Exam 4 Mastering

It takes approximately ________ of aerobic exercise to begin mobilizing fats from adipose tissue.

30 minutes

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

ADH (vasopressin)

Which of the following is NOT a method of measuring metabolic rate?

ATP production

Endocrine pathologies can occur through excess secretion, inadequate secretion, and what other mechanism?

Abnormal target cell response

What is another name for the fed state that occurs after a meal is consumed?

Absorptive state

What are the main molecules used for gluconeogenesis?

Amino acids

Which enzyme converts androgens to estrogens, and where is it found?

Aromatase, found in the ovaries and the testes

A person with blood type B should be able to receive a successful blood transfusion from a donor of which blood type(s)?

B or O but no other types

Which vitamin must be complexed with intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

B12

To which method of contraception does a contraceptive sponge belong?

Barrier

diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.

Both Types

Which of the following is a similarity between the spleen and lymph nodes?

Both are sites where foreign invaders are recognized by immune cells.

Which is NOT a similarity between parietal cells and chief cells?

Both regulate gastric acid secretion.

When the level of the glucose pool falls below normal, which tissue is the only one able to access glucose?

Brain

Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?

CD8

Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?

CD8 cells

Which hormone in an HPA pathway inhibits hunger and may affect mood?

CRH

A patient has decreased vitamin D. Which hormone would you expect to be decreased?

Calcitriol

Which disease is fought by the immune system as part of its function to recognize and remove abnormal "self" cells?

Cancer

Which molecules attract phagocytes to the site of an infection?

Chemotaxins

Which of the following is NOT classified as a member of the secretin family of GI hormones?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Calcium has several important roles, including its role as a signaling molecule, its involvement in tight junctions, and neuronal excitation. What other important physiological role does calcium have?

Coagulation

oose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."

Cushing's disease

Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?

Cytotoxic T cells

A patient has a disease that destroys chondrocytes. Which of the following would you expect to find?

Decreased bone length

A patient took high doses of antibiotics to help fight a bacterial infection. However, this treatment also killed helpful bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Which of the following would you expect?

Decreased digestion of complex carbohydrates and decreased vitamin K, leading to clotting problems

A woman has her ovaries removed, causing her to enter surgical menopause. Which set of hormone levels would you predict?

Decreased estrogen and increased GnRH, LH, and FSH, due to decreased negative feedback

A patient has a tumor in the adrenal cortex that causes hypersecretion of a hormone. Which would you predict?

Decreased immunity and decreased NK activity

Which would you predict in a female patient with anorexia?

Decreased leptin and decreased menses

A patient had a trauma that damaged an endocrine gland, causing decreased hormone secretion. Which of the following would you expect?

Decreased negative feedback and decreased cellular responses

A patient is given a parasympathetic antagonist during surgery. Which would you expect?

Decreased saliva

A patient is born without cytotoxic T cells. Which of the following would you predict to be decreased?

Destruction of virally infected cells

What is the first area that food contacts as it moves from the stomach to the small intestines?

Duodenum

Parathyroid hormone A. decreases the rate of calcium excretion. B. increases the level of calcium ion in the blood. C. stimulates osteoclast activity. D. increases the rate of calcium absorption. E. All of these answers are correct.

E. All of these answers are correct.

Which statement most accurately describes how the sex of a human embryo is determined?

Embryos with the SRY gene become male; embryos without the gene become female.

are released by the osteoclast to aid in the resorption of bone.

Enzymes and H+

Which hormone is the most important regulator of endometrium proliferation during the follicular phase?

Estrogen

Which best explains why exercise can help decrease the need for insulin use in people with type II diabetes mellitus?

Exercise up-regulates insulin receptors.

Which of the following is a sign of hyperthyroidism?

Exophthalmos

The time between meals when the body is performing catabolic reactions in order to maintain blood glucose levels

Fasted State

The time occurring right after a meal when the body is absorbing macronutrients

Fed State

Which is NOT a direct function of antibodies?

Forming a membrane attack complex

Which hormone stimulates release of insulin in response to glucose in the intestinal lumen?

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

If female Genital tubercle Urethral folds and grooves Labioscrotal swellings

Genital tubercle forms clitoris. Urethral folds and grooves form labia minora, opening of vagina and urethra. Labioscrotal swellings form labia majora.

If male Genital tubercle Urethral folds and grooves Labioscrotal swellings

Genital tubercle: forms glans penis Urethral folds and grooves: form shaft of penis Labioscrotal swellings: shaft of penis/scrotum

Which of the following stimulates hunger?

