pink in the poster, but should be red The round flowers should all be red Two of the white snapdragon shaped flowers in the poster should be red The Snapdragon shaped flowers should all be pink There are too many phenotypes depicted in the poster

Three of the snapdragons are pink in the poster, but should be red

Endocrine signaling involves a signaling molecule or hormone to travel ______________ and bind to________________. (Choose one) Through the space between the two cells and binds receptor on a neuron Through the extracellular matrix only and bind to receptor on a distant target cell Through the extracellular matrix and bind to receptor on a target cell Through the blood stream and bind to a ligand on a nearby cell Through the blood stream and bind to a receptor on a distant target cell Through the blood stream and bind to a receptor on a nearby target cell

Through the blood stream and bind to a receptor on a distant target cell

All viruses share one common feature. They do not have _____________ (choose one). Ability to infect mammals Envelope proteins Both transcriptional and translational metabolic activity Translational metabolic activity

Translational metabolic activity

Which one listed molecule functions as a co-repressor in the trp operon model of gene regulation? (Choose one) Operator Promoter Trp R Lactose Tryptophan

Tryptophan

The Igf2 gene shows genomic imprinting in mice. Which of the following mice is small (dwarf phenotype)? When the mutant allele is on the paternal chromosome When the mutant allele is on The X chromosome in a female When the mutant allele is on The X chromosome in a male Male heterozygotes When the mutant allele is on the maternal chromosome Female heterozygotes

When the mutant allele is on the paternal chromosome

For Mendel's white flower trait, a single change from G to A produces (Choose all correct answers) a frameshift in the mRNA a stop codon in the mRNA a deletion a change in the splice site a frameshift in the DNA All of the other answers are correct

a frameshift in the mRNA a stop codon in the mRNA a change in the splice site

Which one listed below is not part of a bacterial operon? (choose one) repressor gene promoter operator permease gene lacZ gene

repressor gene

In Mendel's last experiment, he performed a dihybrid testcross between a heterozygous yellow-round pea plant and a green-wrinkled pea plant.What was the approximate ratio of phenotypes he observed?

1:1:1:1

Down Syndrome occurs in a child when one parent's gamete has _____ copies of Chromosome 21 and the other parent's gamete has ______. 3, 3 All answers where one parent has 3 copies 0, 3 3, 1 1, 1 2, 1 3, 2

2,1

MiRNA (micro RNA) are ____________long and regulate ________________ stage(s) of gene expression. (Choose one) 22 nucleotides long and regulate post-translational stage(s) 22 nucleotides long and regulate chromatin 22000 nucleotides long and regulate gene transcription 22 nucleotides long and regulate post-trancriptional stage(s)

22 nucleotides long and regulate post-translational stage(s)

A codon 5' AUG 3' sequence present on mRNA will bind to an anti-codon sequence present within one of the molecules listed below (choose one). None listed here 5' UAC 3' on template DNA 3' UAC 5' on tRNA 3' UAC 5' on template DNA 5' UAC 3' on rRNA 3' UAC 5' on rRNA 5' UAC 3' on tRNA

3' UAC 5' on tRNA

In the dihybrid cross between 2 snapdragons heterozygous at the color and shape locus (CWCRSs x CWCRSs), how many different phenotypes are observed in the next generation?

6

During DNA replication to which end of the growing complementary DNA strand does the DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides to? Also, what is the direction of extension of the DNA strand? (choose one) Adds DNA nucleotides to 3' end and the direction of extension is 5' to 3' Adds DNA nucleotides to 5' end and the direction of extension is 5' to 3' Adds RNA nucleotides to 5' end and the direction of extension is 3' to 5' Adds DNA nucleotide to 5' end and the direction of extension is 3' to 5' Adds RNA nucleotides to 3' end and the direction of extension is 5' to 3'

Adds DNA nucleotides to 3' end and the direction of extension is 5' to 3'

