Exam II Psychology

Recent research suggests STM capacity is?

4 +/- -1

Who proposed the theory of operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner

Branch of LTM that includes memories that are not part of our consciousness and are formed through behaviors, habits, skill practice

Implicit Memory

all other stages besides REM distinguishable by brainwave activity

Non-REM (NREM) sleep

occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

associative learning

The number of responses between reinforcements or the amount of time between reinforcement is set and unchanging

fixed

loss of information from long-term memory

forgetting

aspect of consciousness that that consist of pain, hunger, thirst, and being aware of out thoughts and emotions

internal stimuli

Which term is this from the wish fulfillment theory by freud? Dream's true meaning

latent content

reduce distractions and interruptions

minimize interference

Storage (memory) error distortion: source of memory is confused ex. recalling dream as waking memory

misattribution

after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event

misinformation effect paradigm

storage (memory) error intrusion: inability to forget undesirable memories ex traumatic events

persistence

Branch of LTM that is the Implicit memory includes 3 types which one stores information about how to do things; skills and actions ex. how to ride a bike

procedural

the schedule is based on the number of responses between reinforcements

ratio

storage (memory) error distortion: false memories resulting from leading questions

suggestibility

define. very high quality amplitude pattern of brain activity found in NREM stage 2

K-complexes

The sleep-wake cycle is one of our main ______ rhythms. a. circadian b. biological c. environmental d. ultradian

a. circadian

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? Select one: a. shaping b. learning c. reinforcement d. acquisition

a. shaping

state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to wakefulness

altered state of consciousness

Alcohol is considered a _______ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. a. hallucinogen b. depressant c. stimulant d. antipsychotic

b. depressant

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? a. sensory encoding b. memory c. effortful processing d. automatic processing

b. memory

an internal cycle of biological activity.

biological rhythms

Stephanie needs more and more of a drug to experience the same effects of the drug. This is an exmaple of drug _______ a. withdrawal b. psychological dependence c. tolerance d. reuptake

c. tolerance

what are the three ways to retrieve information?

recall, recognition, relearning

conditioned response to stimulu that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

stimulus generalization

Who conducted little albert study?

John B. Watson

memory aids that help up organize info for encoding ex PEMDAS

Mnemonics

Class of drug? Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, MDMA

Stimulants

reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals (catching fish)

Variable interval

Class of drug? Cannabis, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, Ketamine, PCP

hallucinogens

What theory believed observational learning involved more than just imitation and that internal mental states

social learning theory

recreate your situation and mood

activate retrieval cues

Branch of LTM that is the Implicit memory includes 3 types which one goes with this example, fear of spiders, songs that evoke emotional response

emotional conditioning

Which of the 3 basic functions of memory is converting sensory information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems.

encoding (getting info in)

Which theory by alan hobson says dreams are a result of our brains imposing narrative explanations to explain random brain activation (synthesize- make sense of, activation-neural activity during REM), cerebral cortex tried to make sense of this random brain stimulation (in pons; brainstem)

activation synthesis hypothesis

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. Select one: a. relearning b. rehearsal c. hyperthymesia d. non-declarative memory

b. rehearsal

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? a. Our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down. b. both our respiration and heartbeat slow down. c. both our respiration and heartbeat quicken d. our respiration

b. both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Remembering _____ is a good example of episodic memory a. how to use the microwave b. your first day of school c. what the word january means d. how a cheeseburger tastes even though you have never tasted one

b. your first day school

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have? a. restless leg syndrome b. REM sleep behavior disorder c. night terrors d. sleep apnea

c. night terrors

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This a good example of the _______ theory of hypnotism. a. dissociative b. cognitive-behaviorial c. social-cognitive d. hypnotic media

c. social-cognitive

What is procedural memory? a. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts b. storage of facts and events we personally experienced c. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions d. information about events we have personally experienced

c. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions

What type of long-term memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? a. explicit memories b. sensory memories c. implicit memories d. non-declarative memories

a. explicit memories

What is semantic memory? a. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts b. storage of facts and events we personally experienced c. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions d. information about events we have personally experienced

a. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Morphine is considered a/an ____________ drug because it decreases pain. a. opioid b. hallucinogen c. antipsychotic d. stimulant

a. opioid

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify? a. psychological dependence b. withdrawal c. physical dependence d. tolerance

a. psychological dependence

Elaborative rehearsal involves ______. a. thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory b. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it c. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

a. thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stores in your memory

Tayla smoke cannabis. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________. a. tolerance b. overdrawal c. withdrawal d. psychological dependence

a. tolerance

a persons awareness of mental processes and everything going on around them at any given moment

consciusness

formulation of new memories

construction

Portion of LTM for explicit memory includes two types one being information about events we have personally experienced. what when where? ex. 5th birthday aprty

episodic memory

aspect of consciousness that that consist of seeing light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend.

