Exam 4

An individual's _____ refers to the direction of his or her erotic interests.

sexual orientation

According to _____, involve an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

social exchange theory

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is

testosterone

Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence

the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex

If it is night, we are likely to feel hungry even if we ate a big lunch. This illustrates

the effect of learned associations on eating behavior.

John is selling magazine subscriptions and chocolates. He asks you whether you are interested in buying some chocolates for $1 and you say yes. When you go to get the money to pay for the chocolates and return to the door, John asks you if you would also like to buy a $25 subscription to a variety of magazines. Even though you don't read magazines, you agree to buy a magazine subscription. This is an example of

the foot-in-the-door technique

Susan drives by an unusually colorful apartment building each day on her way to and from work. Initially, she does not think much of the structure and has a mild dislike for it. However, after several months of commuting, she starts to like the apartment building and is even considering renting an apartment there. This change in Susan's feelings about the building best demonstrates

the mere exposure effect.

Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and he behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called

the self-fulfilling prophecy

Identify the true statement about cholecystokinin (CCK).

this hormone helps start the digestive system, travels to the brain through the bloodstream and signals us to stop eating

Cognitive dissonance theory states that in order to reduce dissonance, individuals

try to align their attitudes and behavior

The _____ is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.

ventromedial hypothalamus

The bystander effect is most likely to occur

when someone is witnessing an emergency and there are several other people present.

According to research on the human sexual-response pattern, orgasm lasts for about _____.

3-15 seconds

Which of the following brain structures plays a central role in the experience of fear?

Amygdala

Which of the following indicates cognition in early adulthood?

Being more realistic

According to the _____, emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Cannon-bard theory.

Which of the following statements is true of Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory?

Children enter a level of cognitive sophistication by learning important aspects of their culture.

_____ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

Cognitive dissonance

_____ are differences between individuals that stem not necessarily from their ages but from the historical period and society in which they were born and developed.

Cohort effects

According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?

Competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development?

Conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period

In a cross-sectional study related to developmental psychology

Different age groups are tested at the same time

A(n) _____ is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

Drive

_____ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.

Egoism

When individuals engage in a behavior for some external payoff or to avoid a punishment, they

Extrinsic Motivation

You are feeling upset when your mother turns toward you and says, "Turn that frown upside down." You turn your frown into a smile and realize that you now feel happy. This experience can be best described by the

Facial feedback hypothesis

You come to a conclusion that Carla is a naturally anxious woman. You ignore the fact that Carla is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. You are demonstrating the

Fundamental

According to drive reduction theory, the goal of drive reduction is

Homeostasis

_____ emphasize independence and self-reliance, whereas _____ emphasize affiliation, cooperation, and interdependence

Individualistic cultures/ Collectivist cultures

Which of the following statements about instincts is FALSE?

Instincts are learned behavioral responses

Attributions that include causes inside and specific to a person, such as his or her traits and abilities, are called

Internal

According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?

Internal/external causes

Competence, relatedness, and autonomy are examples of

Intrinsic Motivation

Which of the following is true of the sympathetic nervous system?

It prepares the individual for fighting or running away.

Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

It states that frustration always leads to aggression

According to the _____, after the initial perception of a stimulus, the experience of the emotion results from the perception of one's own physiological changes.

James-Lange theory

The facial feedback hypothesis provides support for the

James-Lange theory

The chemical substance _____, released by fat cells, decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure or metabolism.

Leptin

According to recent research on sexual patterns of behavior in the United States, what rules sexual behavior?

Marriage and monogamy

Which of the following is true of the optimum arousal theory?

NOT Performance is best in the absence of arousal OR Performance is best under condition of moderate arousal

Nathan is a happy and healthy three-month-old baby. Based on preferential-looking and habituation research, what can you predict about Nathan's perceptual abilities?

Nathan will prefer real faces to scrambled faces and he will also prefer his mother's face to a stranger's face.

Developmental psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a person's genes or biological inheritance.

Nature

A(n) _____ is a physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

Need

Robert, a nine-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night, he used several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior?

Observational learning

Which of the following is a difference between older and younger adults?

