Exam 4 - Female Reproduction MC Questions

A fertilized egg usually implants itself and develops in the _____. A) uterus B) ovary C) oviduct D) abdominal cavity E) none of these

A

After ovulation, high levels of _____ inhibit _____ secretion. A) estrogen and progesterone ... FSH and LH B) FSH and LH ... estrogen and progesterone C) HCG ... estrogen and progesterone D) estrogen ... FSH E) androgens ... FSH and LH

A

Birth control pills contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone. How do these hormones prevent pregnancy? A) They inhibit the pituitary from secreting FSH and LH, preventing ovulation. B) They cause the lining of the uterus to be sloughed off. C) They trigger premature ovulation, before an egg is mature. D) They prevent the monthly development of the uterine lining. E) They cause the corpus luteum to degenerate.

A

During human gestation, rudiments of all organs develop A) in the first trimester. B) while the embryo is in the oviduct. C) in the second trimester. D) in the third trimester. E) during the blastocyst stage.

A

For which of the following is the number the same in human males and females? A) meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete B) different cell types produced by meiosis C) interruptions in meiotic divisions D) functional gametes produced by meiosis

A

From a single cell, oogenesis in a mammal will produce __________. A) an egg and two or three polar bodies B) four eggs C) four polar bodies D) four spermatozoa E) a primary oocyte

A

How does a zygote differ from an ovum? A) A zygote has more chromosomes. B) A zygote is much larger. C) A zygote divides by meiosis. D) A zygote consists of more than one cell. E) A zygote is smaller.

A

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are _____. A) follicular → ovulation → luteal B) proliferative → luteal → ovulation C) menstrual → proliferative → secretory D) follicular → luteal → secretory

A

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human uterine cycle are _____. A) menstrual → proliferative → secretory B) proliferative → luteal → ovulation C) follicular → luteal → secretory D) follicular → ovulation → luteal

A

In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that _____. A) cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis B) oogenesis produces four functional haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional spermatozoon C) oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth D) oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis begins during embryonic development

A

Labor contractions can be increased by the medical use of a synthetic drug that mimics the action of _____. A) oxytocin B) inhibin C) luteinizing hormone D) prolactin

A

Menopause is characterized by _____. A) the loss of responsiveness by the ovaries to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) B) a halt in the synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the brain C) a decline in production of the gonadotropin hormones by the anterior pituitary gland D) wearing away of the uterine endometrium

A

Meroblastic cleavage occurs in _____. A) birds, but not in sea urchins or humans B) sea urchins, but not in humans or birds C) humans, but not in sea urchins or birds D) both sea urchins and birds, but not in humans

A

Up to the eight-cell stage, the blastomeres of a mouse embryo can each form a complete embryo if isolated. This indicates that __________. A) cells of mammalian embryos remain totipotent until at least the eight-cell stage B) mammalian embryos do not experience the progressive restriction of potency characteristic of other classes C) cytoplasmic determinants are unevenly distributed during the early cleavage divisions D) differentiation does not depend on cytoplasmic determinants E) the mouse embryo is strongly polarized

A

What is the most likely trigger of egg activation? A) A rise in Ca2+ concentration B) Formation of the fertilization envelope C) Fertilization D) The onset of embryonic development E) None of the listed responses is correct

A

Identify the role(s) of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in human reproduction. Select all that apply. A) FSH promotes the activity of Sertoli cells, which nourish sperm developing within seminiferous tubules. B) FSH stimulates the growth of new follicles in the ovary. C) FSH triggers ovulation.

A & B

At what point does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis? A) When acrosomal enzymes begin to break down the egg's jelly coat B) After the sperm penetrates the oocyte C) When the egg is fully surrounded by sperm and semen D) When the luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation E) When the secondary oocyte implants in the endometrium of the uterus

B

Developing ovarian follicles primarily secrete _____. A) progesterone B) estrogens C) luteinizing hormone D) follicle-stimulating hormone E) human chorionic gonadotropin

B

If gastrulation was blocked by an environmental toxin, then _____. A) the blastopore would form above the gray crescent in the animal pole B) embryonic germ layers would not form C) cleavage would not occur in the zygote D) the blastula would not be formed

B

If there is no fertilization, degeneration of the corpus luteum results in a drop in _____, which results in the sloughing off of the uterus's endometrium. A) FSH B) estrogen and progesterone C) hypothalamic secretion of releasing hormones D) HCG E) LH