Ghrelin

Which peptide, secreted by the stomach, increases hunger in humans?

Ghrelin

A 7-year-old patient develops an anterior pituitary tumor that secretes excess hormone. Which of the following would you expect to find?

Giantism

A patient has a problem with signaling in the afferent pathway of the deglutition reflex. Which was affected?

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Which of the following is NOT a hormone directly required for growth of soft tissue?

Glucagon

The production of glucose from smaller products like lactate and amino acids

Gluconeogenesis

A process by which excess glucose is linked together and stored as glycogen in muscle and liver

Glycogenesis

Which pathway is the opposite of gluconeogenesis?

Glycolysis

What is unique about GnRH secretion patterns from the hypothalamus?

GnRH is secreted in a pulsatile manner.

Which hormone released from the hypothalamus regulates gonad function?

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Which statement is true about gamete formation?

Human females are thought to be born with all the primary gametes they will ever have.

A patient has a disease that destroys cells that secrete cortisol. Which of the following would you expect to find?

Increased CRH and increased ACTH

A patient is born without a pituitary. Which would you expect to be true of hormone levels?

Increased TRH and decreased thyroid hormones

Smoking can decrease HDL. Which do you expect in a smoker with decreased HDL?

Increased atherosclerosis and decreased cholesterol in the liver

A student is fasting for religious reasons. Which would you expect?

Increased glycogenolysis and increased lipolysis

Which of the following is an action of growth hormone?

Increased insulin-like growth factor secretion

What causes the LH surge that occurs during the late follicular phase?

Increasing progesterone and high estrogen increase pituitary responsiveness to GnRH.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease of sugar balance. In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system gradually destroys the cells that produce insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become less responsive to the hormone insulin. Insulin plays a vital role in carbohydrate metabolism. What is its role?

Insulin is needed for cells to pick up glucose from the blood; without insulin, more glucose will remain in the blood.

A patient has a tumor that secretes increased thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]. Which would you expect?

Irritability and weight loss

What is the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

It causes the corpus luteum to continue to secrete progesterone.

What makes the anatomy of the stomach wall unique compared to the other parts of the digestive system?

It has three layers of smooth muscle

What happens to excess glucose in the body?

It is used for lipogenesis.

How does the binding of insulin to its receptor stimulate glucose uptake from the bloodstream?

It stimulates insertion of GLUT4 transporters in the cell membrane.

Which of the following is part of the female external genitalia?

Labia majora

The breakdown of triglycerides using lipases

Lipolysis

What is the third phase of the ovarian cycle called, and what occurs during this time?

Luteal phase; transformation of a ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum

Which immune-system molecule is involved in cell recognition?

MHC

Which cells function to both ingest invaders and present antigens?

Macrophages

What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

Molecules unique to microorganisms

A patient has a gene mutation that does not allow hormones to stimulate the activity of enzymes in the fed state. Based on push-pull control, which do you expect?

More glucose and less glycogen, because insulin cannot activate enzymes

The four processes of the digestive system include digestion, absorption, secretion, and __________.

Motility

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?

NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.

Which cells are both granulocytes and phagocytes?

Neutrophils

Which efferent signaling causes the erection reflex?

Parasympathetic nervous stimulation

Which of the following are part of the body's innate immunity?

Phagocytes

What is the primary site of nutrient pools that are available for immediate use in the body?

Plasma

Which of the following is the site of spermatogenesis in the testis?

Seminiferous tubules

In males, what is the target of FSH, and what effect does it have?

Sertoli cells; production of paracrine factors

Which of the following is NOT a function of oxytocin?

Stimulating contractions in pelvic muscles before parturition

The total body energy is the sum of energy ingested minus the energy used, plus ____.

Stored energy

A genetic defect causes a fetus to not develop a thymus. Which mature cells would you predict to be low?

T lymphocytes

Which part of the antibody molecule determines the antibody class?

The Fc region

Two cell cultures, culture A and culture B, containing a combination of epithelial cells and adipocytes, were cultured in a medium containing 5% serum, containing all of the enzymes and signaling molecules found in the blood plasma needed to keep the cells alive in vitro. In addition, culture A was supplemented with a constant supply of glucose, while culture B was supplemented with glucose every eight hours. These two different cultures were maintained for one week under these conditions and observed daily for changes in metabolic rate and cell size. How will the size of the adipocyte differ between culture A and culture B after one week?

The adipocytes in culture A would be larger than those in culture B.

A baby is born with female external genitalia but has male internal genitalia. After running a few tests, you discover that the levels of 5-α reductase are normal. Which of the following statements best describes a condition that might have caused this?

