Exam 4 (Chapter 12-15)

what is egoism?

a motive (supposedly underlying all behavior) to increase one's own welfare; the opposite of altruism, which aims to increase another's welfare

what is an example of the bystander effect?

a woman was assaulted on a train and everyone was videoing and watching but no one called 911 or tried to help

what is GRIT?

acronym for "graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction"—a strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions.

what is empathy?

an emotion evoked by sympathy for another

what is the social responsibility norm?

an expectation that people will help those dependent on them; people should help those who need help, without regard to future exchanges -- help those that are not as strong or as equipped as you

what is the reciprocity norm?

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them; we "invest" in others & expect dividends; to those who help us, we should return help, not harm -- self serving, but is not always in our awareness

confidence malleability

an eyewitness's confidence can be influenced by factors that are unrelated to identification accuracy

accuracy versus confidence

an eyewitness's confidence is not a good predictor of his or her identification accuracy.

attitudes and expectations

an eyewitness's perception and memory of an event may be affected by his or her attitudes and expectations.

question wording

an eyewitness's testimony about an event can be affected by how the questions put to that eyewitness are worded.

what are the types of communication?

bargaining, meditation, turning win-lose to win-win, unraveling misperceptions with controlled communications, and arbitration

_________________ accentuates perceived differences

competition

how can peace be achieved?

contact, cooperation, communication, conciliation

when will we help?

depending on the number of bystanders, when we see that someone else is helping, time pressures, and similarities

what are ways to decrease the bystander effect?

disambiguate and delegate

___________ over someone's suffering motivates us to relieve our upset, either by escaping the distressing situation or by helping

distress

what is the platinum rule?

do unto others as they would be done to

what is the golden rule?

do unto others as you would want done for you

mug-shot-induced bias

exposure to mug shots of a suspect increases the likelihood that the witness will later choose that suspect in a lineup

cross-race bias

eyewitnesses are more accurate when identifying members of their own race than members of other races

post-event information

eyewitnesses testimony about an event often reflects not only what they actually saw but info they obtained later on

when does desegregation improve racial attitudes?

friendship and equal status contact

what is an example of the social exchange theory?

giving notes when someone misses class

what are some internal rewards?

guilt, negative mood, exceptions to the feel bad-do good scenario, and feel good-do good

people who are ____________________, turning away from reality might draw the rear-view of a person

hiding feelings of guilt

people who are _________________ toward women draw female figure w/hands on hips, hard-looking face, stern expression

hostile

______________ arises when groups compete for scarce resources

hostility

what is the social exchange theory?

human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's cost's; this does not suggest that we are consciously monitoring costs and rewards, only that such considerations predict our behavior

what is an example of mirror image perceptions?

if A expects B to be hostile, A may treat B in such a way that B fulfills A's expectations, thus beginning a vicious cycle

perceived injustice

if you contribute more and benefit less than I do, you will feel exploited and irritated

what biases clinical judgements?

illusory correlations, hindsight and overconfidence, self-confirming diagnoses, clinical versus statistical prediction, and implications for better clinical practice

what are mirror image perceptions?

misperceptions of those in conflict are mutual; people in conflict attribute similar values to themselves and vices to others

______________ asked to retell, _________________ accurate the recollections are

more, less

what is explanatory style?

ones habitual way of explaining life events a negative, pessimistic, depressive explanatory style attributes failure to stable, global and internal causes

instead of asking leading questions to self confirm the diagnosis, clinicians should ask

open ended questions

what is more predictable of our beliefs?

our behaviors

shifting perceptions

our misperceptions appear and disappear and conflicts increase and decrease

Stevens study

over 10 weeks asked the same group of children outrageous questions like, "did you see an alligator eating an apple on the airplane?" first couple weeks they responded "no" but closer to the end of the 10 weeks they started responding "yes" to which Steven had them elaborate on what they saw

conflict is a ______________________ incompatibility of actions or goals

perceived

_____________ influences how particular people react to particular situations

personality

lineup instructions

police instructions can affect an eyewitness's willingness to make an identification

people are most likely to help and be concerned if they have the following traits

positive emotionality, empathy, and self-efficacy

what are the two social dilemmas?

