exam 4 A&P

An individual with ovarian cysts, will have referred pain around their

umbilical marking

Which cranial nerves in the diagram innervate the tongue? Select all that apply

I,K,E,G

Autonomic tone is regulated by the

hypothalamus.

Postganglionic neurons from the otic ganglion supply the ____, and release ____.

parotid gland; acetylcholine

Beta blockers are used to

prevent a rise in heart rate.

What factors limit neurogenesis in the CNS of adults?

(1) inhibitory influences from neuroglia, particularly oligodendrocytes, and (2) absence of growth-stimulating cues that were present during fetal development

Cholinergic neurons release ___ and adrenergic neurons release___.

ACh; NE

_____ is the neurotransmitter used by the pathway shown in the diagram and it causes ____.

Acetylcholine; depolarization

Cerebrospinal fluid passes through what structure in the midbrain as it moves from the third to the fourth ventricle?

Aqueduct of the midbrain

Sensory information travels to the brain via

Ascending tracts

Which structure in the diagram is sensitive to low vibrational frequencies and typically located in areas that lack hair?

C

Pink eye is an infection of the thin mucous membrane that protects the inner aspect of the eyelids and the anterior portion of the sclera. What membrane is involved?

Conjunctiva

The periosteal and meningeal layer are part of the

Cranial dura mater

A pupillary reflex is integrated in the brain stem so it is classified as a ________ reflex. The smooth muscle of the iris is the effector, so this is classified as a(n) ___________.

Cranial; autonomic

______ are proteins that make up the refractive portion of the lens.

Crystallins

Which spinal meninges is composed of collagen fibers arranged in an irregular pattern that is very strong?

Dura mater

In this diagram which major portion of the brain is used to monitor movements initiated by the motor areas of the cerebrum?

E

Which cranial nerves contain preganglionic neurons for the parasympathetic motor pathway to the salivary glands? Select all that apply.

Facial (VII) nerve Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve

Which papillae increase surface area but do not aid in direct gustation?

Filiform

______ convey impulses from lamellated corpuscles and synapse with another neuron in the posterior gray horn of the spinal cord.

First order neurons

Blockage of cerebrospinal fluid within the aqueduct of midbrain would result in the swelling of all ventricular spaces EXCEPT the

Fourth ventricle

Left side face paralysis could result from damage to which nerve in the diagram?

G

Which type of central nervous system tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells?

Gray matter

Eating disorders may lead to extreme thirst and temperature variations. These symptoms may describe a dysfunction in the

Hypothalamus

Jennifer is at a stoplight and begins to accelerate into traffic when the light turns green. She stops suddenly as a truck runs the red light and is only a few inches away from her front bumper. Which effect would you NOT expect to see in Jennifer's body?

Increased secretion of digestive juices

Which autonomic plexuses serve the large intestine? Select all that apply.

Inferior mesenteric plexus Superior mesenteric plexus

______ are sensory receptors located in blood vessels and visceral organs, whose signals are not usually consciously perceived.

Interoceptors

Which cranial nerve in the diagram is involved with speech and swallowing and has a purely motor function?

J

Which proprioceptors are found in the articular capsules of synovial joints?

Kinesthetic receptors

Which portion of the ventricular system is located in the cerebral hemisphere?

Lateral ventricle

Electrical excitability is seen in which cell? Select all that apply.

Muscle cells Neurons

In a sympathetic division motor pathway, which neurotransmitter is released at the kidney?

Norepinephrine

_____ bind the odorants and begin signal transduction.

Olfactory cilia

Which of the following describes the parasympathetic division of the ANS? Select all that apply.

Vagus nerve output Ganglia found near visceral effectors Sacral spinal cord output Only releases acetylcholine Four cranial nerves involved

The largest autonomic plexus is called the

celiac plexus

Plasticity means the ability to

change based on experience.

The lens accommodates when contraction of _______ pulls on _______

ciliary muscle; zonular fibers

The descending pathway

consists of upper and lower motor neurons.

Which type of descending motor pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and allows you to use your fingers for sewing and sign language?

corticospinal tract

The autonomic nervous system is involved in controlling what effectors? Select all that apply.

exocrine glands. cardiac muscle. smooth muscle. endocrine glands.

The right hemisphere exhibits greater activity for which functions? Select all that apply.

facial recognition. odor identification.

Folia are to ___ , as arbor vitae are to ___.

gyri; tracts

The cerebellum, premotor cortex and basal nuclei are involved in

implicit memory

After birth Schwan ncells

increase their presence and amount of myelination in the peripheral nervous system.

The adult brain consists of what four major regions? Select all that apply.

brainstem cerebellum diencephalon cerebrum

After staying up all night to study, your eyes are bloodshot. The vasculature in what area is congested and dilated?

bulbar conjunctiva

On what labeled structure would a ganglion be found?

c

Which proteins can activate free nerve endings, such as itch receptors and nociceptors? Select all that apply.

kinins antigens histamines potassium ions prostaglandins

The nerves that supply the thigh and calf of leg emerge from the

lumbar enlargement

A depolarizing graded potential

makes the membrane less polarized.

