EXAM 4: Chapter 22 Part A - Overview of the cardiovascular system and the heart
Pulmonary circulation
1. Arteries carry deoxygenated blood from right side of heart to lungs 2. Veins return newly oxygenated blood to the left side of heart
Fibrous pericardium
Tough, outer sac
Heart valves
Unidirectional blood flow - only in veins and heart
Endocardium
inner lining of the heart
Myocardium
muscular, middle layer of the heart (thickest)
Left atrium receives blood from
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs/pulmonary veins
Anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus
separate right and left ventricles
"Lub-dub" heart sounds: "lub"
Closure of right and left artrioventricular valves (AV)
serous pericardium
Composed of parietal and visceral layers (membrane)
Left AV valve
Controls blood flow through opening between left atrium and ventricle Is biscuspid/mitral valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Controls flow from left ventricle to aorta
Heart sounds
Four valves make these sounds
Arteries and veins leaving the heart are called
Great vessels
Left ventricle is three times thicker than right ventricle because
Has to pump blood everywhere (working against gravity)
pericardial cavity
Houses the heart with serous fluid
Left ventricle is the
Largest and thickest muscle because it ,use pump blood everywhere
Epicardium
Most superficial Is serous pericardium
Heart wall structure
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Coronary sulcus
groove that separates atria from ventricles
Right atrium receives blood from
3 vessels: superior body, lower body, coronary sinus (veins drain blood from heart muscle)
Heart murmurs
Abnormal heart sounds; can be caused by leaky valves, stenosis valves (calcium deposits), wall issues
The heart contracts
About 72 times per minute
Order of circulation
Arteries, arterials, capillaries, venules, veins
Apex of heart
At bottom of heart, inferior conical end
Base of heart
At top of heart, posterosuperior surface
Pulmonary semilunar valve (to pulmonary circuit)
Blood leaves heart here
pulm circulation order
Deoxygenated blood, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, bifurcates into right and left pulmonary arteries, lungs, arterioles, capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium
Left heart
Directs blood to body tissues for gas, nutrient, and waste delivery
Right heart
Directs blood to the lungs for gas exchange
"Lub-dub" heart sounds: "dub"
Pulmonary, aortic semilunar valves at base of great arteries; dub is them closing
Inferior vena cava (IVC)
Receives deoxygenated blood from all areas inferior to the heart
Superior vena cava (SVC)
Receives deoxygenated blood from the tissues and organs of the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and upper limbs.
Right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from
Right atrium
Four hollow chambers
Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
Location of heart
Slightly left of midline, deep to sternum within the thoracic cavity in mediastinum/pericardial cavity
Pericardium
Surrounds heart, restricts heart movements within thorax