B

Immediately after ovulation, an egg is collected into the __________. A) vagina B) oviduct C) ovary D) uterus E) cervix

B

In humans, oogenesis in comparison to spermatogenesis is different in that _____. A) oogenesis continues throughout life, but spermatogenesis typically ends at age 55 years B) oogenesis does not complete meiosis until after fertilization, but spermatogenesis is complete before the sperm leave the body C) female puberty typically occurs much later than the age of male puberty D) oocyte production works best at cooler temperatures than those that support spermatogenesis E) the names and chemical identities of the pituitary hormones are completely different between males and females

B

The archenteron develops into A) the mesoderm. B) the lumen of the digestive tract. C) the endoderm. D) the blastocoel. E) the placenta.

B

The ectoderm germ layer gives rise to ___________. A) the dermis and epidermis of the skin B) the jaws, teeth, and epidermis of the skin C) the adrenal, thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands D) the skeletal and muscular systems E) the epithelial lining of the respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts

B

The primary function of the corpus luteum is to _____. A) support pregnancy in the second and third trimesters B) maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred C) nourish and protect the egg cell D) stimulate the development of the mammary glands

B

The primitive streak in a bird is the functional equivalent of _____. A) neural crest cells in a mammal B) the lip of the blastopore in the frog C) the archenteron in a frog D) the notochord in a mammal

B

The role of cilia in organogenesis in human embryos is to __________. A) serve as the first point of attachment in the development of the cleavage furrow that divides a cell B) help distribute and receive signaling molecules C) secrete growth factors D) increase absorption of the nutrients necessary to support cell growth E) serve as points of attachment between adjacent cells in the process of forming tissues

B

What is the embryonic origin of the lining of the digestive tube? A) All three germ layers B) Endoderm C) Mesoderm D) Ectoderm E) Both endoderm and mesoderm

B

Which of the following extraembryonic membranes functions in gas exchange and encloses a chamber for the deposition of wastes of a bird embryo? A) Yolk sac B) Allantois C) Amnion D) Chorion E) Fertilization envelope

B

Which of the following statements is an accurate description of the cleavage stage of early development? A) Embryonic germ layers are formed during cleavage. B) There is no increase in mass. C) The yolk is mostly consumed. D) The pattern of cleavage is similar in all species. E) Although the rate of cleavage differs, the number of divisions that occur in the cleavage stage is the same for all species.

B

A critical role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in development immediately following fertilization is that of __________. A) triggering the fast block to polyspermy B) triggering the acrosomal reaction C) triggering the cortical reaction as a slow block to polyspermy D) neutralizing the effect of hydrolytic enzymes in the egg E) depolarizing the egg cell membrane

C

A rapid increase in the _____ level stimulates ovulation. A) progesterone B) estrogen C) luteinizing hormone D) follicle-stimulating hormone E) human chorionic gonadotropin

C

An ovarian follicle undergoes several changes during the human female's menstrual cycle. Which of the following sequences is correct, beginning with the oocyte? A) Follicle development, corpus luteum development, and ovulation B) Corpus luteum development, ovulation, and follicle development C) Follicle development, ovulation, and corpus luteum development D) None of the listed responses is correct. E) Corpus luteum development, follicle development, and ovulation

C

At the time of fertilization, the maturation of the human oogonium has resulted in _____. A) four secondary oocytes B) two primary oocytes C) one secondary oocyte D) four zygotes

C

Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ-tissue layers during _____. A) determination B) cleavage C) gastrulation D) induction

C

During cleavage the single large zygote is converted into a __________. A) multicellular embryo consisting of a zona pellucida and a zygote B) multicellular embryo with a blastopore and an archenteron C) multicellular embryo consisting of smaller cells called blastomeres D) three-layered embryo called a gastrula E) fetus

C

During gastrulation, the primitive __________ forms. A) nervous system B) eye C) gut D) None of the listed responses is correct. E) heart

C

In mammals, meiosis to produce the female egg cell is initiated in the __________. A) uterus B) cervix C) ovary D) vagina E) oviduct

C

In mammals, the __________ facilitates implantation in the uterine wall. A) amnion B) hypoblast C) trophoblast D) epiblast E) blastocyst

C

In the human female ovarian cycle, ovulation is triggered by a sharp rise in luteinizing hormone (LH). What is the cause of this sharp rise? A) A drop in progesterone from the corpus luteum B) A drop in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) C) A rise in estradiol from the follicle D) A rise in progesterone from the corpus luteum E) A drop in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus

C

Ovulation usually occurs on or about day _____ of a 28-day ovarian cycle. A) 1 B) 7 C) 14 D) 21 E) 28

C

Peaks of LH and FSH production occur during A) the menstrual flow phase of the uterine cycle. B) the end of the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. C) the period just before ovulation. D) the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. E) the beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.