The developing testis produced too little testosterone during development.

How is iron absorption regulated?

The liver secretes hepcidin, which causes the breakdown of ferroportin.

What is the definition of basal metabolic rate?

The lowest metabolic rate a person can have, usually occurring when he or she is asleep

How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?

The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.

How do some people develop an autoimmune disease?

Their immune cells fail to distinguish between self and non-self.

How do goblet cells in the airway contribute to the defense of the body?

They secrete mucus to trap pathogens.

How does a sperm manage to penetrate the corona radiata and the zona pellucida and fertilize an egg?

Through an acrosomal reaction

What are the two primary lymphoid tissues?

Thymus and bone marrow

Which of the following is the best example of negative feedback?

Thyroid hormone (TH) released into the bloodstream causes increased cellular metabolism and increased body temperature, inhibiting TH release.

What is the function of secondary lymphoid tissues?

To allow mature immune cells to interact with pathogens

Which form of energy expenditure is the energy used to move molecules from one side of a membrane to the other?

Transport work

diabetes, no insulin is produced.

Type 1

diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

Type 2

Which pathogen is accurately paired with a key characteristic?

Virus: not able to replicate outside a host cell

What happens when slow wave action potentials reach threshold?

Voltage-gated calcium channels open in the muscularis externa.

Which area of the adrenal gland produces cortisol?

Zona fasciculata

Which of the following drugs would you prescribe to Jennifer in order to help her with her condition?

a drug that acts as an inhibitor of the H+ ATP pump

Which of the following statements best describes the bipotential state of a developing fetus?

a stage of development when the internal and external reproductive organs have the potential to be either male or female

Which of the following is the direct cause of the bipotential gonad differentiation into the female reproductive organs in a developing fetus?

absence of the sex determining region Y (SRY) gene

Digestion refers to the

absorption of nutrients in the gut

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults can cause

acromegaly

The endocrine gland that is modified sympathetic ganglia is the

adrenal medulla

Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?

all nucleated cells

What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?

an antigenic determinant

Crypt cells in the small intestine and colon secrete __________ into the lumen.

an isotonic sodium chloride solution

Which of the following hormones is produced when the sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene is present in males?

anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)

Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis?

antibodies and complement proteins

Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?

antigen-presenting cells

The side that faces the bone matrix

apical membrane of osteoclast

Thyroid hormones

are lipophilic and must bind to plasma proteins for transport to target cells

The side that faces the extracellular fluid

basolateral membrane of osteoclast

The force for glomerular filtration is the

blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.

The mucus present in semen comes mainly from the __________.

bulbourethral glands

During exercise, the most significant factor affecting the pH of body tissues is the production of

carbon dioxide

The adrenal medulla secretes

catecholamines

If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?

cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)

Anticipating that one is about to eat can trigger the __________ phase of digestion.

cephalic

The common precursor for all steroid hormones is __________.

cholesterol

A cell that forms cartilage is called a(n

chondrocyte

Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?

class II MHC proteins

Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis?

complement proteins

Which hormone(s) increase(s) in concentration in the plasma during exercise?

cortisol and catecholamines

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

decreased insulin secretion

The initial change in heart rate at the onset of exercise is due to

decreased parasympathetic activity

Cortisol secretion is highest between ________ and ________.

early morning, noon

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

epinephrine

What structure within the long bone is the primary site of bone formation?

epiphyseal plate

the area of a bone that serves as the site of bone growth is known as the

epiphyseal plate

Which is NOT normally be found in the filtrate?

erythrocytes

Female secondary sexual characteristics (libido, pubic and axillary hair, fat distribution pattern, and breast development) are controlled by __________.

estrogens and androgens

The first phase of the ovarian cycle is the __________ phase.

follicular

Which of the following molecules can be found within the membrane or interior of a micelle?

free fatty acids monoglycerides diglycerides cholesterol phospholipids bile salts

Amino acids in the diet that are not used to make proteins can be used in __________.

gluconeogenesis

The breakdown of glycogen stores from the liver to produce glucose

glycogenolysis

The metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules

glycolysis

If female gonadal cortex gonadal medulla Wolffian Duct Mullerian Duct form?

gonadal cortex: ovary gonadal medulla: regresses Wolffian Duct: regresses Mullerian Duct: Fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and upper 1/2 of vagina (AMH absent).

If male gonadal cortex gonadal medulla Wolffian Duct Mullerian Duct form?

gonadal cortex: regresses gonadal medulla: testis Wolffian Duct: forms epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle (testosterone present) Mullerian Duct: regresses (AMH present).