Origin of replication sites throughout the eukaryotic genome are rich in DNA nucleotides with the following nitrogenous base(s): Adenine and Thymine Thymine and Uridine Cytosine and Guanine Thymine Cytosine Adenine Guanine Adenine and cytosine

Adenine and Thymine

How does the operon model of gene regulation help bacteria to survive and thrive in a changing environment? (pick one best answer) Coordinated expression of multiple genes associated with only anabolic pathways only in bacteria Gene expression to generate all enzymes Coordinated and quick expression of multiple genes associated with biosynthetic pathways in bacteria Coordinated and quick expression of multiple genes associated with biosynthetic pathway in eukaryotes Coordinated and quick expression of multiple genes associated with only catabolic pathways in bacteria

Coordinated and quick expression of multiple genes associated with biosynthetic pathways in bacteria

At the start of meiosis II, the sister chromatids of each chromosome are no longer identical to each other. Why is this? DNA replication hasn't happened yet Sister chromatids of a single chromosome have exchanged genetic material with each other Crossing over has occurred during prophase I The chromosomes show independent assortment at metaphase I One sister chromatid of each chromosome was inherited from each parent

Crossing over has occurred during prophase I

Cell signaling by the receptor tyrosine kinase requires binding of the signaling molecule to the receptor. This binding causes phosphorylation of the receptor within the_______________ (choose one) Transmembrane domain Extracellular domain Plasma membrane Chromatin Cytoplasmic domain

Cytoplasmic domain

In a eukaryotic cell the sequence of making a receptor protein will follow one of the following paths (choose one). DNA is first translated to mRNA, which is transcribed to the Receptor Protein RNA is first translated to DNA template, which is transcribed to make the Receptor Protein Protein is first transcribed from mRNA, protein is then translated to DNA template DNA is first transcribed to mRNA, which is translated to make the Receptor Protein

DNA is first transcribed to mRNA, which is translated to make the Receptor Protein

When Morgan crossed white-eyed and wild type (red eyed) flies, he used a true breeding female wild type and a male white eyed fly. His F1 flies all had red eyes. If he had used a true breeding white-eyed female and a wild type male instead, what would the F2 flies look like if the F1 flies are crossed with each other? All F2 male flies would be red-eyed All F2 flies would have red eyes Half of the F2 flies would be white-eyed and half of those white-eyed flies would be female F2 flies would show Red:White with a 3:1 ratio, with all white-eyed flies being male All F2 flies would have white eyes

Half of the F2 flies would be white-eyed and half of those white-eyed flies would be female

Which of the following is false regarding Henrietta Lacks: Her cancer cells were used to help develop a polio vaccine Her cancer was caused by the human papilloma virus Her cells were used for research with her consent Her cells are being used to study SARS-CoV-2 Her cells are being used to study cancer She had cervical cancer

Her cells were used for research with her consent

Active repressor protein binds to _______________DNA sequence within the operon to regulate gene transcription (Choose one). RNA polymerase Operator Regulatory gene lacZ Ribosome

Operator

During DNA replication, the enzyme listed below (choose one) starts the process by synthesizing the first 5-10 RNA nucleotides of the leading and lagging strands. DNA Polymerase I Enolase RNA Polymerase II Primase DNA Polymerase II Kinase DNA Polymerase III

Primase

Changes in the viral genome of human Influenza virus type A caused the 2009 pandemic resulting in many deaths. Which one of the following listed explains the emergence of pandemic flu strains? (choose one) DNA exchange between swine, bird and human influenza type A strains RNA exchange between swine and bird influenza type A strains RNA exchange between swine, bird and human influenza type A strains RNA exchange between many human influenza type A strain

RNA exchange between swine, bird and human influenza type A strains

In cell signaling induced by a growth factor, this factor is secreted by one cell and binds to its receptor on a target cell. The following events best describe the sequence of these events: (choose one) Reception --> cytoplasm --> nucleus Reception --> Signal interruption --> Response Receptor binding --> Mitosis --> Phosphorylation cascade --> Transcription factor activation Receptor binding --> Phosphorylation cascade --> Transcription factor activation --> Mitosis Receptor --> Transcription factor activation --> Phosphorylation cascade --> Mitosis