Older adults tend to not do as well as younger adults in most aspects of memory

Which of the following conclusions was drawn from the Stanford prison experiment conducted by Zimbardo?

People are more likely to be evil when personal responsibility is removed

In the context of social behavior, which of the following best explains why the bystander effect occurs?

People tend to look to the behavior of others for cues about what to do.

According to Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory, emotion is determined by two factors. They are

Physiological arousal and cognitive labeling

_____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group.

Prejudice

Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?

Preoperational

From Maslow's perspective, motivation is primarily the result of

Satisfying basic needs before moving on to higher needs

_____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

Self-serving bias

Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

The area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information is called

Social cognition

_____ is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

Social psychology

_____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

Stereotype

Which of the following most accurately describes Ainsworth's strange situation test used to measure children's attachment?

The caregiver leaves the infant with a stranger and returns later.

Which of the following is true of the biological factors involved in emotion?

The limbic system is involved in the experience of positive emotions.

What did Harry Harlow demonstrate in his classic study of attachment amongst baby monkeys?

The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that were warm and soft.

Which of the following characterizes pubertal change in adolescents?

The peak of pubertal change occurs at an average age of 11½ for girls and 13½ for boys.

Which of the following accurately represents the correct sequence of Erikson's first four stages of socioemotional development?

Trust vs. mistrust; autonomy vs. shame; initiative vs. guilt; industry vs. inferiority

The _____ of an emotion refers to whether it feels pleasant or unpleasant. The _____ of an emotion is the degree to which the emotion is reflected in an individual's being active, engaged, or excited versus more passive, relatively disengaged, or calm.

Valence; Arousal level

If a child is in Piaget's preoperational stage of development, which of the following tasks is the child most likely to perform?

Word images drying some Bolick thinking word images egocentrism initiative reasoning

Which of the following statements best defines conformity?

a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

Evan received an ugly pair of pajamas for his birthday. Even though he didn't like the gift, he smiled and thanked his grandmother for the present. Evan's behavior can be explained in terms of

a display rule

Juliet refuses to go to the dance because she has just developed a pimple on her chin, and she is sure everyone will talk about it behind her back. Her behavior illustrates

adolescent egocentrism

Which of the following statements is true of teratogens?

agent that causes a birth defect

_____ are people's opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how they feel about the world.

attitudes

Parents who use the _____ parenting style give strict rules to their children with little discussion of the reasons for the rules.

authoritarian

Motivated behavior is

behavior that is energized, directed, and sustained

According to the self-perception theory,

behaviors can cause attitudes

Which stage of cognitive development involves replacing intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations?

concrete operational

The Stanford prison experiment provides a dramatic example of how social situations and the roles we take on in life can influence

deindividuation

Chloe is a baby who cries a lot. She does not eat or sleep on a regular schedule and she often has difficulty adapting to new experiences. Psychologists would say that Chloe's temperament can be described as

difficult

According to Jeffrey Arnett, the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood is described as

emerging adulthood.

The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is called

ethnocentrism

According to James Marcia, the two dimensions of identity are

exploration and commitment

According to social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is

having both partners feel that each is doing his or her "fair share."

Linda has decided to pursue law because everyone in her family is a lawyer. This is an example of

identity foreclosure

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's

inability to take another person's mental state into account

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, formal operational thought is

logical, systematic, abstract, and idealistic

The term _____ refers to emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness, whereas the term _____ refers to emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest.

negative affect/positive affect

You tried to play peek-a-boo with your six-month-old nephew, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again three months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your nephew has begun to develop

object permanence

If Tony shares his toys with his little sister because he is afraid of being punished, he is reasoning at the _____ level of moral development.

preconventional

The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction.

proximity

One of the most important criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that

recent research suggests his theory has underestimated the abilities of infants and overestimated the abilities of adults

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as

relational aggression

Social psychologists believe that _____ is particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship, and that _____ increases as the relationship grows and matures.

romantic love/affectionate love

According to self-determination theory, competence motivation involves

self-efficacy and mastery

Some researchers disagree with the notion that the labels "easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" are the best way to conceptualize temperament. These psychologists argue that _____ are the core dimensions of temperament.

self-regulation, inhibition, and negative affectivity