Exam 5

Describe the function of the bladder.

The bladder is a distensible, muscular, hollow organ that stores and excretes urine.

Describe nursing interventions that convey cultural sensitivity.

- Always address clients by their last names - When meeting clients for the first time, introduce yourself by your full name, and explain your role - Be authentic with clients and be honest about your knowledge of other cultures - Use culturally sensitive language (ex. homosexual instead of gay or lesbian) - Ask the client how he or she self-identifies in regards to their race/ethnicity - Find out how the client thinks about his or her health problems, illness, and treatments - Always ask about something you do not understand - Show respect for client's values, beliefs and practices - Show respect for client's support people - Make an effort to obtain the client's trust

List the guidelines to follow when using an interpreter in the health care setting.

- Avoid asking a member of the client's family, especially a child or spouse, to act as an interpreter - Be aware of gender and age differences; it is preferable to use an interpreter of the same gender - Choose an interpreter who is politically or socially compatible with the client - Address the questions to the client, not to the interpreter - Ask the interpreter to interpret as closely as possible the words used by the nurse - Speak slowly and distinctly; do not use metaphors - Observe the facial expressions and body language that the client assumes when listening and talking to the interpreter

Discuss factors that affect voiding.

- Developmental factors (fun fact; ears develop at the same time as kidneys, if there is an ear deformity detected, kidneys are examined as well) - Psychosocial factors (out with friends drinking) - Fluid and food intake (for example, beets cause more frequent urination) - Medications (may cause more frequent urination) - Muscle tone - Pathologic conditions - Surgical and diagnostic procedures

When someone is confused they:

- Have reduced awareness - Are easily bewildered - Have poor memory - Misinterpret stimuli - Have impaired judgment

Describe factors affecting sleep.

- Illness - Environment - Lifestyle - Emotional stress - Stimulants and alcohol - Diet - Smoking - Motivation - Medications

Explain the physiology functions of sleep for adults and older adults.

- The effects of sleep on the body are not completely understood - Sleep exerts physiologic effects on both the nervous system and other body structures - Sleep in some way restores normal levels of activity and normal balance among parts of the nervous system - Sleep is also necessary for protein synthesis, which allows repair processes to occur - Individuals with inadequate amounts of sleep tend to become emotionally irritable, have poor concentration, and experience difficulty making decisions

Describe strategies that can increase a nurse's own spiritual awareness.

- Write a self-epitaph - Explore personal end-of-life issues - Create a personal loss history - List significant values - Conduct a spiritual self-assessment

Define the responses to Motor Response on the Glasgow Coma Scale and assign the correct number to the response.

1) No response 2) Extends abnormally 3) Flexes abnormally 4) Flexes and withdraws 5) To localized pain 6) To verbal command

Define the responses to Verbal Response on the Glasgow Coma Scale and assign the correct number to the response.

1) No response 2) Makes incomprehensible sounds 3) Uses inappropriate words 4) Disoriented, converses 5) Oriented, converses

Define the responses to Eye Opening on the Glasgow Coma Scale and assign the correct number to the response.

1) No response 2) To pain 3) To verbal command 4) Spontaneous

What are the 4 aspects that make sensory perception meaningful?

1) Stimulus: stimulates the receptor 2) Receptor: converts stimulus to nerve impulse 3) Impulse conduction: travel along nerve pathway to the spinal cord or brain 4) Perception: awareness/interpretation of stimulus

What are the 4 C's?

1) What do you call your problem? ("What do you think is wrong?" / "What is concerning or worrying you?") 2) What do you think caused your problem? (this addresses the client's belief regarding the source of the problem) 3) How do you cope with your condition? ("What have you done to try to make it better?" / "Who else have you been to for treatment?") 4) What are your concerns regarding the condition and/or recommend treatment? ("How serious do you think this is?" / "What potential complications do you fear?")

Describe parasomnias.

A parasomnia is a behavior that may interfere with sleep and may even occur during sleep. It is characterized by physical events like movements or experiences that are displayed as emotions, perceptions, or dreams. 3 classes: - non-rapid eye movement - rapid eye movement - miscellaneous with no specific stage of sleep

Awareness =

Ability to perceive stimuli and respond

Define acculturation.

Acculturation occurs when individuals incorporate traits from another culture. The members of the immigrant cultural group are often forced to adopt the new culture to survive. Acculturation can also be defined as the changes of one's cultural patterns to those of the host society.