An electroencephalogram (EEG) measures brain waves primarily generated by

neurons in the cerebral cortex.

Cholinergic receptors include

nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

The ___ nerve would be involved with a dancer performing pointe (standing on their toes). Select all that apply

obturator nerve tibial nerve

In the olfactory pathway, axons of the mitral cells form the _________. The axons project to the _________.

olfactory tract; cerebral cortex and limbic system.

Olfactory epithelium is found

only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

Which of the neurons is located deep in the dermis or hypodermis and detect deep pressure?

pacinian Corpuscle

Acetylcholine is always released by _____ postganglionic neurons and is removed from the synaptic cleft at a _____ rate than norepinephrine.

parasympathetic; faster

The first-order neurons in the trigeminothalamic pathway synapse with second-order neurons in the ____.

pons and medulla oblongata

A postganglionic neuron in the ANS

releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

remove a neurotransmitter

The sensory homunculus appears distorted in the face and hands because it is a representation of the amount of

sensory neurons for those body areas

A disorder that affects the basal nuclei would have what affect

shaking of hands

The neuron labeled B in this diagram would be classified as what type of functional neuron?

special senses neuron

Which structure listed contains cerebrospinal fluid?

subarachnoid space

The heart receives autonomic nervous input from which structures? Select all that apply.

superior cervical ganglia middle cervical ganglia inferior cervical ganglia vagus pathway

Which cells are part of the olfactory epithelium? Select all that apply.

supporting cells basal cell olfactory receptor cells

The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Splanchnic nerves are primarily

sympathetic pregagnlionic fibers

During the resting state of a voltage-gated Na+ channel,1. the inactivation gate is open.2. the activation gate is closed.3. the channel is permeable to Na+.

both 1 and 2 are true.

Which layer of protective connective tissue covers a nerve and fuses with the outer menix layer?

epineurium

How many extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for moving each eye?

6

Which of the following brain structures consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain?

Brainstem

Autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by1. increasing activities in effector tissue. 2. decreasing activities in effector tissue. 3. allowing bidirectional conduction across synapses.

1 and 2

In response to a muscle being stretched, a muscle spindle initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes1. contraction of the effector muscle.2. relaxation of the antagonist muscle.3. contraction of the antagonist muscle.4. relaxation of the effector muscle.

1 and 2

Spinal nerves1. Are part of the PNS.2. connect the CNS to sensory receptors and effectors in all parts of the body.3. are named according to the region of the vertebral column from which they emerge.4. are mixed nerves.5. only transmit sensory information.6. only transmit motor information.

1, 2, 3, 4

Place the flow of tears in correct order. 1. lacrimal gland 2.lacrimal sac 3.lacrimal duct 4. superior or inferior lacrimal canal 5. nasolacrimal duct 6. nasal cavity

1, 3, 4, 2, 5, 6

Place the events in order for the process of sensation?1. Stimulation of sensory receptors2. Generation of impulses3. Integration of sensory input4.Transduction of the stimulus

1, 4, 2, 3

Frontal lobe damage left an individual unable to speak. What area was specifically damaged?

Broca's area

Which of the structures in the diagram of the trigeminothalamic pathway is the trigeminothalamic tract?

A

Which of the neurons in the diagram is modified in a manner that helps enhance the sensitivity of the receptor?

B

Which of the structures in this diagram contains a higher amount of voltage-gated sodium channels where action potentials are propagated?

B

How many sensory modalities can a single sensory neuron have?

One

All of the following statements are true for which type of cell?• has a charge imbalance across its membrane.• includes most cells of the body.• exhibits a membrane potential. inside is more negative relative to outside.

Polarized cell

Which region of the brain contains the pontine respiratory group that help control breathing?

Pons

Which branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk?

Posterior ramus

Which is a function of the nervous system? Select all that apply.

Sensory function Integrative function Motor function

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would involve the posterior root ganglion?

Sensory neuron

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc monitors the rectus femoris muscle stretching?

Sensory receptor

Thoracolumbar is another name for which division of ANS?

Sympathetic nervous system

A patient who has loss of pin prick sensation starting at the level of the nipple and downward on the right side would have a lesion in the spinal cord at which level?

T6-T7

Which region of the brain is separated by the third ventricle and projects most sensory information to the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem?

Thalamus

After initially detecting the perfume on your partner, over time you would cease to notice it due to

adaptation.

Which are areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere that are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements?

basal nuclei

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

beta waves.

The spinal cord ends

between L1 and L2

Interoceptors can detect what sensation? Select all that apply.

blood gas levels stretch of organ walls pain

Brain waves that appear during deep sleep are called

delta waves.

An excitatory neurotransmitter _____ the postsynaptic membrane.

depolarizes

The brain and spinal cord develop from the _____ neural tube.

ectodermal

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

electrical synapses