external stimuli

Effects on the body? Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, MDMA

increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temp

A rare sleep disorder common mostly in children, extreme fear, panic, screaming

night terrors

need to take a drug to avoid changes in normal bodily functions and withdrawal symptoms

physical dependence

Operant conditioning terminology something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior

positive reinforcement

the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness

retrieval

Which of the 3 basic functions of memory is using information in storage, getting info out of memory and into awareness

retrieval (getting info out)

What is the most effective form of coding by attaching meaning to information making it easier to recall later

semantic encoding

Storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes for up to a couple of seconds

sensory memory

____ is a tool used in operant conditioning. - instead of rewarding only the target behavior, we reinforce successive approximations of a target behavior --reinforce responses rhat are similar to the desired behavior

shaping

a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness

sleep

a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

sleep

The brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness and coordinating this cycle with the outside world.

sleep regulation

Which theory of hypnosis? - People are playing the role expected of them in the situation

social-cognitive theory

the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

spontaneous recovery

Drugs that increase levels of neural activity associated with reward and pleasure highly addictive. prevent reuptake of dopamine ex. caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, Cathinones (bath salts)

stimulants

learn to respond differently to stimuli that are similar

stimulus discrimination

Which of the 3 basic functions of memory is holding onto information over time, retention

storage (keeping info in)

memory errors

storage failures

a compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences involving a physical and psychological dependance

substance abuse

The effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. Plays a role in eyewitness testimonies

suggestibility

what part of the human brain is the clock mechanism located in the hypothalamus ?

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Term in classical conditioning: Before Conditioning - stimulus that elicits a reflexive response (food)

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

Arousal theory

after watching TV violence, children are more likely to show aggressive behaviors

observational learning

learning by watching others perform a behavior and then imitating that behavior

observational learning

a rat will press a bar 120 times per hour to achieve a reward ro avoid punishment

operant conditioning

multiple bursts of not breathing during sleep

sleep apnea

Which theory by Freud says dreams preserve our sanity by allowing us to gratify forbidden or unrealistic wishes, dream content may also be threatening or disgusting that it was disguised in dreams

wish fulfillment theory

adverse symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

withdrawal

What are two components of declarative memory? a. semantic and episodic b. short-term and long-term c. procedural and implicit d. implicit and explicit

a. semantic and episodic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? a. sensory b. recall c. procedural d. effortful

a. sensory

How many sleep cycles does the average person go through a night?

4-6

high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior; alert

wakefulness

George Miller's research founded that people can retail between ___ and ____ items for short term memory

5 and 9

How many dreams are in a lifetime?

10,000

reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses ($5 for every 3 products made)

Fixed ratio

the conscious repetition of information being remembered.

Rehearsal

A bell elicits a response in a dog

classical conditioning

discovered by Ivan Pavlov: a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events. - when a neutral stimulus is associated with a stimulus that produces a reflexive behavior - ex bell with food

classical conditioning

a mental picture of the layout of an environment

cognitive map

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. a. night terrors b. NREM c. REM d. non-REM

c. REM

Little Albert was conditioned to fear white rat, and then he begun to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates? a. higher order conditioning b. acquisition c. stimulus discrimination d. stimulus generalization

d. stimulus generalization

behavior is followed by removal of something pleasant (something is subtracted) that decreases future likelihood of behavior (removing something good (-)) - lose drivers license for reckless driving - teenager has phone taken away for missing curfew

negative punishment

One of the three ways to retrieve information is being able to access information without cues ex. short answer fill in the blank etc

recall

process of bringing up old memories -When we retrieve memories, we tend to unintentionally alter and modify them, resulting in inaccuracies and distortions

reconstruction

Portion of long term memory storing facts and events we can consciously remember and recall

explicit memory

extreme focus on the self that involves suggested changes of behavior and experience, state of suggestibility use for pain management, depression and anxiety treatment, quitting smoking are aware of this unlike what is told in the media

hypnotism

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience

learning

Operant conditioning terminology something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior

negative reinforcement

One of the three ways to retrieve information by being able to identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again - used for multiple choice - face not a name

recognition

Effects on the body? Opium, heroin, fentanyl, morphine, oxy, vicoden....

