Exam 4 Practice Questions

Through which of the following methods do senior executives traditionally receive incentive pay? a.Stock option plans b.Salaries c.Bonuses d.Scanlon plans

c.Bonuses

Which of the following managers is using a method that will effectively control conflict? a.Alia, who expands the resource base so that funds can be distributed equitably b.Lydia, who abolishes a number of unnecessary corporate policies c.Gregor, who convinces two conflicting employees to reach a compromise d.Robert, who hires new employees who present a new perspective to a problem

a.Alia, who expands the resource base so that funds can be distributed equitably

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following satisfies security needs? a.An effective grievance system b.An organization-sponsored lunch c.A challenging job opportunity d.A good work environment

a.An effective grievance system

Which of the following conditions must exist for empowerment to enhance organizational effectiveness? a.An organization should be sincere in its efforts to spread autonomy to lower levels. b.An organization should routinely conceal information regarding its high output. c.An organization should take away control to provide motivation for the employees to work harder. d.An organization should quickly turn over power and control to its employees.

a.An organization should be sincere in its efforts to spread autonomy to lower levels.

Which of the following is true of interorganizational conflict? a.Conflict arises between one organization and another. b.Conflict arises between two or more individuals. c.Conflict arises between individuals and organizations. d.Conflict arises between two or more organizational groups.

a.Conflict arises between one organization and another.

_____ is a skill that allows people to see differences among situations, phenomena, or events. a.Divergent thinking b.Vertical thinking c.Cross-functional thinking d.Convergent thinking

a.Divergent thinking

The _____ suggests that people's needs are grouped into three possibly overlapping categories—existence, relatedness, and growth. a.ERG theory of motivation b.two-factor theory of motivation c.goal-setting theory d.relatedness theory

a.ERG theory of motivation

Which of the following is an example of an interpersonal demand? a.Individuals with conflicting personalities being required to work together b.Insufficient supply of stationary and other tools required to perform a task c.The responsibility of making a critical work-related decision d.Ambiguity about the tasks associated with a certain role

a.Individuals with conflicting personalities being required to work together

Which of the following is true of stereotyping? a.It can be efficient in certain forms. b.It allows us to disregard minor bits of information. c.It is an individual's response to a strong stimulus. d.It depends on consensus and consistency.

a.It can be efficient in certain forms.

Which of the following best defines a team? a.It is a group of workers that functions as a unit, often with little or no supervision, to carry out work-related tasks, functions, and activities. b.It is a group comprised of people who come together briefly for a briefing and then disperse. c.It is a group of individuals who are seated together within an organizational workspace. d.It is a permanent group of people created by an organization to accomplish a number of organizational purposes with an unspecified time horizon.

a.It is a group of workers that functions as a unit, often with little or no supervision, to carry out work-related tasks, functions, and activities.

Which of the following is true of the variable-ratio schedule? a.It is difficult to use for formal rewards. b.It does not provide much incentive for good work. c.It gives reinforcement after a predetermined number of behaviors. d.It uses time as the basis for reinforcement.

a.It is difficult to use for formal rewards.

Which of the following best defines person-job fit? a.It is the extent to which the contributions made by an individual match the inducements offered by an organization. b.It is the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one person from another. c.It is the extent to which a person is poised, calm, resilient, and secure. d.It is the overall set of expectations held by an individual with respect to what he or she will contribute to an organization and what the organization will provide in return.

a.It is the extent to which the contributions made by an individual match the inducements offered by an organization.

Which of the following is true of the preparation stage of the creative process in business? a.It usually requires formal training and education. b.It is the stage during which a creative person achieves a new understanding of the problem. c.It determines the validity or truthfulness of a creative insight. d.It includes the development of a product or service prototype.

a.It usually requires formal training and education.

_____ is an attitude that reflects the extent to which an individual is gratified by or fulfilled in his or her work. a.Job satisfaction b.Positive affectivity c.Cognitive dissonance d.Organizational engagement

a.Job satisfaction

_____ refers to a person's rigidity of beliefs and range of interests. a.Openness b.Conscientiousness c.Extraversion d.Agreeableness

a.Openness

_____ is an attitude that reflects an individual's identification with and attachment to an organization itself. a.Organizational commitment b.Job satisfaction c.Cognitive dissonance d.Organizational engagement

a.Organizational commitment

_____ is the set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets information about his or her environment. a.Perception b.Repression c.Transformation d.Awareness

a.Perception

Aiko's friends say that Aiko is always in a good mood. She is upbeat and optimistic and has an overall sense of well-being. Which of the following is true of Aiko? a.She has a higher degree of positive affectivity. b.She has low risk propensity. c.She has high levels of Machiavellianism. d.She often experiences cognitive dissonance.

a.She has a higher degree of positive affectivity.