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

heart palpitations

What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?

humoral immunity

Acromegaly is caused by __________.

increased growth hormone levels

Benefits of regular exercise include all of the following, EXCEPT . A. increased plasma levels of HDL (high-density lipoproteins). B. decreased risk of heart attack. C. increased levels of LDL (low-density lipoproteins). D. decreased blood pressure. E. decreased plasma levels of triglycerides. Feedback

increased levels of LDL (low-density lipoproteins)

Jennifer is a 20-year-old female who has been suffering from many small fractures in her hip. Her doctor performs some tests and finds that she has a significant reduction in her bone density. Which of the following might be causing Jennifer's loss in bone density?

increased osteoclast activity

Because fats are excluded by aqueous solutions, they are difficult to digest. Fat droplets entering into the small intestine need to be modified so that they don't join together and form larger, indigestible structures. Bile salts found in bile secreted by the liver keep the fat droplets apart in small, stable structures that can be more easily accessed by digestive enzymes. What is the role of bile?

increases the surface area of fats so that they are easier to digest

Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?

innate external defenses

Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?

innate internal defenses

Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication?

interferons

Testosterone are produced by the __________in testes.

interstitial cells of Leydig

Thyroid hormone contains the mineral

iodine

GH

is secreted by the anterior pituitary and binds to a plasma protein

Urine is produced by the

kidney.

Adults do not increase in height. This suggests that adult bones __________.

lack open cartilaginous epiphyseal plates

Blood from the intestines flows directly to the __________.

liver for filtering

Which structure is NOT part of the blood circulation through the kidney?

loop of Henle

Where do chylomicrons go after they are transported out of the enterocyte, and why do they go there?

lymphatic system, because they are too large to enter into the blood

The swallowing center in the brain, which coordinates the muscular reflexes, is located in the

medulla oblongata

Which are most closely regulated by the body?

motility and secretion

Chemical digestion of food starts in the __________.

mouth

The motor activity of the muscularis externa is controlled by the

myenteric plexus

The majority of leukocytes in the blood are __________.

neutrophils

In normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are

not filtered.

A cell that creates calcium phosphate crystal to replace cartilage is known as a(n)

osteoblasts

A cell that secretes acid and is responsible for bone resorption is known as a(n

osteoclast

Mature, less active bone cells are called

osteocytes

Which is an accessory organ of digestion?

pancreas

In the digestive system, HCl is released by ________, whereas HCO3- is secreted primarily from the ________.

parietal cells of the stomach, pancreas

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

Phagocytic leukocytes ingest pathogens and foreign particles into __________.

phagosomes

What cells make antibodies?

plasma B cells

The role of the corpus luteum is to secrete __________.

progesterone and estrogen

Mucus functions in

protection and lubrication

In terms of chemical digestion of organic molecules, the stomach mainly digests __________.

proteins

The portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the

proximal tubule.

The process of filtration in the kidney is most accurately described as

relatively nonspecific.

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption serves all of the following purposes EXCEPT it A. removes unnecessary catecholamines from circulation. B. replenishes oxygen bound to myoglobin. C. restores ATP and phosphocreatine levels. D. metabolizes lactate.

removes unnecessary catecholamines from circulation.

Bile is

secreted by hepatocytes only

Contents in the peritubular capillaries are actively transported into proximal and distal convoluted tubules in a process known as

secretion.

Given the chemical nature of free fatty acids and monoglycerides, how are these absorbed across the epithelial border of the small intestine?

simple diffusion

With endurance training, muscle mitochondria increase in

size and number

Peyer's patches are found in the

small intestine

Cortisol has which effects?

suppresses the immune system and influences brain function

Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by

symport with sodium

The presence or absence of __________ determines whether an embryo will develop into a male or female.

the SRY gene

High levels of cortisol would normally provide negative feedback to the _______.

the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

Which statement is FALSE? A. The kidneys do not reabsorb filtered waste products. B. Women are more likely to develop urinary tract infections than men. C. The blood supply to the kidneys comes through the renal arteries. D. As much as one fourth of the cardiac output may flow to the kidneys at any given moment. I E. The urinary bladder is filled by two ducts, called ureters, and emptied by the single urethra.

the kidneys do not reabsorb filtered waste products.

GI contractions that are sustained for minutes or hours are called __________ contractions.

tonic

The largest metabolic reserves for the average adult are stored as

triglycerides

Which of the following structures are found within the chylomicron?

triglycerides cholesterol protein

Redistribution of blood flow during exercise results from

vasodilation in skeletal muscle and vasoconstriction in viscera