Decreased pain, pupil dilation, gut motility, respiratory function

Which device measures brainwave activity?

EEG

Should be immediate should be consistent negative punishment generally preferable to positive punishment should be accompanied by an explanation should be combined with positive reinforcement of appropriate bahavir

Effective Punishment

grouping information into units ex phone numbers

chunking

a set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

memory

list the three parts of memory

encoding, storage, and retrieval

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are using ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. Select one: a. recognition b. encoding c. recall d. relearning

a. recognition

In what stage of sleep do sleep appear? a. NREM stage 2 b. NREM stage 3 c. NREM stage 4 d. NREM stage 1

a. NREM stage 2

Which of the following does NOT enhance memory? a. Distributed practice b. Chunking c. Mnemonics d. Staying awake all night to learn information

d. Staying awake all night to learn information

Art goes to a meeting in New Orleans and tries some oysters at the oyster bar. He likes the taste and eats quite a few. Soon he becomes very ill with an upset stomach. Now, even the thought of oysters makes him nauseous. UCS= CS= UR= CR=

UCS= Oysters, UCR= Nausea, CS= Restaurant, CR= Nausea

Who believed that all behavior could be studied as a stimulus response reaction? Believed the principled of classical conditioning could be used to condition human emotions

John B. watson

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it - children may learn behaviors from their parents that they do not demonstrate until they are older demonstrated in Tolman's study of rats navigating mazes

Latent learning

the individual performing the behavior

Model

Which stage of sleep? The body goes into deep relaxation. Theta waves characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles and K-complexes

NREM Stage 2

Which stage of sleep? Transitional phase occurring between wakefulness and sleep. Rates of respiration and heartbeat slow down. Overall muscle tension and core body temp decrease. Termed "Light sleep" mostly alpha waves

NREM stage 1

operant conditioning terminology Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

Negative Punishment

You have all A's so your dad tells you you dont have to do chores anymore what type of reinforcement is this?

Negative reinforcement

Term in classical conditioning: During Conditioning - stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response (ringing a bell- does not cause salivation by itself prior to conditioning)

Neutral stimulus (NS)

operant conditioning terminology Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

Positive Punishment

a sleep disorder mechanism that blocks the movement of voluntary muscles fails, ex. acting out dreams kicking, punching, yelling

REM Behavior Disorder

Also known as working memory - a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory lasts between 15-30 seconds

Short Term Memory (STM)

what type of learning makes it easier to retrieve memories that were created in similar states of consciousness - mood/emotion

State-Dependent Learning

Decreases in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer presented with the CS - example; food stop presenting with a bell sound dog will stop responding to bell

extinction

Term off of the Arousal Theory that is an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event ex. people remember the exact moment they learned about the 9/11 attacks.

flashbulb memory

The schedule is based on the time between reinforcements

interval

the continuous storage of information - no limit -permanent

long term memory (LTM)

Which term is this from the wish fulfillment theory by freud? Dream content

manifest content

Thanks to our hormone _____, exposure to light makes us feel alert and darkness makes us feel tired, which helps to regulate our sleep-wake cycle.

melatonin

transfer of short term memory to long term

memory concolidation

Class of drug? Opium, heroin, fentanyl, morphine, oxy, vicoden....

opiates

Serves as analgesics (decrease pain) through their effects on the endogenous _____ neurotransmitter system, highly addictive, ex. morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine

opiods

intense fears likely developed through classical conditioning

phobias

behavior is followed by presentation of something aversive (something is added) that decreases the future likelihood of behavior (giving something bad (+)) - squirt bottle when puppy bites - extra homework if you show up late to class

positive punishment

Giving Money, praise, stickers, hugs, and food are all example of?