_____ is generalized norm conformity that occurs as a person makes the transition from being an outsider to being an insider in an organization. a.Socialization b.Norming c.Cohesiveness d.Conflict

a.Socialization

_____ is a work arrangement that allows employees to work offsite, usually at home. a.Telecommuting b.A compressed work schedule c.A flexible work schedule d.Job sharing

a.Telecommuting

Which of the following is true of charismatic leaders? a.They set high expectations. b.They do not make any mistakes. c.They succeed only in turbulent environments. d.They have magnified shortcomings.

a.They set high expectations.

People with a strong need for _____ are likely to prefer a job that entails a lot of social interaction. a.affiliation b.power c.security d.achievement

a.affiliation

In contrast to human relations view on motivation, the human resource view: a.assumes that contributions are valuable to both the individuals and the organizations. b.believes that the illusion of contribution and participation will enhance motivation. c.gives workers an illusion of involvement to satisfy their social needs. d.makes workers feel important by giving them a modicum of self-direction in carrying out all job activities.

a.assumes that contributions are valuable to both the individuals and the organizations.

The traditional approach to motivation: a.assumes that work is inherently unpleasant for most people. b.takes a broad view of the role of monetary compensation. c.shows that employees know more about the jobs being performed than managers do. d.assumes that the job people perform is more important than the money they earn.

a.assumes that work is inherently unpleasant for most people.

According to the goal-setting theory, an employee is motivated to perform if his or her goals are: a.clear and precise. b.broad and generic in nature. c.difficult and unattainable. d.very easy to accomplish.

a.clear and precise.

Complete absence of conflict in an organization may result in _____. a.complacency b.hostility c.high performance d.creativity

a.complacency

Which of the following kinds of reinforcement strengthens a desired behavior? a.Extinction b.Avoidance c.Punishment d.Negligence

b.Avoidance

Which of the following is a method of stimulating conflict? a.Enhancing coordination of interdependence b.Increasing competition among individuals and teams c.Bringing conflicting parties together to address conflict d.Matching personalities and work habits of employees

b.Increasing competition among individuals and teams

Which of the following is true of attribution? a.It is the process of screening out information that one is uncomfortable with. b.It is formed around a framework of consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness. c.It is higher in people with more negative affectivity. d.It is the process of categorizing people on the basis of a single attribute.

b.It is formed around a framework of consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.

Which of the following is true of the cognitive approach? a.It requires the ability to describe all possible outcomes in every situation. b.It recognizes that negotiators often depart from perfect rationality during negotiation. c.It concentrates on the personality traits of the negotiators. d.It was developed using mathematical models to predict the outcome of negotiation situations.

b.It recognizes that negotiators often depart from perfect rationality during negotiation.

Which of the following is a task characteristic that may substitute for leadership? a.Professional orientation b.The availability of feedback c.The need for independence d.Time pressure

b.The availability of feedback

Unlike Japan, businesses in the United States are: a.more focused on ethnic leadership. b.based more on individualism. c.more focused on moral leadership. d.based more on collectivism.

b.based more on individualism.

Racial harassment is an example of: a.performance behavior. b.dysfunctional behavior. c.withdrawal behavior. d.avoidant behavior.

b.dysfunctional behavior.

According to equity theory, outcomes from a job include _____. a.time b.intrinsic rewards c.loyalty d.education

b.intrinsic rewards

According to the Myers-Briggs framework, individuals of the _____ type enjoy the process and open-ended situations. a.sensing b.perceiving c.thinking d.judging

b.perceiving

Julian is a top manager at a large pharmaceutical firm. His work requires him to make quick decisions, often with incomplete information. He is most likely to experience stress due to _____. a.role demands b.task demands c.interpersonal demands d.physical demands

b.task demands

A _____ is created by an organization to accomplish a relatively narrow range of purposes within a stated or implied time horizon. a.functional group b.task group c.virtual team d.management team

b.task group

Which of the following is a similarity between individual and group incentives? a.Both tie indirectly to performance increases of employees. b.Both are added to employees' base salary. c.Both are paid to the employees as they are earned. d.Both are types of gainsharing programs.

c.Both are paid to the employees as they are earned.

Which of the following is a reason for imprecise person-job fits. a.Employees expect a lot of favors from their managers. b.Organizations hire new employees. c.Both people and organizations change. d.Performance dimensions are difficult to measure in subjective ways.

c.Both people and organizations change.

_____ is the power to force compliance by means of psychological, emotional, or physical threat. a.Referent power b.Expert power c.Coercive power d.Reward power

c.Coercive power

Roy, a manager at a technology firm, is in charge of a team that is responsible for releasing a new product within a specified timeline. Which of the following should Roy do in order to increase the cohesiveness of his team? a.He should increase intragroup competition. b.He should emphasize competition among employees. c.He should allow opportunities for interaction. d.He should increase the size of the team.

c.He should allow opportunities for interaction.