Receptor binding --> Phosphorylation cascade --> Transcription factor activation --> Mitosis

Watson and Crick proposed a compelling model of double helix DNA structure in their landmark 1953 article. A critical piece of data pointing to the double helical structure is attributed to the work of this scientist with his/her idea/data. (Choose one) Watson's idea that bases are located inside, and sugar phosphate backbone outside None of the listed answers Francis Crick's idea of base pairing Erwin Chargaff for his %A = %T; %C = % G rule/analyses Rosalind Franklin for her X-ray diffraction pattern DNA data

Rosalind Franklin for her X-ray diffraction pattern DNA data

Which of the following is a testcross? All described crosses are testcrosses Round peas crossed with wrinkled peas None of the described crosses are testcrosses Purple heterozygous flowers crossed with each other to produce a 3:1 phenotypic ratio. Heterozygous yellow-round peas crossed with each other to produce a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio

Round peas crossed with wrinkled peas

Which of the following statements is TRUE about sexual versus asexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction produces greater variability in offspring but is slower than asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction produces more variability in offspring and allows organisms to adapt quickly to changes in their environment Both require genetical material from two parent organisms to come together in the zygote Sexual reproduction is accomplished through mitosis only, while asexual reproduction requires both mitosis and meiosis Both only allow an organism to pass on 50% of its genes

Sexual reproduction produces greater variability in offspring but is slower than asexual reproduction.

The Spliceosome is critical for gene expression in eukaryotic cells. What does a Spliceosome do? Choose the best description that fits its function. Splices DNA Splices out introns in primary transcript and joins coding sequence in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Splices out introns in primary transcript and joins coding sequence in Prokaryotes Splices polypeptides Splices mRNA Splices out introns in primary transcript and joins coding sequence in Eukaryotic cells

Splices out introns in primary transcript and joins coding sequence in Eukaryotic cells

The Spike protein in SARS-Cov-2 is a______________ Viral genome Capsid protein Nuclear protein ssRNA Surface protein

Surface protein

The human insulin gene has 2 Exons and 1 intron. If we want to clone the insulin gene using bacteria, which of the following would we need to insert into the bacterial plasmid? cDNA made from the insulin mRNA molecule The entire insulin gene as it exists on the human chromosome Only the DNA from the intron is needed 2 copies of the insulin gene, one from each homologous chromosome The 2 exons with the intron combined with a 5' cap and a poly A tail

cDNA made from the insulin mRNA molecule

There are two alleles at a locus that produces a saliva protein that is either a clear, tasteless protein (the * allele), or a red, bitter protein (the € allele). Homozygous ** individuals have normal clear tasteless spit. Heterozygous *€ individuals have pink, tasteless spit. Homozygous €€ individuals have red, bitter spit.Which of the following phenotypes shows incomplete dominance in this case? Saliva *€ ** €€ All phenotypes show incomplete dominance Color Taste

color

The template strand of the gene is in bold letters. Choose one from the listed mRNA sequences generated from the double helix DNA sequence below. 3' AGTACCTCGCATCGAGTA 5' Non-template strand 5' TCATGGAGCGTAGCTCAT 3' Template strand mRNA - 5' ATGAGCTACGCTCCATGA 3' mRNA - 5' AUGAGCUACGCUCCAUGA 3' mRNA - 3' TACTCGATGCGAGGTACT 5' mRNA - 3' TACTCCCCGCGAGGTACT 5'

mRNA - 5' AUGAGCUACGCUCCAUGA 3'

SARS-Cov-2 has a single-stranded RNA genome that serves as ______________ (choose one) Answers: single-stranded DNA to generate mRNA Template for making mRNA mRNA, ready to be translated Infection of the cell Translator

mRNA, ready to be translated

Which molecules listed below has an amino acid attachment site? (choose one) Amino Acids tRNA mRNA Template DNA None listed here rRNA

tRNA