Exam 4
Blood normally clots in approximately ________.
3-6 mins
Normal blood pH falls in a range between ________ to ________.
7.35; 7.45
The normal resting heart rate is about ________ times per minute.
75
The blood type that contains both antigens A and B is ________.
AB
Which blood type is referred to as the "universal recipient" since it can receive blood types A, B, AB, and O?
AB
A person with type B blood can receive blood from blood type(s) ________.
B and O
Molly has blood type A and her daughter has blood type B. Why can't Molly donate blood to her daughter?
Blood type B contains anti-A antibodies, which will agglutinate with type A blood.
Platelet
Cell fragments that form from the rupture of a megakaryocyte. Type of cell fragment involved in hemostasis.
Perforins
Chemical released by natural killer cells to cause cell lysis
Leukocyte
Excess numbers of these cells cause leukocytosis. These formed elements number 4,800 to 10,800 cells/mm3 of blood. Granulocytes and agranulocytes are classified as types of these cells.
Erythrocyte
Excess of these cells cause polycythemia. Type of cell produced in response to erythropoietin. Immature form of this cell is called a reticulocyte. Type of cell that is shaped like a biconcave disc. Type of cell that averages 5 million cells/mm3 of blood
Right ventricle
Heart chamber that pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk.
Left ventricle
Heart chamber with the thickest wall. Inferior discharging chamber on the left side of the heart. The bicuspid (mitral) valve is situated between the left atrium and this chamber.
Peyer's patches
Located in the wall of the small intestines
Spleen
Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity. Destroys worn-out blood cells and returns some of their break-down products to the liver.
Thymus
Located overlying the heart. Programs T lymphocytes during youth.
Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ________.
MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
Ventricular diastole
Pressure in the heart is low. The atrioventricular (AV) valves are open.
Ventricular systole
Semilunar valves are forced open as pressure in the heart rises. Blood is ejected from the ventricles through the pulmonary trunk and aorta. Atrioventricular (AV) valves shut as pressure in the heart rises. Ventricular contraction.
Blood type AB
The blood type that can receive blood types B and AB. The blood type that does not form anti-A or anti-B antibodies.
Blood type O
The blood type that has no antigens The blood type that forms both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. The most common blood type.
Blood type A
The blood type that possesses the A antigen only
Right atirum
The coronary sinus empties blood from cardiac circulation into this chamber. Heart chamber that contains the sinoatrial node.
Left atrium
The four pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to this chamber. The interatrial septum separates the right atrium from this chamber.
Artries
These vessels carry blood away from the heart. The aorta is classified as one of these vessels. These vessels have thicker walls and a heavier tunica media.
Veins
These vessels return blood to the heart. Superior and inferior vena cava are classified as these types of vessels. Due to low pressure in these vessels, skeletal muscle activity aids the return of blood by milking it along in these vessels toward the heart. These vessels have thinner walls and transport oxygen-poor blood. Some of these larger vessels have valves to prevent backflow.
Tonsils
Traps and removes bacteria and pathogens entering the throat
Capillaries
Venules drain these tiny beds of vessels. Microcirculation occurs in these vessels.
White blood cells differ from red blood cells because only they contain ________.
a nucleus and most organelles
An important plasma protein that contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood is ________.
albumin
A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood, for any reason, is a condition known as ________.
anemia
Substances that the body recognizes as foreign are called ________.
antigens
Blood leaves the left ventricle through an artery known as the ________.
aorta
What is largest artery in the body?
aorta
An incompetent aortic semilunar valve would allow blood to backflow from the ________.
aorta to the left ventricle
Which valve is closed during heart relaxation to prevent blood from backflowing from the aorta into the heart?
aortic semilunar valve
The pointed, inferior portion of the heart, known as the ________, rests on the diaphragm and is oriented toward the left hip.
apex
The path of blood flow within the systemic vascular system is ________.
arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, venules, veins
The two superior receiving chambers of the heart are known as the ________, while the two inferior discharging chambers of the heart are known as the ________.
atria; ventricles
The atrioventricular valves are closed when ________.
