Exam IV Review

What type of tissue is striated, contains cells with on nucleus, and is not under voluntary control?

Cardiac muscle

Which organ system does NOT play a role in acquiring materials and energy?

Cardiovascular

Which of the following is the most complex level of organization?

Cardiovascular system

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of plant cells?

Centrioles are present during mitosis; Plant cells contain a cell wall, plastids, large vacuoles, and connect with each other through plasmodesmata. Animal cells lack a cell wall, plastids, large vacuoles, and connect through other types of cell junctions.

What type of fiber accounts for the strength of various connective tissues?

Collagen; collagen fibers contain collagen, a protein that gives them strength and flexibility

Which of these plant tissue types is composed of cells with primary walls thickened at the corners that provide support for immature parts of the cell body?

Collenchyma

Which of the following statements about epithelial tissue is NOT true?

Columnar epithelium is cube-shaped with the nucleus near the upper surface of the cells; Columnar epithelium is rectangular-shaped pillars or columns, not cubed-shaped and its nucleus is located near the bottom rather than the upper surface of each cell.

What tissue type is characterized by being a transport medium for nutrients and also includes blood and adipose tissues?

Connective tissue

What type of tissue is bone and cartilage?

Connective tissue

A typical leaf is composed of multiple layers of specialized cells. What is the correct order of layers starting on the upper surface of the leaf and progressing to the lower surface?

Cuticle - epidermis - palisade mesophyll - spongy mesophyll - epidermis - cuticle

Which of the following tissues forms the outer protective covering of the plant?

Epidermal tissue

Identify the incorrect pairing of tissue type with cell type.

Epidermal tissue - parenchyma cells; parenchyma cells are a type of ground tissue.

Which of the following tissue types will produce root hairs within the zone of maturation?

Epidermis

Exocrine glands that secrete products onto the surface of the skin through ducts are classified as _____ tissue.

Epithelial

What type of tissue lines body cavities and covers body surfaces?

Epithelial tissue

Which statement about connective tissue is NOT true?

Fibrous connective tissue includes bone and cartilage; Supportive connective tissue, not fibrous connective tissue, includes bones and cartilage.

Which of the following tissues makes up the majority of the interior of the plant?

Ground tissue

Which statement is NOT true of the epidermis of a plant?

Guard cells are specialized epidermal cells found on root surfaces; Guard cells are specialized epidermal cells found on the surface of leaves.

Which of the following structures begins in the dermis and extends to the surface of the epidermis?

Hair follicles; sweat glands do as well

An average person has about _____ neurons.

1 trillion

Damage to the parenchyma cells can lead to which of the following issues?

A decrease in the plant's ability to run photosynthesis or store the sugars produced from photosynthesis

At one time it was thought to be impossible to operate within the body cavities. Then the Canadian doctor, William Beaumont, operated on a patient with a gunshot wound to the stomach. A few decades later came breakthroughs in heart operations and transplants. The 1990s was called the decade of the brain because of the extensive research being done on how the brain functions. Name the body cavities associated with these breakthroughs in order.

Abdominal-thoracic-dorsal; the stomach is located in the abdominal cavity, the heart in the thoracic, and the brain in the dorsal.

Which of the following is a function of the skin?

All of the answer choices are functions of the skin; Functions of the skin include: protecting underlying body parts from physical trauma and water loss, thermoregulation, and monitoring touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

Plant roots function to

All of the choices are plant root functions; Plant roots function to anchor the plant, store the products of photosynthesis, and produce hormones that stimulate stem growth.

Considering that leaf stoma have the conflicting functions of allowing gaseous carbon dioxide into the leaf, yet preserving the plant's supply of water, which of the following is (are) reasonable?

All of the choices are reasonable; A submerged-water plant would have no stoma. Tree leaves that orient flat and present the top side to the sun would have most of their stoma on the bottom of the leaf. Corn, oats, rice, and wheat-all monocots-have relative upright blades with sunlight hitting both sides and would have stoma distributed evenly on both sides.