C

The allantois stores nitrogenous wastes in a reptile egg. What is the function of the allantois in human development? A) The allantois cushions the human embryo in a private "pond" during development. B) The allantois does not play any role in human development, because the placenta mediates the transfer of nitrogenous wastes from embryonic to maternal circulation. C) The allantois helps form the umbilical cord in human development.

C

The eggs of humans differ significantly from those of reptiles in that the eggs of humans __________. A) develop extraembryonic membranes B) develop only after fertilization C) lack yolk as a substantial store of energy D) undergo a cleavage stage E) are amniotic

C

The human female's external reproductive structures are ___________. A) the cervix, one set of labia, and vaginal opening B) one set of labia, bulbourethral gland, and clitoris C) the clitoris, two sets of labia, and vaginal opening D) the cervix, clitoris, and vaginal opening E) the endometrium, two sets of labia, and clitoris

C

What is the usual site of the fertilization of an egg cell? A) uterus B) ovary C) oviduct D) abdominal cavity E) vagina

C

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in embryogenesis? A) zygote, cleavage, gastrula, and blastula B) gastrula, blastula, cleavage, and zygote C) zygote, cleavage, blastula, and gastrula D) cleavage, blastula, zygote, and gastrula E) zygote, blastula, cleavage, and gastrula

C

Which of the following statements is an accurate description of apoptosis? A) Apoptosis is a disorder in vertebrates that often results in the failure of an embryo to complete development. B) Apoptosis is the primary means by which cell differentiation occurs. C) Apoptosis is an important general component of proper embryonic development. D) Apoptosis normally occurs only in the metamorphosis of amphibians. E) Apoptosis takes place only before the cleavage stage of embryonic development.

C

An inactivating mutation in the progesterone receptor gene would likely result in _____. A) the absence of mammary gland development B) enlarged and hyperactive uterine endometrium C) the absence of secondary sex characteristics D) the inability of the uterus to support pregnancy

D

One difference between the blastula and gastrula stages of development is that __________. A) there are many more cells in a blastula B) the blastula is a solid ball of cells, but the gastrula is hollow C) the blastula consists of more cell layers D) there is an opening from the cavity inside the gastrula to the outside E) blastula cells are more differentiated than gastrula cells

D

Thalidomide, now banned for use as a sedative in pregnancy, was used in the early 1960s by many women in their first trimester of pregnancy. Some of these women gave birth to children with arm and leg deformities, suggesting that the drug most likely influenced _____. A) organogenesis B) early cleavage divisions C) differentiation of bone tissue D) morphogenesis

D

The least amount of yolk would be found in the egg of a _____. A) bird B) reptile C) frog D) eutherian mammal

D

The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that _____. A) behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of menstrual cycles B) season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on menstrual cycles C) copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual cycles copulation only occurs during the period surrounding ovulation D) the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed with no extensive fluid flow out of the body, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body

D

If there is fertilization, secretion of _____ by the early embryo maintains the corpus luteum. A) progesterone B) estrogen C) luteinizing hormone D) follicle-stimulating hormone E) human chorionic gonadotropin

E

Vestibular (Bartholin's) glands __________. A) contain spongy tissue that fills with blood during arousal B) secrete progesterone and estrogen to maintain pregnancy C) partly cover the vagina before sexual intercourse D) produce secretions that contribute to semen E) secrete lubricating fluid

E

Which of the following is not a function of the placenta? A) Obtaining oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood B) All of the listed responses are functions of the placenta C) Carrying wastes from the fetus to the mother's circulatory system D) Secreting hormones that keep the uterine lining from breaking down E) Secreting hCG

E

Which statement about human reproduction is false? A) An oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it. B) Fertilization occurs in the oviduct. C) Effective hormonal contraceptives are currently available only for females. D) Spermatogenesis and oogenesis require different temperatures. E) The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

E

_________ have embryonic development based on a segmented body plan. A) chickens B) humans C) shrimp D) frogs E) All of the listed responses are correct.

E

What secondary sex characteristics do estrogen and progesterone control?

Enlarged breasts, fat deposition in hips and breasts, water retention, changes in calcium metabolism and bone deposition