atrial pressure is less than ventricular pressure
The first heart sound, "lub," is caused by the closure of the ________ valves.
atrioventricular (AV)
Which type of granulocyte releases histamine at sites of inflammation?
basophils
Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from ________.
blood
What is blood serum?
blood plasma minus the clotting proteins
Which blood type(s) can a person with blood type O receive?
blood type O
Which of these blood types carries no antigens?
blood type O
Which blood type contains the A antigen only?
blood type a
What are the tiny white cords that anchor the cusps or flaps of endocardium to the walls of the ventricles?
chordae tendineae
The formation of an insoluble clot during hemostasis is termed ________.
coagulation
What is the final step of hemostasis in which the formation of a blood clot is accomplished?
coagulation
Oxygented blood nourishing the myocardium comes from vessels that branch off the aorta called ________.
coronary arteries
Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from cardiac circulation to the right atrium of the heart?
coronary sinus
What is the name of the process by which white blood cells move in and out of blood vessels?
diapedesis
Which type of leukocyte kills parasitic worms by deluging them with digestive enzymes?
eosinophil
Which of the following increases heart rate?
epinephrine
Which formed element is the most abundant in blood?
erythrocytes
What hormone controls the rate of erythrocyte production?
erythropoietin
Blood type A can receive a transfusion from blood types A and AB during a transfusion.
false
What long, hairlike molecules form the basis of a clot during coagulation?
fibrin
White blood cells containing granules and lobed nuclei are classified as ________.
granulocytes
The two major groups of white blood cells are ________.
granulocytes and agranulocytes
All lymph flows in a one-way system toward the ________.
heart
The percentage of erythrocytes in blood is known as the ________.
hematocrit
What is necessary for the transport of oxygen by an erythrocyte?
hemoglobin
What part of a red blood cell binds and transports oxygen?
hemoglobin
The process by which bleeding is stopped is called ________.
hemostasis
Which system is a functional system, not an organ system in the anatomical sense, that consists of innate and adaptive defense mechanisms?
immune system
The partition where the bundle branches are located is called the ________.
interventricular septum
What structure divides the left ventricle from the right ventricle?
interventricular septum
Erythrocytes_________.
lack a nucleus and most organelles
The walls of the ________ are substantially thicker because that chamber acts as the more powerful systemic pump of the heart.
left ventricle
In a centrifuged blood sample, the buffy coat situated between the formed elements and the plasma contains ________.
leukocytes and platelets
Abnormally low levels of white blood cells causes a condition known as ________.
leukopenia
Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by ________.
lymph nodes
Which of the following is NOT one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)?
lymph nodes
Fluids that have escaped the cardiovascular system are picked up by the ________.
lymphatic system
Within a lymph node, what cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph?
macrophages
Platelets are fragments of a multinucleate cell known as a ________.
megakaryocyte
What is the muscular layer of the heart wall?
myocardium
The most numerous of the white blood cells are the ________.
neutrophils
Which of the following cells are classified as granulocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
The matrix of blood is called ________.
plasma
Which vessels return oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart?
polmunary veins
Life at a high altitude, where less oxygen is available, can lead to a red blood cell disorder known as ________.
polycythemia
If you carry the Rh antigen, you are referred to as Rh ________.
positive
The transportation of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart is known as ________ circulation.
pulmonary
Which one of the following blood vessels carries oxygenated blood?
pulmonary vein
Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart?
pumping action of heart
Where does hematopoiesis occur to produce new red blood cells?
red bone marrow
The tricuspid valve is located between the ________.
right atirum and right ventircle
Which one of the following represents the correct path for the transmission of an impulse in the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?
sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Blood is ________.
slightly alkaline
Which term means heart contraction?
systole
Vascular spasms, a part of process of hemostasis, limit blood loss during blood vessel injury.
true
Which one of the following represents the proper sequence of hemostasis?
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
Placing pressure on a cut will constrict blood vessels manually, and encourages ________.
vascular spasms
During atrial diastole, blood flows from the atria to the ________.
ventricles
What drains capillary beds?
venules
The mitral valve is normally closed ________.
when the ventricle is in systole
The average functional lifespan of an RBC is ________.
100-120 days