Which of the following functions performed by the skin would be lost or seriously compromised if someone suffered a severe burn over most of the body?

All of these are vital functions of the skin and would be compromised; Includes prevention of heat, water loss, and massive and continuous infection from invasion by external bacteria, viruses, and parasites, production of sweat that evaporates and cools the body when it is overheating, and conversion, in the presence of ultraviolet light, of precursor molecules to vitamin D.

Consider the possibility that we discover a gene that regulates both the amount of root hairs and where root hairs grow on a root tip. Since the surface area provided by root hairs is so critical to their uptake of water and nutrients, expanding their growth area seems a great advantage. However, which of these might be a problem?

All of these choices are problems; The growth of root hairs in the zone of elongation, zone of cell division, and on the root may not prove to be advantageous.

Which of the following skin derivatives is incorrectly matched with the organism on which it is found?

Amphibians - epidermal scales; reptiles have these, not amphibians

What is the body's response to a rise in temperature above 37.0 degrees C?

Blood vessels in the skin begin to dilate which increases blood flow to the surface of the skin. Environmental variables will help decrease the temperature of the blood. The nervous system also activates the sweat glands which help decrease temperature.

Which is NOT a structure seen in compact bone?

Bony bars and plates with irregular spaces between them; Compact bone contains cylindrical structural units called osteons (Haversian Systems), central canals containing blood vessels and nerves, osteocytes located within lacunae, and thin extensions of bone cells with canaliculi. However, compact bone is not made of bony bars and irregularly spaced plates.

White blood cells fight against infection by

engulfing infectious pathogens and making antibodies.

The meristems that arise from the apical meristem include all of the following EXCEPT

epidermis; The apical meristem gives rise to the protoderm, ground meristem, and the procambrium. The epidermis is a primary tissue that arises from the protoderm.

The cortex found in the center of a dicot stem or a monocot root is made of what type of tissue?

ground tissue

Skeletal muscle

has bands of actin and myosin filaments perpendicular to the length of the cell that produce contractions.

Which of the following statements concerning homeostasis in body temperature is NOT true? The body reacts to

heat by constricting the blood vessels in the skin; it actually reacts by dilating blood vessels in the skin.

All of the following are functions of connective tissue EXCEPT to

line body cavities and cover surfaces; Connective tissue binds and supports body parts, stores energy as fat, fills spaces, and produces blood cells. Epithelial tissue lines body cavities and covers surfaces.

Homeostasis is the

maintenance of normal internal conditions by means of self-regulating mechanisms.

The mesophyll layer of leaves is important to plants because

most of the photosynthesis occurs here.

In older woody plants, the epidermis of the stem is replaced by

periderm

Vascular tissue that transports organic nutrients and sugars from the leaves to the roots is

phloem.

In lactation, the more a baby suckles his mother's breast to obtain milk, the more milk is produced. This is an example of a

positive feedback loop; positive feedback loops are mechanisms that bring about an even greater

The layers of cells that protect the root apical meristem are the

root cap

If you wash your skin and hair several times a day, you will soon have dry skin that easily cracks and bleeds because the oils you have removed are necessary to keep the skin supple. This oil is

sebum secreted by sebaceous glands

The epidermis consists of

stratified squamous epithelial cells

The level of carbon dioxide in the blood is monitored by nerve tissue. If you exercise strenuously, the increase in cellular respiration consumes oxygen from the blood and produces surplus carbon dioxide removed in the blood. Since this physical exertion requires faster breathing to replenish oxygen supplies and carry away carbon dioxide, the carbon dioxide sensors result in signals from the brain to increase breathing rate. After you have rested, and carbon dioxide levels are back to normal, your breathing rate decreases too. This is an example of

the dynamic interplay between events that tend to change the internal environment and events that tend to keep it the same.