positive reinforcement

part of the brain involved in remembering semantic tasks, encoding is associated with right frontal lobe activity

prefrontal cortex

Serial position effect- the order of information during encoding can play a role in how well you remember when retrieving it will remember the first ______ and last ______ information on the list and forget info in the middle

primacy effect, recency effect

One of the three ways to retrieve information by learning information that has been previously learned

relearning

Interference by retroactive interference/ proactive interference

retrieval failure

retrieval failure interference newer info impacts retrieval of older info

retroactive

there are 2 types of common amnesia which is the loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma ? - typically episodic memory (ex. 5th birthday party)

retrograde amnesia

the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

amnesia

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. elaborative rehearsal b. chunking c. mnemonic device d. persistence

b. chunking

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. Select one: a. enigmatic processing b. encoding failure c. effortless processing d. effortful processing

b. encoding failure

Which of the following is NOT true of punishment? Select one: a. Punishment may cause increased aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency b.Punishment has no adverse effects or problems c. Punishment may teach fear and avoidance of the punisher d. Punishment may teach someone what NOT to do, but does not necessarily encourage a more adaptive/desired behavior

b. Punishment has no adverse effects or problems

Most people are awake during the day and sleep at night because their ______ cycles are aligned with the outside world. a. melatonin b. circadian c. external d. rhythm

b. circadian

you give your cat a treat every time she stops clawing the furniture. You are using _____ reinforcement a. fixed interval b. continuous c. fixed ratio d. partial

b. continuous

________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half turned in to the hypnotist. a. cognitive behavioral b. dissociative c. social-cognitive d. Jungian

b. dissociative

The storage capacity for long term memory is? a. 15-30 seconds b. essentially limitless c. up to 10 years d. up to 20 years

b. essentially limitless

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)> a. talking while asleep b. kicking and punching while asleep c. crying while asleep d. snoring while asleep

b. kicking and punching while asleep

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? Select one: a. reflexes b. learning c. instincts d. conditioning

b. learning

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) _____. a. unconditioned stimulus b. neutral stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. unconditioned stimulus

b. neutral stimulus

Learning your new college email address makes it harder for you to remember your old high school email address. This is an example of? a. proactive interference b. retroactive interference c. amnesia d. memory reconstruction

b. retroactive interference

Cocaine is considered a ______ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. a. depressant b. stimulant c. antipsychotic d. hallucinogen

b. stimulant

In operant conditioning, "negative" means: a. bad, unpleasant, unwanted b. to take something away c. something that decreases behavior d. A behavior you want to discourage

b. to take something away

Which reinforcement schedule has high and steady response rates and is most resistant to extinction a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval

b. variable ratio

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? Select one: a.when a dog refuses to roll over b.when a dog rolls over, she gets a treat and is more likely to roll over next time she is given the command c.when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl d.when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener

b. when a dog rolls over, she gets a treat and is more likely to roll over next time she is given the command

_____ theory explains WHEN we sleep; _____ theory explains why we sleep a. restorative/cognitive; adaptive/evolutionary b. adaptive/evolutionary; restorative/cognitive c. adaptive/cognitive; restorative/evolutionary

b.adaptive/evolutionary; restorative/Cocognitive

Term in classical conditioning: After conditioning - the behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus (salivation)

conditioned response (CR)

Term in classical conditioning: After Conditioning - stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (bell after paired with food)

conditioned stimulus (CS)

What type of learning makes it easier to retrieve memories that were created in similar contexts - external environment - location

context-dependent learning

reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses (gambling)

variable ratio

Which of the following is an example of implicit memory? a. being classically conditioned to have a fear of snakes b. understanding language c. knowing each of the US state capitals d. remembering your first day of PSYC 2000

a. being classically conditioned to have a fear of snakes

a biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

cardiac rhythm

cant remember information that wasnt encoded and stored in the first place

encoding failure

Portion of LTM for explicit memory includes two types one being the knowledge about words, concepts and language; facts - ex. who was first black president?

semantic

The number of responses between reinforcements or the amount of time between reinforcement varies or changes

variable

Hypothalamus/Suprachiasmatic Nucleus -> Pineal Gland -> ________

Melatonin

Branch of LTM that is the Implicit memory includes 3 types which one has stimulus affects in response to another stimulus.

