EXAM-4
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Carl Rogers believed most of our psychological problems are the result of repressed impulses and trauma experienced in childhood, and he believed psychoanalysis would help uncover long-buried feelings.
"Carl Rogers" --> "Sigmund Freud"
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ________ of U.S. adults experienced mental illness in 2012.
19%
Antipsychotic medicines were first introduced in ________.
1954
Statistics show that ________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness.
26%
Why do so many people believe there is a link between autism and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine?
A prestigious medical journal published a paper, which was later retracted, that identified a link.
Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Adderall
Who developed social-cognitive theory?
Albert Bandura
Which of the following is true about neurodevelopmental disorders?
All neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed in early childhood.
________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.
Anxiety
Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality?
Avoidant personality disorder
Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.
B. F. Skinner
Which of the following is not something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?
Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy
Who developed client-centered therapy?
Carl Rogers
The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture.
Contemporized-Themes
What does research show regarding race and ethnic differences in those who receive mental health services?
Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than White, middle-class Americans
Which of the following is a good example of a flashback?
Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.
Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?
Freudian slip
Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?
Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.
Which of the following is an example of flight of ideas?
Gilbert talks loudly and quickly, switching topics rapidly.
Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?
Hans and Sybil Eysenck
Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?
How you think determines how you feel.
What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.
Which of the following statements is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder?
It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.
Which of the following statements about psychoanalysis is false?
It was the dominant form of therapy in the 19th century
Who identified psychological disorders as a harmful dysfunction?
Jerome C. Wakefield
Who proposed the locus of control concept?
Julian Rotter
Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?
Karen Horney
The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.
Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?
Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.
What does research suggest about the comparative effectiveness of psychotherapeutic techniques?
No studies have found one psychotherapeutic approach more effective than another.
Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?
Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.
According to research, how does the public view children and teens with mental health disorders?
Over 1,300 U.S. adults believe children with depression are prone to violence.
Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?
Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.
What did a 2006 special report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) suggest about the amount of mental illness in the criminal justice system?
People with mental illnesses are overrepresented in probation and parole populations.
How are the principles of reciprocal determinism present in observational learning?
Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate.
What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?
Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism
Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of paranoid personality disorder?
Rafe is extremely suspicious of the people around him and mistrusts them for no identifiable reason.
Which of the following is an example of hopelessness theory?
Rochelle has an expectation that terrible things will happen and there is nothing she can do about it—this leads her to become depressed.
The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.
Rorschach
Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?
Sigmund Freud
Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of schizotypal personality disorder?
Stella laughed when her dog died and cried while watching a funny movie.
The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to Hispanic culture.
TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test
Which of the following is not a reason that ADHD may be overdiagnosed?
The amount of ADHD in the population has increased tenfold since it was first identified.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Research suggests that there are two dimensions of our temperament that are important parts of our adult personality: interactivity and self-regulation.
The word "interactivity" should be changed to the word "reactivity."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality.
The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Evidence-based practice in psychology is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of therapist characteristics, culture, and preferences.
The word "therapist" should be changed to the word "client."
What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?
They can be scientifically tested.
Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder is incorrect?
This disorder involves feeling overwhelmed and sad for extended periods of time.
Who argued that the notion of mental illness was invented by society (and the mental health establishment) to stigmatize and subjugate people whose behavior violates accepted social and legal norms?
Thomas Szasz
Who designed the first comprehensive system of constitutional psychology?
William H. Sheldon
Which question was central to the marshmallow test?
Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?
Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization?
You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time.
Lovell is noticeably fidgety and jittery. He can't sit still; he paces, wrings his hands, and pulls at his clothing constantly. Lovell suffers from psychomotor________.
agitation
Svetlana admires her boss, Helga. One day Helga forgets her briefcase and Svetlana loses all admiration for Helga. Svetlana thinks that a boss is either always perfect or not worthy of admiration. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
all-or-nothing thinking
Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________.
an external locus of control
If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.
anal
Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________.
antidepressants
From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality?
antisocial personality disorder
A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.
anxiety
Which mental disorder is least likely to be treated in children 8-15 years old?
anxiety disorder
In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.
anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded
Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________.
appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless
Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?
archetype
________ were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders.
asylums
________ can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; it can also cause constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness.
atypical antipsychotics
Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?
autism spectrum disorder
Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively.
become neurotic strategies
Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors?
behavior
Renzo's therapist helps him learn to overcome his fear of dogs through several stages of relaxation techniques. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
behavior therapy
Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing a social anxiety disorder?
behavioral inhibition
Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________.
beliefs and expectations
The ________ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ________perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders.
biological and psychological
Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder.
body dysmorphic
Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?
borderline personality disorder
What often happened to patients in the early years of using electroshock therapy?
broke their backs
The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion.
can perform miracles
Etiology is another word for ________.
causes
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Acrophobia is characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack."
change the word "acrophobia" to the word "agoraphobia"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A person diagnosed with a specific anxiety experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear about a particular object or situation."
change the word "anxiety" to the word "phobia"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a natural perspective: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding."
change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The psychological perspective views disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities."
change the word "psychological" to the word "biological"
Which group is play therapy often used to treat?