If a plant contains seven bud scale scars this would indicate that the plant is _____ years old.

Seven

Which of these vascular tissue cells is alive but lacks a nucleus?

Sieve-tube members

An insect destroying the _____ layer of tissues in a leaf would lead to a decrease in the ability of gas exchange within the leaf.

Spongy mesophyll; The spongy mesophyll is filled with "air spaces" that facilitate gas exchange.

Which type of tissues would be damaged if someone was in a car accident and they had their kidney ruptured due to the force of the impact?

Squamous epithelium, cuboidal epithelium, smooth muscle and neural tissues.

Which organs are located in the ventral cavity of the body?

Stomach, liver, heart and bladder

Which of the following features would be found in the epidermis layer of the skin?

Stratified squamous epithelium, cells produce keratin, contain melanocytes, offers a layer of protection against bacteria; these are features of the epidermis

Farmers have been able to genetically engineer a wide variety of crops that possess an enormous diversity of traits. If a farmer wanted to increase the availability of his crops to access ground water that is several meters below ground which type of root system would he want?

Taproot

Which statement is NOT true about nervous tissue?

The dendrites carry electrical impulses away from the cell body of the neuron; dendrites carry electrical impulses toward the cell body, not away.

Which one or more of the following is true about root endodermis?

The endodermis forms a boundary between the cortex and inner vascular cylinder of the root and contains impermeable lignin and suberin; Ther suberin is called a Casparian strip that controls water and nutrient movement between adjacent cell walls.

Which statement is NOT true about cartilage?

The matrix of cartilage includes calcium salts; The matrix of cartilage does NOT include calcium salts. Cartilage cells are located in small spaces called lacunae, the matrix is both solid and flexible, human fetal skeleton is made up of cartilage, adult bodies possess structures that are made up of cartilage such as the nose, ear, and pads between the vertebrae in the backbone.

What is most likely to occur when an individual is exposed to UV radiation?

The melanocytes will produce melanin, the melanin is distributed to epidermal cells, a steroid is converted into vitamin D and stem cells can mutate leading to cancer.

Which of the following features are necessary to classify a plant as a monocot?

The plant will contain one cotyledon, have parallel veins in the leaves, and the flowers will be in multiples of threes.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the arrangement of tissues in the eudicot root?

The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of phloem

If this structure were nibbled off by browsing deer, it would decrease the potential for an increase in height of the plant.

The terminal bud; The terminal bud contains the shoot tip which is responsible for the increase in height of a plant every year.

Which of the following structures is a stem adaptation instead of a root adaptation?

These are all stem adaptations; stolons, rhizomes, tubers, corms

What are the main features of melanocytes?

They are found in the epidermis and they produce melanin when exposed to UV light. The melanin is then distributed to epidermal cells.

Identify this plant as a monocot or eudicot after examining its stem and leaf.

This plant is a monocot; The random arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem and the parallel venation of veins in the leaf allow the plant to be identified as a monocot.

Which of the following statements best describes a herbaceous eudicot stem?

Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring which stores water and the products of photosynthesis.

Which of the following tissues transports water and nutrients within the plant?

Vascular tissue

The _____ body cavity will contain the heart, lungs and spleen.

Ventral

Which of these plant tissue types is composed of hollow nonliving tracheids and vessel elements that transport water and nutrient minerals from the roots of the leaves?

Xylem

A fifteen-foot tree growing in a fence row is used as a fence post, to which barbed wire is stapled at a height of five feet. Years later, the tree is thirty feet high. The fence is

approximately five feet up since a tree grows longer at the tips of its stem, branches, and roots.

A thin layer of protein, within epithelial tissue, that anchors the epithelium to the extracellular matrix is the

basement membrane

All of the following are taproots that are consumed as vegetables EXCEPT

celery; Carrots, turnips, radishes, and beets are taproots that we consume as vegetables. Celery is a stem.