_____ are the total set of work-related behaviors that an organization expects an individual to display. a.Role demands b.Task actions c.Performance behaviors d.Interpersonal demands

c.Performance behaviors

Which of the following is true of Type A individuals? a.They are less likely to experience stress than Type B individuals. b.They are less likely to experience conflict with other people. c.They are extremely competitive and very devoted to work. d.They work at a slow pace without time urgency.

c.They are extremely competitive and very devoted to work.

Which of the following is a characteristic of extraverts? a.They are gentle, cooperative, forgiving, and understanding. b.They are willing to change their own ideas as a result of new information. c.They are sociable, talkative, and assertive. d.They are disorganized, careless, and irresponsible.

c.They are sociable, talkative, and assertive.

Strategic leadership: a.relates leadership solely to the role of lower-level management. b.explicitly relates leadership to the role of first-line management . c.is used to achieve a superior alignment between a firm and the environment. d.is limited to inspiring support and acceptance through charisma.

c.is used to achieve a superior alignment between a firm and the environment.

In _____, two part-time employees divide one full-time job. a.telecommuting b.compressed work schedules c.job sharing d.v-time

c.job sharing

In the context of expectancy theory, _____ refer to the consequences of behaviors in an organizational setting, usually rewards. a.valences b.schisms c.outcomes d.equities

c.outcomes

Political behavior in organizations can be managed by: a.giving superiors additional power. b.reducing the autonomy of subordinates. c.providing subordinates with feedback. d.increasing competition among managers for resources.

c.providing subordinates with feedback.

Which of the following is true of turnover? a.It has no relation to the labor market. b.It decreases when unemployment is low. c.It is never desirable. d.It can cost an organization.

d.It can cost an organization.

Which of the following best describes intrarole conflict? a.It exists when the expectations of two or more roles are incompatible. b.It results from a discrepancy between the role requirements and an individual's personal values, attitudes, and needs. c.It occurs when a single source sends clear but contradictory messages. d.It occurs when a person gets incompatible demands from different sources within the context of the same role.

d.It occurs when a person gets incompatible demands from different sources within the context of the same role.

Which of the following is true of the fixed-interval schedule? a.It is appropriate for rewards based on inspections. b.It is used to provide rewards after a fixed number of behaviors. c.It provides incentives in the form of sales commissions. d.It provides the least incentive for an employee's good work.

d.It provides the least incentive for an employee's good work.

Which of the following is an example of an individual incentive? a.Employee stock ownership plans b.Gainsharing programs c.Scanlon plans d.Sales commissions

d.Sales commissions

Which of the following is a reason people choose to form informal or interest groups? a.They do not have similar economic standings. b.They lack similar social standings. c.They are dependent on each other. d.They are attracted to one another.

d.They are attracted to one another.

Which of the following is true of inducements? a.They refer to the business environment factors in an organization. b.They refer to the competencies an employee brings to an organization. c.They refer to the total number of years an employee invests in a company. d.They refer to what an organization provides to an individual.

d.They refer to what an organization provides to an individual.

_____ predicts what kinds of situations call for different degrees of group participation. a.Maslow's hierarchy of needs approach b.The path-goal theory of leadership c.The least-preferred coworker theory d.Vroom's decision tree approach

d.Vroom's decision tree approach

Which of the following refers to the resources needed to do a job? a.Motivation b.Ability c.Task design d.Work environment

d.Work environment

The LPC (least-preferred coworker) theory classifies leaders into two types based on whether they: a.use reward power or legitimate power. b.display moral conduct or not. c.make ethical decisions under pressure or not. d.are task oriented or relationship oriented.

d.are task oriented or relationship oriented.

Unlike the Michigan state researchers, the Ohio state researchers: a.determined that situational influences in firms were negligible. b.did not assume that behaviors were independent of each other. c.argued that employee-centered behavior was effective. d.did not interpret leader behavior as being one-dimensional.

d.did not interpret leader behavior as being one-dimensional.

Conflict between two or more individuals is an example of _____. a.interorganizational conflict b.intergroup conflict c.environmental conflict d.interpersonal conflict

d.interpersonal conflict

Managers using job-centered leader behavior: a.show concern for subordinates. b.ensure that employees are satisfied with their jobs. c.attempt to establish a supportive climate. d.show keen interest in performance.

d.show keen interest in performance.

An employee at the research division of an automobile firm has an idea for a new type of alloy for the chassis of a car. A prototype of the car that uses this alloy will be developed during the _____ stage of the creative process. a.incubation b.preparation c.insight d.verification

d.verification