An alteration in urinary elimination lasting less than 6 months is:

Acute

Explain age related changes in sleep patterns that commonly occur in young adults, middle aged adults and older adults.

Adults can function on 6-10 hours of sleep depending on the individual. Older adults have a tendency toward earlier bedtimes and earlier wake times. Older adults usually awaken 1.3 hours earlier and go to bed approximately 1 hour earlier than younger adults. Older adults may show an increase in disturbed sleep that can create a negative impact on their quality of life, mood, and alertness. During sleep, an older adult has a flattened circadian rhythm.

Which drugs disturb sleep?

Alcohol Amphetamines Antidepressants Beta blockers Bronchodilators Caffeine Decongestants Narcotics Steroids

When someone has full consciousness they are:

Alert; oriented to time, place, person; they understand verbal and written words.

Which drugs cause excessive daytime sleepiness?

Antidepressants Antihistamines Beta blockers Narcotics

Alert =

Arousal

Explain the nursing health history in relation to data collection for assessing a patient's sleep history and how the data collected can help the nurse identify learning needs.

Assessing a patient's sleep history can help the nurse identify learning needs because the nurse may find out that the client may need help figuring out which medications to take and what kind of equipment to use, if any.

Define assimilation.

Assimilation is the process by which an individual develops a new cultural identity. Assimilation means becoming like the members of the local culture. The process of assimilation encompasses various aspects, such as behavioral, marital, identification, and civic aspects.

An alteration in urinary elimination lasting more than 6 months is:

Chronic

Tertiary Prevention

Begins after illness, when a defect of disability is determined to be irreversible, focus to help rehabilitate individuals and restore to optimum level of functioning within constraints of disability. Focuses on restoration and rehabilitation to the optimal level of functioning.

Discuss health disparities among racial and ethnic groups.

Black, Hispanic and Asian individuals are more likely to receive worse care than white individuals, and they are less likely to have access to care than white individuals. Poorer individuals are also more likely to receive worse care than wealthier individuals.

When someone is semicomatose they:

Can be aroused by extreme or repeated stimuli.

What are the causes of excessive daytime sleepiness?

Clients may experience excessive daytime sleepiness as a result of hypersomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and insufficient sleep.

Describe the interconnection of spirituality and religious concepts as they relate to health and spiritually sensitive nursing care.

Clients often approach their health challenges, decisions, suffering etc with a worldview that reflects their spiritual or religious beliefs. Spiritual or religious beliefs and practices are frequently found to relieve one's suffering; discomforting these beliefs can intensify suffering. Patients' spiritual and religious beliefs must be respected when they are in the care of healthcare professionals. "Spiritually sensitive" nursing care has been found in studies to affect positive client outcomes such as satisfaction with care. Nurses need to be sensitive to indications of the client's spiritual needs and respond appropriately.

Describe the data to collect during a physical assessment for patients who have a sleep disorder or experiencing problems with rest and sleep.

Common findings among clients with sleep apnea include an enlarged and reddened uvula and soft palate, enlarged tonsils and adenoids (in children), obesity (in adults), and in male clients a neck size greater than 17.5 inches. Occasionally a deviated septum may be noted, but it is rarely the cause of obstructive sleep apnea.

Explain how a patient's communication, space orientation, time orientation and nutritional patterns are influenced by cultural values.

Communication: culture influences how patients view being communicated to; what may offend some in one culture will not offend others in another culture. So, nurses must be sensitive to this when communicating with patients of different cultural backgrounds. Space orientation: in some cultures, space is not owned and people do not feel space belongs to them. In other cultures, space is more territorial and must be respected. It is important for nurses to obtain consent from patients before approaching their personal space, and to explain why it is important to do so. Time orientation: depending on the culture, people have different perceptions of time. In some cultures, people plan ahead and measure milestones frequently, while people in other cultures focus on the past. To make things easier on some patients, the nurse may consider instructing a patient to take medications after a certain activity instead of at a certain time. Nutritional patterns: nutritional patterns are influenced by culture and therefore may influence how parents value breastfeeding, or when to introduce solids to their infants. Nutritional patterns will impact the nutrient intake of people based on their preferred foods.

Describe cultural models of nursing care, with a focus on cultural competence.

