Exam 4: Chapter 34

The Hardy-Weinberg equation p2+2pq+q2=... and stands for the... frequencies in a population. 2,allele 1,allele 1,genotype 2,genotype

1,genotype

5. The body mass of the chimpanzee is approximately _______ kg greater than the body mass of Australopithecus afarensis.

10

6. The ratio of brain volume to body mass of Homo ergaster is approximately ________.

14cm^3/kg

Plant species A has a diploid number of 12 . Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species C arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. the diploid number for species C would probably be... 28 14 12 16 56

28

7. The brain volume of Homo sapiens is approximately ______ times as large as the brain volume of Australopithecus afarensis.

3

Research confirms that Neanderthal DNA makes up about ____ of the modern human genome. 1% 4% 10% 25%

4%

Suppose 51% of a remote mountain village can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. Only individuals with at least one copy of the dominant allele can taste PTC. If this population conforms to Hardy-Weinberg expectations for this gene, what percentage of the population must be heterozygous for this trait? 16% 42% 50% 49% 26%

42%

Biological fitness is best defined as _____. A. The relative ability of an individual to produce offspring that survive and reproduce. B. Variability in the population for a trait that increases survival. C. Similar reproductive success among individuals in a population. D. A heritable trait that increases the match of an individual to its environment. E. Competition among individuals for resources that allow them to have more offspring.

A

Similar gill pouches in embryos of a chick, human, and cat are an example of _____. A. developmental homology B. the inheritance of acquired characteristics C. genetic homology D. structural homology

A

What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries? Morphological similarity Niche differences Geographic isolation Ability to successfully interbreed Molecular (DNA, RNA, protein) similarity

Ability to successfully interbreed, See powerpoint 6 Page 5

Except for modern ethnic groups in ______, the majority of humans appear to have traces of Neanderthal DNA in their genome. America Europe Asia Africa

Africa

Recall the ant navigation experiment about how ants determine how far they are from the nest. In order to run a controlled experiment, what parameters were held constant for the test group of 75 ants? stride number stride number, leg length, and environmental temp all variables except leg length leg length

All variables except leg length

14. Which of the following statements supports the conclusion that the common ancestor of modern chimps and modern humans lived around 7 million years ago?

Analysis of modern human and modern chimpanzee protein and DNA sequences suggests that their lineages diverged about 7 million years ago.

Which of the following statements supports the conclusion that the common ancestor of modern chimps and modern humans lived around 7 million years ago? Scientists estimate that it would take about 7 million years for chimps to evolve into humans. Analysis of modern human and modern chimpanzee protein and DNA sequences suggests that their lineages diverged about 7 million years ago. Stone tools have been found that date back about 7 million years. Scientists estimate that it takes about 2.5 million years for brains to double in volume, so it would take about 7 million years to go from 300 cc (early hominid brain size) to 1500 cc (modern human brain size).

Analysis of modern human and modern chimpanzee protein and DNA sequences suggests that their lineages diverged about 7 million years ago.

17. What did scientist learn from other fossils found in the same sediment layer as Ardi?

Ardi lived in a woodland habitat

What did scientists learn from other fossils found in the same sediment layer as Ardi? Ardi lived in a woodland habitat Ardi raised livestock and domesticated crops Ardi lived in an open grassland habitat Ardi and Lucy lived at the same time

Ardi lived in a woodland habitat

4. Which species of hominin had a brain volume closest to the brain volume of the chimpanzee?

Australopithecus afarensis

Male frogs give calls that attract female frogs to approach and mate. Researchers examined mating calls of closely related tree frogs in South America. If reinforcement is occurring, what would you expect if you compare the calls of the two species in zones of sympatry versus zones of allopatry? A. Calls would be equally similar in both areas B. Calls would be more different in areas of sympatry. C. Calls would be more similar in areas of sympatry D. None

B. Calls would be more different in areas of sympatry. Allopatric speciation is speciation that results when a population is separated by a physical barrier. ... Sympatric speciation is speciation that occurs without physical separation of members of the population.

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural section was revolutionary because it A) was the first theory to refute the ideas of special creation B) proved that individuals acclimated to their environment over time C) dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations D) was the first time a biologist had proposed that species changed through time

C

Which of the following is a fitness trade-off (compromise)? A. In some hornbill species, the male helps seal the female in a tree with her nest until the young are ready to fledge B. Hummingbirds are the best pollinators of certain flowers, but bees are the best pollinators for orchids C. Turtle shells provide protection but are heavy and burden some when moving D. The strong, thick beak of a woodpecker helps it find insects in trees

C, Turtle shells provide protection but are heavy and burden some when moving

Review 3,5,6,7, 15-26, 28, 34-35, and 37-39 on exam 1

D

11. What is the meaning of Darwin's expression "descent with modification"?

Descent with modification refers to evolutionary change over time.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding human evolution? Select all that apply. In the latest phase of human evolution, there has been a greater reliance on culture. Once bipedality, tool use, and larger brains evolved in humans, humans stopped evolving. The first humans evolved in Africa. The fossil record contains creatures with features that are intermediate between those of modern humans and quadrupedal apes.