prisoners dilemma and tragedy of the commons

___________________ are vulnerable to insidious errors and biases

professional clinicians

what are the influences on eyewitness testimony?

question wording, lineup instructions, confidence malleability, mugshot induced bias, post event informaiton, attitudes and expectations, cross race bias, and accuracy versus confidence

simplistic thinking

rational thinking becomes more difficult as tensions rise

what are two of the social norms?

reciprocity norm and social responsibility norm

what are ways to resolve social dilemmas?

regulation, make the group smaller so people can feel like their behavior makes a difference, face to face communication, changing the payoffs, appeals to altruistic norms

what are the seeds of misperceptions?

self serving bias, self justification, fundamental attribution error, preconceptions, groups, groupthink, ingroup bias, and negative stereotypes

our willingness to help is influenced by both _____ and _________ considerations

self-serving; self-less

what is altruism?

selfishness in reverse; a motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's own self-interests; an altruistic person is concerned & helpful even when no benefits are offered or expected in return -- selfless, there is nothing in it for me

what is an example of competition?

sherif's robbers cave study

what creates conflict?

social dilemmas, competition, perceived injustice, and misperception

people who are __________________ draw peculiar eyes

suspicious

what are the types of cooperation?

1) common external threats build cohesiveness 2) superordinate goals foster cooperation 3) cooperative learning improves racial attitudes 4) group and superordinate identities

what are the incentives for the prisoners dilemma?

1) if one confesses and the other doesn't, the DA will grant the confessor immunity (and will use the confession to convict the other of a maximum offense) 2) if both confess, each will receive a moderate sentence 3) if neither confesses, each will receive a light sentence

what happens if the group is in intractable conflict?

1) most of the time they see their own goals as supremely important 2)take pride in their "us" and intensely devalue "them" 3) believe they're victimized 4) elevate patriotism, solidarity, and loyalty to groups needs 5) celebrate self-sacrifice and suppress criticism

what is Goggins and Ranges study of hindsight and depression?

8 people made appointments w different doctors, all telling true-life stories but all adding that they are hearing voices every single one of them were diagnosed with schizophrenia and were hospitalized for 2-3 weeks. clinicians looked for early incidents to confirm or explain the diagnosis

what is equal status contact?

Contact on an equal basis. Just as a relationship between people of unequal status breeds attitudes consistent with their relationship, so do relationships between those of equal status.

what is another example of the bystander effect?

Genevieve's case

what is tragedy of the commons?

the "commons" is any shared resource, including air, water, energy sources, and food supplies. The tragedy occurs when individuals consume more than their share, with the cost of their doing so dispersed among all, causing the ultimate collapse—the tragedy—of the commons.

what happened during the robbers cave study?

the "rattlers" and "eagles" engaged in a tournament of competitive activities which resulted in name calling, flab burnings, and fist fights

in regard to what effect, where is there not help in numbers?

the bystander effect

what is the bystander effect?

the finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders

what is kin selection?

the idea that evolution has selected altruism toward ones close relatives to enhance the survival of the mutually shared genes

illusory correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists; if we believe/expect a particular association, we generally perceive it, regardless of whether the data support it

clinical psychology

the study, assessment, and treatment of people with psychological difficulties

what is depressive realism?

the tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgements, attributions, and predictions

how are professional clinicians vulnerable to insidious errors and biases?

they are frequently victims of illusory correlation, too readily convinced of their own hindsight bias, often fail to appreciate that erroneous diagnoses can be self confirming, and often overestimate the predictive powers of their clinical intuition

what are the similarities between the prisoners dilemma and tragedy of the commons?

they both tempt people to explain their own behavior situationally and to explain their partners behavior dispositionally, in both the motives often change at first the people are eager to make some easy money than to minimize their losses and finally to save face and avoid defeat

what is the prisoners dilemma?

two suspects questioned separately by the DA , who are jointly guilty DA only has enough evidence to convict them of a lesser offense, so DA creates an incentive for each to confess privately.

why do we help?

we help because there is always a reward that we get out of it

what is an example of the exceptions to the feel bad-do good scenario?

when you are in a shitty mood, and you decide to do something good it will elicit a good feeling internally