Exam 6

Movement of sodium across the cells of the collecting duct relies on which one of the following? bulk flow active transport tubular reabsorption passive transport

Active transport

Alcohol has diuretic effects, increasing urine output. By which one of the following is this mediated? Drinks with alcohol also contain a lot of water, and the kidneys excrete this. Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH. Alcohol increases the amount of sodium reabsorbed. Alcohol makes the renal tubules more permeable to water.

Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH

Bacterial and viral infections of the brain are rare because the ________ prevents most viruses, proteins, and bacteria from entering the cerebrospinal fluid. blood-brain barrier corpus callosum synpase skull

Blood brain barrier

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves are part of the ________ nervous system. hindbrain Cranial central peripheral

Central

People who are intoxicated cannot coordinate their movements or walk a straight line because alcohol disrupts the normal function of which region of the brain? cerebellum hypothalamus cerebrum corpus callosum

Cerebellum

The region of brain that coordinates antagonistic muscle movements is the: thalamus. cerebellum. medulla oblongata. pons.

Cerebellum

LASIK treatment functions to improve eyesight by:

Changing the shape of the cornea

Aldosterone is secreted: Contribute to maintenance of salt balance Maintain acid−base balance and blood pH Regulate red blood cell production Contribute to maintenance of water balance

Contribute to maintenance of salt balance

The hairpin design of the loop of Henle allows events on one side of the loop to influence the events on the other side, by a process referred to as: bulk flow. tubular reabsorption. countercurrent exchange. glomerular filtration.

Countercurrent exchange

TRUE OR FALSE An action potential is a long or rapid release of energy, generated by the sodium-potassium pumps of neurons.

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE The repolarization phase of an action potential is dependent on the sodium-potassium pump.

FALSE

Convergence occurs when several presynaptic cells: activate the sodium-potassium pump of a Schwann cell. depolarize simultaneously. form a synapse with multiple postsynaptic cells. form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell.

Form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell

Receptors for fast pain: generally occur in or near skin. transmit action potentials to the brain along the same neurons used by spinal neurons. generally arise from muscles or internal organs. initiate action potentials that travel more quickly.

Generally occur in or near skin

A stronger stimulus results in which one of the following? activation of more receptors and initiation of more action potentials action potentials that travel more quickly larger action potentials greater frequency of action potentials

Greater frequency of action potentials

What type of neuron transmits impulses within the central nervous system? interneuron intermittent neuron sensory neuron motor neuron

Interneuron

Which part of the central nervous system is associated with emotions? Thalamus Cerebrum Cerebellum Limbic system

Limbic System

A student noticed that when he closed his eyes, he could still determine the position of his arms and legs. This is largely due to the activity of: Meissner's corpuscles. chemoreceptors. Merkel disks. Mechanoreceptors.

Mechanoreceptors

Control of respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure is integrated through the: thalamus. cerebral cortex. cerebellum. medulla oblongata.

Medulla oblongata

Which component of the nervous system is divided into the somatic and autonomic divisions? motor spinal cord parasympathetic sensory

Motor

When repolarization is occurring during an action potential, ________ channels are closed. Cl- (chloride) Ca+ (calcium) K+ (potassium) Na+ (sodium)

NA+ (sodium)

Only 20% of cells in the human nervous system are neurons, and the rest are cells that support and protect neurons called ________ cells. somatic Baker cells neuroglial peripheral

Neuroglial

Arrival of an action potential at an axon terminal ultimately results in the release of ________ into the synaptic cleft. K+ (potassium) Na+ (sodium) A second action potential neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters

The primary sources of the nitrogenous wastes that are eliminated by the kidneys are: vitamins proteins carbohydrates nucleic acids

Proteins

Over 99% of the water filtered through the glomerulus is reabsorbed. At which one of the following locations does most of this water reabsorption (65 - 70%) occur? proximal tubule distal tubule loop of Henle collecting duct

Proximal tubule

Some sensory receptors stop sending action potentials even though the original stimulus persists. This is known as which one of the following? receptor discontinuance receptor overload receptor adaptation receptor oversight

Receptor adaptation

Which of the following receive(s) a physical or chemical stimulus and ultimately cause(s) nerve impulses to be generated in sensory neurons? Schwann cells receptors axons the brain

Receptors

Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by which one of the following? inhibiting presynaptic neurons from depolarizing inhibiting postsynaptic neurons from repolarizing stimulating depolarization of presynaptic neurons stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons

Stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons

Its effect is to prepare the body for emergencies: sensory nervous system somatic nervous sytem parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

TRUE OR FALSE Chloride ions passively follow sodium that has been actively transported out of tubular cells, due to the attraction of negatively charged ions to positively charged ions.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE Osmotic concentration in the descending limb of the loop of Henle increases as water moves out.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE Reestablishment of the resting potential in a neuron following an action potential requires the activity of the sodium-potassium pump.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE When you are taking an exam, the sympathetic nervous system is dominant.

TRUE

Which part of the brain functions like a switchboard for the brain? Pons Thalamus Medulla oblongata Cerebellum

Thalamus

For an action potential to be generated, a minimum membrane voltage, or a(n) ________, must be reached. theshold sensor diffusion conductance

Theshold

Texting while driving involves which types of driving distractions oral, auditory, and perceptual real and imagined visual, cognitive, and manual steering and speed

Visual, cognitive, and manual