priming

retrieval failure interference older info impacts retrieval of newer info

proactive

emotional need for a drug; thoughts about getting/using drug

psychological dependence

Any event that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior

punishment

____ many cause increased agression, anti-social behavior, and delinquency

punishment

What part of the brain is involved in emotion based memories (ex fear), encoding is deeper when an event is emotionally arousing

Amygdala

Information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long term memory. 1. Sensory memory -> 2. short-term/working memory -> 3. long-term memory based on the belief that memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

Atkinson-Shiffrin (AS) Model of Memory

Encoding occurs through 2 types of processing which is encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words (done without conscious awareness)

Automatic processing

Define. interested in developing a fundamental understanding of how things work, ex. what is sleep? Why do we sleep? How do we sleep?

Basic science

reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals (weekly paycheck)

Fixed Interval

__________ occurs when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. Select one: a.stimulus generalization b.aquisition c.stimulus discrimination d.extinction

a. stimulus generalization

What do hypnotism and meditation have in common? a. an individual focuses on one thing and can help reduce anxiety b. they both require religiosity or spirituality c. everyone can be hypnotized and meditate to the same degree d. individuals do not remember being in a hypnotic or meditative state

a. an individual focuses on one thing and can help reduce anxiety

Sleep walking is characterized by the following? a. complex behaviors while asleep, but with open eyes b. acting out dreams in panic (e.g., kicking and yelling) c. difficulty falling or staying asleep d. suddenly slipping into REM sleep

a. complex behaviors while asleep, but with eyes open

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called memory _____, and the process of bringing up old memories (and unintentionally altering them) is called memory _______. a. construction; reconstruction b. reconstruction; construction c. production; reproduction d. reproduction; production

a. construction; reconstruction

In operant conditioning, which of the following is TRUE about punishment? a. it decreases behavior b. it is the same as negative reinforcement c. it describes when something is taken away d. it should always be avoided

a. it decreases behavior

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. Select one: a. latent b. primary c. partial d. conditioned

a. latent

The self-referencing effect refers to_____. a. making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you b. making a phrase of all the first letters of the words you are trying to memorize c. being easily able to remember autobiographical memories d. repeating words you are trying to memorize out loud to yourself

a. making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is REMOVED to INCREASE the future likelihood of a behavior. Select one: a. negative reinforcement b. negative punishment c. positive punishment d. positive reinforcement

a. negative reinforcement

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is _____, which can be effective for teaching a complex chain of events. a. shaping b. extinction c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

a. shaping

Which of the following is not an example of observational learning? a. studying hard for exam 2 after Dr. Brossoit praises you for acing Exam 1 b. thinking that you rolder sibling is cool, so trying to act more like them c. after seeing other students take ntoes in class, you bring a notebook and pen to class d. playing a violent game and then yelling at your frienfd

a. studying hard for exam 2 after Dr. Brossoit praises you for acing Exam 1

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). Select one: a. unconditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response

a. unconditioned response

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? Select one: a.emotion (fear/phobia) can be a conditioned response b.boys display more fear than girls c.boys display fear differently from girls d.fear cannot be a conditioned response

a.emotion (fear/phobia) can be a conditioned response

Storage (memory) error: forgetting caused by lapses in attention

absentmindedness

encoding of sounds

acoustic encoding

The initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

acquisition

there are 2 types of common amnesia which is the inability to remember new information after point of trauma? hippocampus usually affected cannot tranfer from STM -> LTM

anterograde amnesia

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Select one: a.change "short-term" to "episodic" b.change "transitional" to "sensory" c.change "memory" to "neurotransmitter" d.change "storage" to "engram"

b.change "transitional" to "sensory"

storage (memory) error distortion: memories distorted by current belief system aligns memories to current belief

bias

storage (memory) error forgetting: accessibility of information is temporarily blocked ex. "tip of the tongue"

blocking

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? Select one: a. hippocampus b. primary cortex c. cerebellum d. amygdala

c. cerebellum

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? Select one: a.Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. b.One can learn new behaviors by observing others. c.Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. d.Fear is a conditioned response.

c. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments

The _____ is important for implicit memories, whereas ____ is important for explicit memories. a. cerebellum;amygdala b. amygdala; hippocampus c. cerebellum; hippocamus d. cerrebellum; hypothalamus

c. cerebellum; hippocampus

Watching Nike commercials makes you feel inspired. After watching Nike commercials every day, eventually you feel inspired every time you see the Nike logo (e.g., on an article of clothing, in a store, on a billboard). This is an example of ? a. operant conditioning b. observational learning c. classical conditioning d. illegal advertising

c. classical conditioning

Your ability to read this quiz question, see the students areound you, feel how you're currently deeling, and have awareness of your thoughts and emotions is becasue of your ______. a. cardiac rhythm b. personality c. consciousness d. altered state of consciosness

c. consciousness

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? Select one: a. reflex b. acquisition c. extinction d. recovery

c. extinction

What is problematic about eyewitness testimonies? a. eyewitness are often motivated to lie about what they saw b. human memory is flawed, so it is impossible for eyewitnesses to remember every detail of a crime c. eyewitnesses can be influenced by suggestibility (misinformation effect) d. there are no problems with eyewitness testimonies

c. eyewitnesses can be influenced by suggestibility (misinformation effect)

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. Select one: a.positive punishment b.positive reinforcement c.negative reinforcement d.negative punishment

c. negative reinforcement

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. Select one: a. Pavlovian b. operant c. observational d. latent

c. observational

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? Select one: a.playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores b.checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day c.taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m. d.playing poker

c. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 PM

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Select one: a. fixed interval b. variable ratio c. variable interval d. fixed ratio

c. variable interval

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Select one: a. fixed interval b. variable ratio c. variable interval d. fixed ratio

c. variable ratio

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? Select one: a.Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. b.Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. c.Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion. d.Eyewitness testimony is always reliable.

c.Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Which schedule of reinforcement is the most powerful and resistant to extinction? Select one: a.depends on the CS-UCS relationship b.fixed interval c.variable ratio d.continuous

c.variable ratio

Part of the brain that plays a role in processing implicit/procedural memories (ex how to play piano) Damage prevents classical conditioning such as eye-blink in response to puff of air

cerebellum

Which of the following strategies can enhance your memory? a. rehearsal b. self-referencing c. adequate sleep d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a/an ________. Select one: a. conditioned response b. unconditioned response c. unconditioned stimulus d. conditioned stimulus

d. conditioned stimulus

In operant conditioning, what process describes ADDING something aversive to DECREASE the future likelihood of behavior? Select one: a. negative punishment b. positive reinforcement c. negative reinforcement d. positive punishment

d. positive punishment

Martin is consistently sleeping 4 hours each night. This chronic sleep insufficiency is also known as ______. a. jet lag b. rotating shift work c. circadian rhythm d. sleep debt

d. sleep debt

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy book being dropped would represent ________. In other words, the conditioned response happens when the door slams, but NOT when the book drops. Select one: a. extinction b. stimulus generalization c.acquisition d. stimulus discrimination

d. stimulus discrimination

memory consolidation takes time, study across time and in short duration avoid cramming

distributed practice

Successful encoding requires ____ and _____

effort and attention

Encoding occurs through 2 types of processing which is encoding of details that takes time and effort, learning new skills

effortful processing

transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way - connecting new info to knowledge already stored in memory ex. putting it in your own words

elaborative rehearsal

part of the brain associated with explicit/declarative memory, recognition and spatial memory damage leads to an inability to process new declarative memories - patient HM

hippocampus

Storage (memory) error forgetting: accessibility of memory decreases over time

transcience

Term in classical conditioning :Before Conditioning - a natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus (salivation in response to food)

unconditioned response (UCR)

What is the type of encoding that uses words that create mental imaging, such as car, dog and book (concrete words) are easier to recall than words such as level, truth, and value (abstract wording)

visual encoding

how many years of our life is spent dreaming>

6

How much sleep do we need?

7-9 hours each night for adults

What stage of sleep? rapid eye movements, paralysis of voluntary muscles, brain waves are similar to those in wakefulness, dreams, important for emotion regulation, creating new synapses in the brain (critical for learning and memory)

REM Sleep

Stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids

Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep

A sleep disorder, complex behaviors with eyes open but still asleep, occurs in NREM Stage 3

SLeep Walking (somnambulism)

Class of drug? Alcohol, Barbiturates, benzodiazepines

Sedative-Hynotics (Depressants)

define. Rapid burst of high frequency brainwaves for learning and memory found in NREM stage 2``

Sleep spindles

What is one of our main cardiac rhythms linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle?