The correct sequence of increasing organizational complexity is

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

All of the following are specialized epidermal cells except

collenchyma; Root hairs, trichomes, and guard cells are specialized epidermal cells. Collenchyma are ground tissue.

You need to identify a plant, but it is winter and the leaves have fallen to the ground and mixed with leaves from other plants. The parts of flowers, fruits, and seed leaves of germinated seeds are not available either. Your best clue to identify the plants as a monocot or a eudicot is to

cut the stem and if the vascular bundles are scattered in the stem, it is a monocot; Monocots have stems with scattered vascular bundles

Which statement is NOT true about woody stems?

Secondary phloem accumulates to form the wood; Secondary xylem accumulates to form wood.

Which is most closely associated with negative feedback?

As the temperature falls in a house, the heater comes on; that's an example of negative feedback. The following are examples of positive feedback: as you continue to turn a faucet handle, more water flows out of it, a child cuts his finger and the blood clotting process begins, as a woman goes into labor, hormones are secreted that stimulate the process.

Which statement about leaves is NOT correct?

In eudicots, the photosynthetic mesophyll is made up of an upper spongy layer and a lower palisade layer.

Which of the following systems / organs are incorrectly matched with its role in maintaining homeostasis?

Liver - removes excess glycogen from the blood and stores it as glucose; the liver removes excess glucose and stores it as glycogen.

Many homeowners often attempt to transplant bushes and small tress but with limited success. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this?

Most homeowners pull the bush out without clearing enough of the soil from around the root system. This causes the lateral roots and root hairs to be torn off; The lateral roots and root hairs are critical for the transplanting of a plant.

What type of tissue contains and accounts for movements of organs or the entire body?

Muscle tissue

To prepare a microscope slide of mitosis, where would one most likely find examples of cell division in a plant?

Near the root tip

_____ is responsible for receiving, interpreting, and producing a response to stimuli.

Nervous tissue

_____ make(s) up more than half the volume of the brain.

Neuroglia

Which of the following tissue types are found only in the zone of cell division of the root tip?

None of these are restricted to just the zone of cell division of the root tip; xylem and phloem, endodermis, ground meristem are not restricted to this.

Which of these plant tissue types most closely corresponds to the "typical" unspecialized plant cell?

Parenchyma; Parenchyma are the most abundant cells of the ground tissue and correspond best to the typical plant cell.

During fertilization in humans, sperm reach the egg by traveling through the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes. In which body cavity does the sperm locate the egg?

Pelvic cavity; without crossing any epidermal barrier.

The number of growing seasons that a plant survives is determined by two flower-inducing genes, LEAFY and Apetala 1. If scientists were to block these genes resulting in an annual plant to survive multiple growing seasons, how would this plant now be described?

Perennial; Annual plants live for only one growing season, while perennial plants grow for three or more seasons. By blocking these two genes, scientists have turned annuals into perennials by altering their flower timing.

Which of these plant tissue types is composed of sieve-tube members and companion cells, and transports organic nutrients made in the leaves?

Phloem

Which statement is NOT true about vascular tissue in plants?

Phloem cells are hollow and nonliving, and they form a continuous pipeline that transports sugars.

During the spring and fall each year thousands of maple trees are tapped for their fluids in order to make "real" maple syrup. If you were to tap into a maple tree to extract the syrup (sucrose) which tissue layer do you want to tap into?

Phloem; Phloem is the layer that conducts the sucrose.

Which one or more of the following meristem and tissue matches are mismatched?

Protoderm - vascular tissue and procambrium - epidermal tissue; Protoderm gives rise to epidermal tissue and the procambrium gives rise to vascular tissue. Both are mismatched.

Which of the following structures is an underground horizontal stem?

Rhizome

In large woody plants, the wood is essentially made of _____ and the bark is essentially made of _____.

Xylem; phloem and cork

An axillary bud may produce

a lateral branch or a flower.