children
Addiction is often viewed as a(an) ________ disease.
chronic
In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the ________.
client says whatever comes to mind at the moment
The amount of time spent in therapy depends on the needs of the client and the ________.
client's personal goals
What is the emphasis in humanistic therapy?
client's present and future
Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy.
client-centered
Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development?
climate of sexual repression
Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
cognitive therapy
In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
cognitive-behavioral therapy
Identify the obsession in the following sentence. "Keisha is overly concerned about germs, so she spends hours wiping the surfaces of her home and washing her hands."
concern over germs
A psychological disorder is a ________.
condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.
congruence
Exposure therapy is a ________ technique.
counterconditioning
Aversive conditioning is a ________.
counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior
Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
denial
The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.
diathesis-stress
Exhibiting a personality that ________ is a common characteristic of all personality disorders.
differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture
What symptom of schizophrenia is illustrated by the following example? So bees with knees have fleas and fleas jump, I jump like a jack, Jack the Giant Killer. Giants kill and transform things and something happened, but we can't hear because our eyes are like flies that flew away.
disorganized thinking
Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing a(n) ________.
dissociative fugue
Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder.
dissociative identity
The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.
ectomorph
ECT stands for ________.
electroconvulsive therapy
Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________?
episodic
Which of the following factors does not strongly predict the development of posttraumatic stress disorder?
experiencing trauma in isolation
A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.
external; internal
Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.
extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability
Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________.
extrovert
Which of the following is not an example of suicidal ideation?
fearing you will die
Dr. Xavier encourages his client to relax and say whatever comes to mind at the moment. Dr. Xavier is using ________ to treat his client.
free association
Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.
generalized anxiety disorder
What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family?
generativity vs. stagnation
In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).
genital
According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of the three factors?
having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex
Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?
he adopted a professional persona for his job interview
________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.
heritability
Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.
high self-efficacy
Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using?
humanistic therapy
Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.
id
The ________ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings.
indigenous
A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.
inferiority
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The stress model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress."
insert the word "diathesis-" before the first appearance of the word "stress"
During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs.
intake
Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________.
introvert
Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe?
involuntary
Grace is talking with her wife, Myanna. Myanna starts crying, and Grace immediately assumes that Myanna wants a divorce. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
jumping to conclusions
During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?
latency
Ocean Therapy involves group discussion and ________.
learning how to surf
Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.
mania
Antipsychotic drugs, such as Haldol, are used to treat all of the following except
manic episodes
When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?
moving against people
When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay using?
moving away from people
What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?
negative
Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality?
obsessive compulsive personality disorder
People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.
obsessive-compulsive
If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________.
often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD?
orbitofrontal cortex
Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size.
organizing the books
Self-efficacy is ________.
our level of confidence in our own abilities
Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
overgeneralization
An archetype is a ________.
pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies
Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt.
persona
Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person.
phlegmatic
Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.
phobia
Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
play therapy
Which therapeutic process involves the use of toys?
play therapy
In medieval times, abnormal behaviors were viewed as a sign that a person was ________.
possessed by demons
Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.
posttraumatic stress
Deinstitutionalization refers to the ________.
process of closing large asylums
Which institutional setting replaced asylums in caring for the mentally ill?
psychiatric hospitals
Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
psychodynamic psychotherapy
Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________.
race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment
Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?
reaction formation
After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
regression
Repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called ________.
relapse
Joffrey talks and moves slowly. When asked a question, he answers slowly in monotone monosyllables, if he answers at all. Joffrey is experiencing psychomotor________.
retardation
________ have over 85% of the l,669 federally designated mental health professional shortage areas.
rural areas
Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?
schizophrenia
Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Alexis have?
seasonal pattern
________ is a subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year.
seasonal pattern
The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs.
selective migration
According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.
self-actualization
Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.
severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy
Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails. What kind of delusion is this?
somatic
The use of ________ can result in decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, and headache.
stimulants
For Burt, who has claustrophobia, a small dark room creates a small amount of fear, a stairwell creates a bit more fear, and an elevator creates the most fear. Burt's therapist induces deep relaxation and asks him to imagine a small dark room. Gradually, they will work up to having Burt imagine being in an elevator. What aspect of exposure therapy is this?
stimulus hierarchy
Carl Rogers called his therapeutic orientation client-centered therapy because he thought the term "patient" ________.
suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure
Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?
suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality
________ involves thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt.
suicidal ideation
On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?
systematic desensitization
A recent study compared the vaccination histories of 256 children with autism spectrum disorder with that of 752 control children across three time periods during their first two years of life. Researchers found that ________.
the quantity of immunogens from vaccines received during the first two years of life were not at all related to the development of autism spectrum disorder
In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life.
the self-realization process
What principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy?
thoughts affect behavior
Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________.
token economy
________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.
trait
Lexi cannot control her impulses to pull out her hair. Her friend Paul suggests that she see a therapist and Lexi agrees. She gets a referral from her primary care physician for a therapist and begins seeing Dr. Clark four times a month. What kind of treatment does this describe?
voluntary
How long does psychoanalysis typically take?
years
In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament?
yellow bile from the liver