Sleep-wake cycle

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ___________. a. consciousness b. REM sleep c. unconsciousness d. conscious

a. consciousness

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ______. a. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information b. sensory memory capacity is about 30 seconds c. happy memories are processed better then sad memories d. colors are more easily names when they appear printed in that color

a. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

The _______ wave is a characteristic of stage 1 sleep. a. kappa b. beta c. alpha d. delta

c. alpha

occurs when a person requires more and more of a drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses (influences physical dependence)

tolerance

Which theory says sleep is essential to restore resources expended during the day. An evolutionary theory. When we sleep!

adaptive theory

Define. interested in solving practical problems, ex. how can we intervene on, or improve, sleep?

applied science

I have a deep fear of snakes and when I come across a place where I have seen a snake before, I have a strong memory of my fear from the last time I saw the snake. What part of my brain is most associated with the activation of this memory? Select one: a. cerebellum b. amygdala c. prefrontal cortex d. hippocampus

b. amygdala

Causes changes in sensory and perceptual experiences, ex. mescaline, LSD PCP ketamine, cannabis

hallucinogens

The only animal that will deprive itself of sleep?

human

not enough sleep on a chronic basis

sleep debt/insufficiency

What sleep stage? Known as slow-wave sleep. Respiration and heart rate slow down further. Delta waves . Referred to as deep sleep meaning difficulty to wake up.

NREM stage 3

sudden slip into REM sleep is called?

Narcolepsy

What stage of life do humans spend half of their sleep time in REM?

infants

difficulty falling or staying asleep

insomnia

Focusing on one target to increase awareness and mindfulness of the present moment, achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus, for stress management, anxiety, pain

meditation

What hormone regulates sleep-wake cycles? (stimulated by darkness, inhibited by light)

melatonin

Which theory says sleep focuses on physical health restoration (replenishes chemicals and repairs cellular damage) as well as help mental health functioning (attention, decision-making, memory, emotions) Why we sleep. (cognitive)

restorative theory

Effects on the body? Cannabis, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, Ketamine, PCP

Increased heart rate and blood pressure

Which theory by Rosalind Cartwright says dreams reflect daily life events that are important to us, helps us sift through our everyday experiences and thoughts, helps us regulate emotions

Information processing theory

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Patient H.M.? Select one: a.He experienced difficulty with explicit / declarative memory (i.e., forming new memories). b.He lost the ability to form new memories, yet he could still remember information and events that had occurred prior to the surgery. c.He experienced difficulty with implicit / non-declarative memory, caused by damage to his cerebellum. d.His hippocampus was removed in attempt to treat severe epilepsy.

c.He experienced difficulty with implicit / non-declarative memory, caused by damage to his cerebellum.

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. Select one: a.antero-retro; flashbulb b.anterograde; retrograde c.retrograde; anterograde d.flashbulb; retro-antero

c.retrograde; anterograde

With psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness. a. Freudian b. cognitive behavior c. dependent d. adaptive/evolutionary

d. adaptive/evolutionary

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. a. opioid b. stimulant c. depressant d. hallucinogenic

d. hallucinogenic

Which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep? a. maintaining healthy weight b. improving mood c. lower stress levels d. less exposure to carcinogens

d. less exposure to carcinogens

Effects on the body? Alcohol, Barbiturates, benzodiazepines

decreased heart rate, blood pressure and body temp

drugs that suppress the central nervous system activity acts against GABA neurotransmitters, which have a quieting effect on the brain ex. alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines (anti anxiety)

depressants

Which theory of hypnosis? -divided consciousness - one stream of mental activity occurs outside of awareness and control -ex. not remembering the act of a drive

dissociation theory

A theta is a type of _________________. a. brain wave associated with REM b. brain wave associated with critical thinking c. brain wave that dominates Stage 2 and is interrupted by sleep spindles and K-complexes d. brain wave associated with Stage 4 sleep

c. brain wave that dominates Stage 2 and is interrupted by sleep spindles and K-complexes

What hormone (involved in the timing of sleep) does the pineal gland release? a. testosterone b. estrogen c. melatonin d. insulin

c. melatonin