Cultural competence refers to the provision of healthcare across cultural boundaries and takes into account the context in which the patient lives, as well as the situations in which the patient's health problems arise. This is an ongoing, multidimensional learning process that integrates transcultural nursing skills in all 3 dimensions - cognitive, practical, and affective. It involves transcultural self-efficacy as a major influencing factor, and aims to achieve culturally congruent care.

Describe how cultural values influence communication patterns within the family.

Cultural values greatly influence communication patterns within the family group, the norm for family size, and the roles of specific family members. In some cultures, specific members of the family are designated decision-makers, whether that is the male head of the household or a matriarchal figure like a mother or grandmother. The nurse needs to identify who has the "authority" to make decisions in a client's family. If the decision maker is someone other than the client, the nurse needs to obtain the client's permission and then include that individual in healthcare discussions.

Define culture.

Culture refers to the thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious or social groups. Culture is the learned and shared patterns of information that a group uses to generate meaning among its members. These patterns include nonverbal language and material goods.

Discuss the nursing management of a patient with a sleep or rest disorder. Include nursing diagnosis, planning nursing interventions for each and how would the nurse prioritize the care and evaluate the patient outcomes for each.

Diagnosis: Impaired sleep RT anxiety AEB difficulty falling and remaining asleep, fatigue, and irritability Desired outcomes: Sleep - no compromise in sleeping through the night consistently - no compromise in feeling rejuvenated after sleep - no dependence on sleep aids Interventions: - determine client's sleep and activity pattern; encourage client to establish a bedtime routine to facilitate transition from wakefulness to sleep - encourage client to eliminate stressful situations before bedtime - teach about how physiologic, psychologic, lifestyle factors impact sleep - promote comfort measures - teach about monitoring food and beverage intake - discuss using coping mechanisms that have been successful in the past - encourage verbalization of feelings, perceptions and fears - determine client's decision-making ability Evaluation: - evaluate whether client acknowledges his insomnia as a somatic expression of his anxiety - evaluate whether talking with police department counselor has been helpful - evaluate whether client has been practicing relaxation techniques - evaluate whether client expresses a feeling of being rested on awakening

Define diversity.

Diversity refers to being different. Factors include sex, age, culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, religious affiliation, etc. Diversity can occur not only between cultural groups but also within cultural groups.

Discuss reception and its 2 components.

Reception = receiving stimuli or data, externally or internally. External: visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, gustatory Internal: gustatory - Kinesthetic: awareness of position and movement - Stereognosis: ability to perceive by touch

Describe methods to assess the spiritual and religious preferences, strengths, concerns, or distress of a patient and plan appropriate nursing care.

During the assessment of the client, the nurse will have obtained specific information about the client's religious preference and practices. A nurse-conducted spiritual assessment should limit itself to client spirituality as it relates to health. It is not the privilege of clinicians to investigate a client's spirituality unless it has a purpose related to providing healthcare. Cues to spiritual and religious preferences, strengths, concerns, or distress may be revealed by one or more of the following: 1) Environment 2) Behavior 3) Verbalization 4) Affect and attitude 5) Interpersonal relationships Ask questions like: "Is spirituality or religion important to you?" "What spiritual or religious beliefs and practices are especially important for your healthcare team to know about?" "In what ways can I or we support your spirit?" "How will being sick interfere with your religious practices?" "What spiritual or religious beliefs influence you the most as you make healthcare decisions?" "How is your faith helpful to you?"

Explain the nursing health history in relation to data collection for a patient with a sensory perceptual deficit and how the data can help the nurse identify learning needs.

During the nursing history the nurse assesses the client's current sensory perceptions, usual functioning, sensory deficits, and potential problems.

Define dysuria

Dysuria is painful or difficult urination

Secondary Prevention

Emphasizes early detection of disease experiencing health problems. Prevention of Complications and disabilities. Early identification, prompt intervention to alleviate health problems. Goal is to identify early to prevent future disability.

Define enuresis

Enuresis is involuntary urination such as in children with lack of bladder control. This usually occurs in children between 4 to 5 years old.

Define ethnicity.

Ethnicity is used interchangeably with race. Ethnicity may be viewed as a relationship among individuals who believe that they have distinctive characteristics that make them a group. Ethnicity is not a fixed concept and may shift over time.

Outline factors affecting sensory function and sensory alterations.

