exam one (chapters 1,2, 4-8)

epithelial cells are held together by scattered, adhesive junctions called ______, which serve as "spot welds"

desmosomes

the ______ body cavity contains the brain

dorsal

the two main cavities in the body are called __________

dorsal and ventral

all exocrine glands secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities via__________

ducts

blood transports oxygen; nervous tissue transmits information via _______

electrical impulses

its organs secrete hormones that help regulate homeostasis

endocrine system

in typical long bones, the ends are called ________ while the shaft is called the_______

epiphysis; diaphysis

pseudostratified columnar is one of the tissues of this category

epithelial

within a long bone of the skeleton, the circumferential lamellae are located in the

external and internal regions of compact bone

a macrophage is a cell that does not fight disease. true or false

false

collagen fibers are the weakest consitutive type of fibers that comprise the extracellular matrix of connective tissues. true or false

false

true or false. the first 10 pairs of ribs are true ribs

false

the three types of cartilage include hyaline cartilage, eleastic cartilage, and

fibrocartilage

the epidermis consists of _______ layers, depending on whether it is thin skin or thick skin

four to five

a human body is divided into anterior and posterior parts by the ________ body plane

frontal (coronal)

what is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body

hyaline cartilage

the endosteum covers_______ surfaces, and the periosteum covers_______ surfaces of the bone

internal; external

as the name implies, spongy bone looks porous due to _________

intertwined trabeculae

the epidermis is a keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium containing merkel cells, langerhans cells, and ____________

keratinocytes;melanocytes

the spider shaped osteocytes dwell in bone matrix spaces termed______. they connect through thin tubes called______

lacunae; canaliculi

which cells act as the police force on the body's outermost surface?

langerhans cells

cell junctions occur in which plasma membrane of epithelial cells

lateral

_________ is the pigment(S) contributing to skin tone in humans

melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin

what systematically release(s) the energy stored in the chemical bonds of nutrient molecules and then transfer(s) this energy to produce ATP?

mitochondria

which cell type has extended processes for receiving messages and transmitting them to other structures in the body?

nerve cell

the foramen magnum should be associated with this cranial bone

occipital bone

what areas of the skull are in direct contact with the atlas

occipital condyles

the skin and its appendages should be described as________

organs

these giant cells ,ove across the endosteal surfaces, digging "pits" with their hydrochloric acid secretions

osteoclasts

another name for ossification is _______

osteogenesis

the dermal vlood vasculature plays an important role. they nourish the dermis and overlying epidermis that also__________

perform a critical role in temperature regulation

the ________ is (are) the protein assembly line

ribosomes

which organelle has cisterns within its membranous system and its studded with ribosomes

rough endoplasmic reticulum

identify the epithelial cell type found lining most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal)

single columnar epithelium

which type of tissue functions to propel food through the digestive tract

smooth muscle tissue

most bones of the skull are united by special joints called_______

sutures

at the border between the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue is_______

the basil lamina, or basement membrane

neurons are found in_________

the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves

pedal is an anatomical synonym of _________

the foot

the thoracic cavity contains _______

the heart and the lungs

why is bone remodeled continuously?

to maintain appropriate ion balance in the body; to respnd to different mechanical stresses the body must endure

the clavicle function to

transmit compression forces from the upper limb to the axial skeleton

true or false. examples of flat bones include the ribs, sternum, the bones of the head surrounding the brain case, and the scapula

true

excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation can lead to skin cancer, but mineral UVR exposure can lead to

vitamin D defficiency

what bone can you palpate under the skin of your cheek?

zygomatic

Bone remodeling helps to maintain ion balance in the body

True

Bone remodeling is a continuous process

True

Endochondral ossification follows the cartilage model of bone development

True

In endochondral ossification, bones are modeled in hyaline cartilage

True

Long bones widen via apposition all growth

True

Nutrients diffuse quickly through cartilage but very poorly through the solid bone matrix

True

bone tissue contains very little water

True

your chest is ________ to your back

anterior

what sweat gland secretes the sweat that is responsible for body odor

apocrine glands

in greater quantity than hyaline, elastic cartilage contains more elastic fibers. what property is then impaired to this cartilage

better tolerability to repeated distortion

the superificial layer of the dermis is so named for the dermal papillae. this wavy interface between layers is the site of________

blister formation, gas exchange, waste product exchange

which type of connective tissue is the most atypical connective tissue

blood

which well vascularized and well organized connective tissue contains inorganic material

bone

for reaosns not completely understood, osteoporosis is characteriized by___________

bone resorption outpacing bone deposition

during childhood and adolescence typical long bones lengthen by growth at the epiphyseal plates, how do they widen?

by appositional growth

what is the difference between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

cardiac muscle is mononucleated; cardiac muscle has intercalated discs

the smallest units of your body that carry on all functions of a living thing are called_______

cells

these are paired cylindrical bodies that organize microtubule networks during mitosis and form the bases of cilia and flagella

centricles

which of the consitutive fiber types in connective tissue proper is purportedly stronger than steel

collagen

in the left side of the brain controls a specific action of the right arm, the orientation cerebral control is ______

contralateral

Whereas bone is formed by osteoblasts, it is resorbed by action of

Osteoclasts

Which condition is characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of the bones microscopic architecture

Osteoporosis

Which connective tissue membrane is secured to the underlying bone by perforating (sharpeys) fibers

Periosteum

A key step in healing of a bone fracture is

Hematoma formation, formation of fibrocartilagenous callus and angiogenesis of new blood vessels

this system forms the external body covering

Integumentary system

All EXCEPT which of the following is a function of bones

Conduits for nerve passage

Because they contain a variety of tissues, bones are classified as

Organs

In healthy persons, The remodeling units reabsorvida and deposit bone at a relatively equal rate. Deposition is accomplished by the _____

Osteoblasts

Which of the following are the bone ends, each of which is covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage

Epiphysis

Neither bone not cartilage contains blood vessels

False

Osteoclasts add bone tissue to the external surface of the diaphysis

False

Spongy bone contains layers of lamellae and osteoblasts

False

The trabecular bone of the skeleton is replaced every 10 years

False