In the latest phase of human evolution, there has been a greater reliance on culture. The first humans evolved in Africa. The fossil record contains creatures with features that are intermediate between those of modern humans and quadrupedal apes.

2. Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _______.

Microevolution

Which of the following character is most commonly used to construct modern phylogenies? morphological molecular (DNA sequence) habitat type behavioral

Molecular (DNA sequence)

The ultimate source of all genetic variation is... gene flow mutation founder effect natural selection

Mutation

1. Which of the following are causes of evolutionary change?

Natural Selection Mutation Gene Flow Genetic Drift

Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes with the exception of... colonization polyploidy natural selection reinforcement

Polyploidy Definition: cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes—one set inherited from each parent.

Which of the pairs of plant structures below are homologous? There are none here oak tree root and leaf rose bush leaf and oak tree leaf rose bush stem and flower

Rose bush leaf and oak tree leaf

18. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding human evolution?

The fossil record contains creatures with features that are intermediate between those of modern humans and quadrupedal apes The first humans evolved in Africa In the latest phase of human evolution, there as been a greater reliance on culture

13. Louis and Mary Leakey found two different fossil hominid skulls at Olduvai. Which of the following statements about the skulls is true?

The second skull represented a species more closely related modern humans than the first skull's species.

Louis and Mary Leakey found two different fossil hominid skulls at Olduvai. Which of the following statements about the skulls is true? The second skull was that of a species that could walk upright, and the first one was not. Both skulls belonged to the "the toolmaker" species that the Leakeys had been searching for. The first skull they found was several million years older than the second skull. The second skull represented a species more closely related to modern humans than the first skull's species.

The second skull represented a species more closely related to modern humans than the first skull's species.

How many species of Hominin coexisted 100,000 years ago?

Three

15. Which of the following anatomical features of the 3.2 million year old Australopithecus fossil known as "Lucy" suggest she was a bipedal hominid?

a much shorter hip bone that is broader from front to back and wraps around the side

Which of the following anatomical features of the 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus fossil known as "Lucy" suggest she was a bipedal hominid? a hairless face the absence of a prehensile tail a much shorter hip bone that is broader from front to back and wraps around the side a large brain

a much shorter hip bone that is broader from front to back and wraps around the side

3. What does the distance between two white horizontal lines on this graph represent?

an increase of 200cm^3 in brain volume

Which of Darwin's postulates about evolution by natural selection is most directly related to heritable variation? a. The individual organisms that make up a population vary in the traits they possess. b. An individual's phenotype can change in response to a challenge from the environment. c. In each generation, many more offspring are produced than can possibly survive. d. Individuals that survive are not a random sample of the population.

b. An individual's phenotype can change in response to a challenge from the environment.

12. Which of the following traits can be used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives?

bipedality (the ability to walk exclusively on two legs) large brain size extensive tool use

DNA was isolated from Neanderthal ____ and sequenced so that it could be compared to modern human DNA. a combination of teeth, bone, and soft tissue soft tissue teeth bone fragments

bone fragments

16. How do scientists know that the hominid called "Ardi" is about 4.4 million years old?

by using radiometric dating techniques on the volcanic deposits found above and below the layer containing Ardi

How do scientists know that the hominid called "Ardi" is about 4.4 million years old? by comparing Ardi's DNA to modern human DNA by looking at Ardi's anatomical features by using radiometric dating techniques on the volcanic deposits found above and below the layer containing Ardi by comparing the stone tools found in the same sediment as Ardi to other stone tools of known age

by using radiometric dating techniques on the volcanic deposits found above and below the layer containing Ardi

A researcher notices that in a certain moth species, some females prefer to feed and lay eggs on domesticated solanaceous plants like potatoes and tomatoes. Other females prefer to feed and lay eggs on wild solanaceous plants like Datura. Both male and female moths primarily use scent to find these plants from afar. Females tend to mate where they feed, and the researcher finds a genetic basis for scent preference in these moths. Based on the above information, what might be occurring in this moth species? Postzygotic isolation polyploidization divergence in sympatry divergence due to habitat fragmentation

divergence in sympatry

Which of the following traits can be used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives? extensive tool use bipedality (the ability to walk exclusively on two legs) grasping hands large brain size

extensive tool use bipedality (the ability to walk exclusively on two legs) large brain size

The Neanderthal DNA discovered in Homo sapiens is best explained by ____. a mutation genetic drift polyploidy gene flow

gene flow

8. Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph? For the species represented on this graph, body mass is directly proportional to brain size.

not supported

Pasteur's experiments proved that...

preexisting cells present in the air can grow in sterilized nutrient broth

10. Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph? The ratio of brain volume to body mass of Homo sapiens is larger than that of Homo ergaster.

supported

9. Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph? Despite having a body mass similar to that of Homo sapiens, Homo neanderthalensis had a larger brain volume.

supported

Mating is believed to have taken place between modern humans and Neanderthals in ____ about 70,000 years ago Europe Asia the Middle East Africa

the Middle East

Dr. Mangin did research at Rocky Point on...

the samurai hydroid Samuraia tabularasa