Factors affecting sensory function include an individual's: - Developmental stage (response to stimuli is learned) - Culture (influences what we consider to be normal) - Level of stress (usually want to decrease sensory stimulation) - Medications - Illness - Lifestyle - Personality (influences what we are accustomed to) Anyone taking several medications concurrently may show alterations in sensory function. Older adults are at greatest risk for such alterations because they may have conditions that also alter perception and spatial orientation.

Primary Prevention

Generalized health promotion and specific protection against disease. Precedes disease and dysfunction. Purpose is to decrease risk of exposure of individual or community to disease.

When someone is somnolent they:

Have extreme drowsiness but will respond to stimuli.

Describe hypersomnia and its possible causes.

Hypersomnia refers to conditions where the affected individual obtains sufficient sleep at night but still cannot stay awake during the day. Hypersomnia can be caused by medical conditions like CNS damage or kidney, liver or metabolic disorders like diabetic acidosis and hypothyroidism. Rarely does hypersomnia have a psychologic origin.

Describe health-related practices in African American culture.

In African American culture: - Menstruation may be viewed as the body's way of clearing dirty and excess blood - There is a rich tradition of herbal remedies - Dairy products are avoided due to a high incidence of lactose intolerance - There is a focus on present time which may interfere with preventive medicine and follow-up care

Describe health-related practices in Asian culture.

In Asian culture: - Only elders are permitted to touch the heads of others - Coining and cupping are traditional practices - Personal space is valued - Direct eye contact is typically avoided - Fevers may be treated by wrapping the ill person in warm blankets and having him or her drink warm liquids - Hot liquids such as tea are preferred - There are rich traditional herbal remedies - Traditional Chinese medicine is valued

Examine health beliefs and practices, with a focus on the magic or religious health belief, the scientific health belief, the holistic health belief and the use of folk medicine. Explain how these beliefs will impact teaching needs of patients and families.

In the magico-religious health belief view, health and illness are controlled by supernatural forces. The client may believe that illness is the result of "being bad" or opposing the will of The Creator. Getting well is also viewed as dependent on the will of The Creator. The scientific health belief view is based on the belief that life is controlled by physical and biochemical processes that can be manipulated by humans. The client with this view will believe that illness is caused by germs, viruses, bacteria, or a breakdown of the body. The client will expect a pill, treatment or surgery to cure health problems. The holistic health belief view holds that the forces of nature must be maintained in balance or harmony. Human life is one aspect of nature that must be in harmony with the rest of nature. When the natural balance or harmony is disturbed, illness results. Folk medicine is defined as those beliefs and practices relating to illness prevention and healing that derive from cultural traditions rather than from modern medicine's scientific base. Folk medicine is thought to be more humanistic than biomedical healthcare.

Describe insomnia.

Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep or remain asleep. Individuals with insomnia do not awaken feeling rested. Insomnia is the most common sleep complaint in America. Acute insomnia lasts one to several nights and is often caused by personal stressors or worry. If the insomnia persists for longer than a month, it is considered chronic insomnia. Older people and women are more likely to experience insomnia.

Describe narcolepsy and its possible causes.

Narcolepsy is caused by the lack of chemical hypocretin in the area of the CNS that regulates sleep. Clients with narcolepsy have sleep attacks or excessive daytime sleepiness.

Define nationality.

Nationality is used interchangeably with ethnicity or citizenship. It refers to the sovereign state or country where an individual has membership, which may be through birth, inheritance via parents, or naturalization.

Define anuria

No urine

Define nocturia

Nocturia refers to the urge to wake up at night to urinate; more than 2 times

When someone is disoriented they are:

Not oriented to time, place, or person.

Describe nursing care/therapeutics to support and promote a patient's spiritual health.

Nurses may support and promote a patient's spiritual health by: - Providing presence - Conversing about spirituality - Supporting religious practices - Assisting clients with prayer - Referring clients for spiritual counseling

Outline the nursing management of a patient with a sensory perceptual deficit. Include nursing diagnosis, planning nursing interventions for each and how would the nurse prioritize the care and evaluate the patient outcomes for each.

Nursing diagnoses: - Disturbances in thinking RT confusion and inability to recall past experiences RT diminished cognitive ability - Potential for injury RT decreased vision, hearing, or tactile stimulation, changes in consciousness, or sensory impairment Planning: - Prevent injury - Maintain the function of existing senses - Develop an effective communication mechanism - Prevent sensory overload or deprivation - Reduce social isolation - Perform ADLs independently and safely Implementing: - Promoting healthy sensory function - Helping clients manage acute sensory deficits - Adjusting environmental stimuli

Describe the physical assessment to determine a patient's sensory impairment.

