EXAM 4 Neoplaysia

Squamous metaplasia

*Transformation of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of bronchi of heavy smokers into stratified squamous epithelium *Impairs function of bronchi *May be reversed when the smoking is stopped

RET receptor

- MEN2A - MEN2B - Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma

Causes of cell injury

1. Hypoxia 2. Physical Agents (radiation/ trauma) 3. Chemical Agents & Drugs (poisons) 4. Infectious Agents (viruses/bacteria) 5. Immunologic Reactions (drug reactions) 6. Genetic Defects (mutations) 7. Nutritional Imbalances (deficiency/imbalance)

Folicular lymphoma

14:18

Teratoma

2 or more cell types and germ layers

carcinoma sarcoma melanoma leukemia/lymphoma

4 classes of cancer

Burkkit's lymphoma

8:14

carcinoma insitu

A dysplasia that is still confined to the epithelium (did not cross basement membrane)

steatosis

abnormal condition of fat

Dysplasia

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs (cancer)

Hemosiderin

an iron-storage protein primarily made in times of iron overload

wet gangrene

area of gangrene with secondary bacterial infection and pus

dry gangrene

condition that results when the body part that dies had little blood and remains aseptic and occurs when the arteries but not the veins are obstructed

Gangrenous necrosis

death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury

atrophy

decrease in cell size

caseous necrosis

degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance

benign

discrete non invasive capsule movable

Karyolysis

dissolution of nucleus (fading chromatin)

benign neoplasia

does not metastasize; can still be harmful (e.g. compress adjacent tissues)

atypia is present

dysplasia implies...

thyroid

endocrine gland that is positive for cytokeratin immunostains

Desmoplasia

fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

Karyorrhexis

fragmentation of nucleus

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Chondrosarcoma

grade > stage

Tumor Supressing Genes

growth inhibiting/ loss of function/ 2 alleles mutated

Proto-oncogenes

growth promoting genes/ gain of function/ 1 mutation

Coagulative necrosis

has cellular boundaries and proteinaceous materials

Liquifactive necrosis

has neither cellular boundaries and proteinaceous materials

caseous necrosis

has no cellular boundaries but has proteinaceous materials

INCREASED WORKLOAD

if only one kidney is larger than the other its because of ...

hypertrophy

increase in cell size/ proteins

Hyperplasia

increase in number of cells

Decreased ATP

increased Ca in cytosol

Hyperchromic

increased concentration of hemoglobin, excessive/darker color

Invasive squamous cell carcinoma

keratin swirls

anaplasia

lack of differentiation (poor prognosis)

Anemia

lack of o2 capacity

COMPENSATORY physiological hypertrophy

liver damage

malignant

lymphoma glioma melanoma seminoma carcinoma

leiomyosarcoma

malignant tumor of smooth muscle

pleomorphic

many shapes

tumor

mass legion

vascular occlusion

most common cause of significant tissue damage

Irreversible cell injury

necrosis and apoptosis

Liquifactive necrosis

necrotic tissue has dissolved and is gone

Neoplasia

new, uncontrolled growth of cells

Pyknosis

nuclear condensation

malignant

nuclear hyperchromasia

invasive

tumor breaches the basement membrane

anaplastic tumors

undifferentiated tumors: dont' resemble tissue of origin. composed of pleomorphic cells w/ large, hyperchromatic nuclei , disorganized growth. Numerous abnl mitosis and giant tumor cells.

Angiosarcoma

vimentin + cd31

leiomyosarcoma

vimentin + desmin

malignant nerve tissue

vimentin + s100

benign

well differentiated uniform slow growing

Point mutation translocation amplification

what causes proto oncogenes--> oncogene

NAME Who 1. smooth muscle 2. striated muscle 3. fat 4. blood vessel 5. bone 6. cartilage 7. fibroblast 8. vessels

Name what 1. leiomy 2. rhabdomy 3. lipo 4. angio 5. osteo 6. chondro 7. fibro 8. hemangio

Choristoma

Not neoplasia Not uncontrolled cells not normal to site "right cells wrong spot"

Hamartoma

Not neoplasia not uncontrolled cells normally found at given site "right location wrong growth"

LOOK AT IMAGE

PI3K/ATK PATHWAY

HER2/neu (ERB-B2) OVER-EXPRESSION Growth Factor receptors

Receptor is turned on nonstop for breast cancer

ERB-B1/HER1

SCC of lung EGFR

Reversible cell injury

SWELLING Loss of villi, RER swelling so decrease in protein synth, membrane blebbing

Prussian blue stain

Shows iron (distinguishes from lipofuscin) as blue; used in hemochromatosis

sarcoma

Soft and spindle shaped

metastasis

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

tumor angiogenesis

VEGF receptor

ischemia

Lack of blood supply

Dystrophic calcification

Calcium deposits on dead tissues in the setting of normal serum calcium and phosphate

Lipofuscin

Brown pigment in aging cells; especially the brain and heart

BCR-ABL

CML, ALL

Cervical squamous cell carcinoma

Columnar to Squamous Starts as dysplasia-> Squamous cell carcinoma IN SITU -> invasive squamous cell carcinoma

Lung adenocarcinoma

ERBB1 (EGFR)

Prominent nucleoli

Enlarged or conspicuous nucleolus

HORMONAL physiological hypertrophy

Enlargement of the breasts during lactation is....

Fat necrosis

Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids

breast lung brain stomach c-MYC

Fibroblast growth factor FGFR

independent ligand firing = RTK always on

GFR cancers

TGF BETA IGF1 ADRENERGIC AGONISTS ANGIOTENSIN 2

GROWTH FACTORS

Metastatic calcification

High serum calcium or phosphate levels lead to deposition of Ca in normal tissues (i.e. hyperparathyroidism leading to nephrocalcinosis)

squamous cell carcinoma

Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy

GTP= ON GDP= OFF (hydrolysis)

L-Obj #5 says to review the MAP kinase pathway ect. just know what turns on and off the process

Pancreas

KRASS (GTPase)

Hypoxia

Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood

ERB-B2/HER2

breast/ ovary cancer (EGFR2)

malignant neoplasia

capable of invasion and metastasis; invasion = spread into adjacent areas; metastasis = implantation into non-adjacent sites

Coagulative necrosis

cell proteins are altered or denatured

Metaplasia

changing from one type of mature tissue to another

Barret's Esophagus

columnar epithelium metaplasia of the esophagus (normal is squamous epithelium)

polygonal

round shape

pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis

these are the 3 nuclear changes that can occur in necrosis