Physical assessment determines whether the senses are impaired. During the physical examination the nurse assesses vision and hearing and the olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and kinesthetic senses. The examination should reveal the client's specific visual and hearing abilities; perception of heat, cold, light touch, and pain in the limbs; and awareness of the position of the body parts.

Describe sleep apnea and include the 3 different types.

Obstructive apnea: the structures of the pharynx or oral cavity block the flow of air Central apnea: this involves a defect in the respiratory center of the brain Mixed apnea: a combination of central apnea and obstructive apnea Sleep apnea is characterized by frequent short breathing pauses during sleep. All individuals have occasional periods of apnea during sleep, but more than 5 breathing pauses longer than 10 seconds per hour is considered abnormal and should be evaluated by a sleep medicine specialist. Symptoms include loud snoring, frequent nocturnal awakenings, excessive daytime sleepiness, difficulties falling asleep at night, morning headaches, memory and cognitive problems, irritability. Most frequently diagnosed in men and postmenopausal women, but may occur during childhood.

Define oliguria

Oliguria means not peeing a lot

What kind of medications will affect the sensory system?

Opioids, antiepileptic, sedatives, ototoxic drugs like aspirin and furosemide

Define polyuria

Polyuria means peeing a lot

Define race.

Race is a social construct.

Describe the influence of spiritual and religious beliefs and practices that can have an impact on a patient's health care.

Religious rules of conduct, typically influenced concurrently by culture, may apply to matters of daily life such as dress, food, social interaction, menstruation, childrearing, and sexual relationships. When individuals get sick, they frequently rely on prayer and other spiritual practices. Decisions about health and end-of-life care are guided by spiritual or religious beliefs. Spiritual and religious beliefs play a significant role in the believer's approach to death just as they do in other major life events. Religious beliefs may influence end-of-life care choices, such as whether to seek hospice care, have an advance care plan, or desire for resuscitation.

Elaborate on the developmental stage regarding sensory function.

Responses to stimuli are learned. As we get older, there is a gradual loss of response to stimuli and we adapt to that. There is a difference between gradual and sudden loss of stimuli. No matter what our age, whenever we experience a sudden loss in response to stimuli (like loss of hearing or sight), this will have a huge impact on how we view our health.

Apathy, emotional liability belongs to:

Sensory deprivation

Crying, annoyance over small matters, depression belongs to:

Sensory deprivation

Decreased attention span, difficulty concentrating, decreased problem solving belongs to:

Sensory deprivation

Excessive yawning, drowsiness, sleeping belongs to:

Sensory deprivation

Hallucinations or delusions belongs to:

Sensory deprivation

Impaired memory belongs to:

Sensory deprivation

Periodic disorientation, general confusion, nocturnal confusion belongs to:

Sensory deprivation

Preoccupation with somatic complaints, such as palpitations belongs to:

Sensory deprivation

Complaints of fatigue, sleeplessness belongs to:

Sensory overload

Increased muscle tension belongs to:

Sensory overload

Irritability, anxiety, restlessness belongs to:

Sensory overload

Periodic or general disorientation belongs to:

Sensory overload

Reduced problem-solving ability and task performance belongs to:

Sensory overload

Scattered attention and racing thoughts belongs to:

Sensory overload

Examine diagnostic studies related to measuring sleep and sleep disorders.

Sleep is measured objectively in a sleep disorder laboratory by polysomnography, in which an electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG), and electro-oculogram (EOG) are recorded simultaneously.

Describe health-related practices in Hispanic culture.

Some Hispanic clients may be unable to obtain hospice care if family members do not permit the client to be informed of the diagnosis or prognosis.

Discuss spiritual distress.

Spiritual disruption or distress refers to the inner chaos that can occur when an individual's assumptions and beliefs are threatened or shattered. Spiritual distress may involve: - negative emotions related to God - concerns about demonic forces - interpersonal conflicts with religious individuals or organizations - struggles to live according to moral values - doubts about religious beliefs - guilt and worry about not finding meaningfulness in life Signs and symptoms of spiritual disruption/distress: - a lack of enthusiasm for life, hopelessness, meaninglessness, sense of emptiness, inadequate acceptance of self - feelings of abandonment or anger toward a power greater than self or toward a spiritual community - questioning the credibility of spiritual or religious beliefs; questioning the meaning of life, death or suffering - exhibiting sudden changes in spiritual practices - requesting or refusing to interact with a spiritual leader - lack of interest in religious or spiritually nurturing resources or experiences

Discuss spiritual health.

Spiritual health or well-being is often portrayed as the opposite of spiritual disruption. Spiritual health is thought to not occur by chance, but by choice. That is, spiritual health results when individuals intentionally seek to strengthen their "spiritual muscles" through various spiritual disciplines like prayer, meditation, service, fellowship with similar believers, learning from a spiritual mentor, worship, study, fasting.

Discuss spiritual needs.

Spiritual needs: - Need for satisfying meaning to ascribe to illness, life, dying, any loss or serious challenge (ex. "Why would this happen to me?") - Need for purpose, vocation, mission (ex. "Now that I can't work anymore, what good is it for me to keep living?") - Need for believable beliefs, sensible worldview ("I've been told God is in control and is loving, but that doesn't make sense to me anymore.") - Guilt, need to restore relationship ("I wonder if I'm being punished for something I did when I was younger.") - The feelings of shame, imperfection, unworthiness ("I was never good enough for xyz, but now look how sick/disabled/scarred I am") - Need to worship and transcend self ("I am so tired/sick/anxious, I'm beside myself...I wish I could feel God was involved in this situation.") - Need for peace and composure ("I just wish I could make it all turn out the way I want it to.") - Need to be grateful ("I know I should count my blessings; things could be worse") - Need to express love ("You nurses do so much for me; I wish I could do nice things for you") - Feelings of isolation, abandonment, betrayal ("Why don't they come to visit anymore?")

Define stereotyping.

Stereotyping refers to making the assumption that an individual reflects all characteristics associated with being a member of a group.

Explain the use of the LEARN model when conducting a cultural assessment.

The LEARN model and the 4 C's are quick assessment tools to better understand the client's perspective. L isten actively with empathy to the client's perception of the problem. E xplain what you think you heard or ask for clarification. A cknowledge the importance of what is said and what it means. R ecommend inclusive strategies. N egotiate the plan of care by collaborating with the client and others.

What are the components of the sensory perception process?

The sensory perception process involves 2 components: reception and perception.

Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system.

The urinary system is made up of the: - adrenal glands - kidneys - ureters - orifices of ureters - bladder - trigone - urethra

Discuss urge incontinence

Urge incontinence refers to the sudden urge to pee, followed by involuntary urine loss due to infection, neuro disorders, diabetes

Discuss urinary incontinence

Urinary Incontinence: - involuntary urination/urine leakage - wide-spread problem which peaks with geriatric population - UI is associated with skin breakdown, recurrent UTIs and falls RT urgency - UI is associated with depression, feelings of shame, embarrassment and isolation - underreported, not normal, treatable

Define urinary frequency

Urinary frequency happens when someone eliminates more than 4-6 times daily

Define urinary urgency

Urinary urgency refers to a strong desire to void even if there is not enough urine in the bladder

Describe what happens in the ureters.

Urine that is collected from the ducts travels to the bladder through ureters.

Discuss the function of the urethra.

Urine travels from the bladder through the urethra to outside of the body.

Describe what happens in the kidneys.

Waste products of metabolism that collect in the blood are filtered in the kidneys.

When someone is comatose they:

Will not respond to verbal stimuli.

Discuss functional incontinence

With functional incontinence, there is a normal bladder and urethral function that has difficulty getting to toilet from impaired mobility or mental confusion

Discuss reflex incontinence

With reflex incontinence, muscles involuntarily contract without warning or urge

Discuss retention incontinence

With retention incontinence there is retention with overflow: leakage from bladder overfilling and unable to void

Discuss stress incontinence

With stress incontinence, urine leaks with pressure exerted on the bladder

Describe the spiritual development of the adult and older adult.

Younger adults are less likely to be openly religious, and often will use private religious and spiritual coping strategies as compared to older adults. Many older adults highly value religious coping strategies such as prayer. Evidence shows spiritual well-being to be directly correlated with mental health and less medical illness among older adults. Older adults may be especially concerned about living a purposeful life, maintaining loving relationships to avoid social isolation, and preparing for a good death.