Exam Review

Khan is learning about neurons and discovers that an excitatory response occurs when the inside of the neuron becomes more positive through a process of depolarization

Excitatory

Kim is looking down at her hands. WHich specialized area of the cortex is being activated

Extrastriate Body Area

Justin is looking through the crowd in the mall as he tries to locate his friends. Each time Justin briefly pauses at a face, he is engaging in ______

Fixation

Ian is in a band, and has taken the time to learn the ins and outs of the sound system. For example, he knows that when the diaphragm of a loudspeaker moves back in, a process called _____ occurs.

Rarefaction

Greg is learning how to draw a landscape scene. His instructor notes that objects with their bases closer to the horizon are usually seen as being more distant. What concept is the instructor describing?

Relative Height

Third-grader Spencer complains to his mother that he has difficulty seeing what the teacher writes on the board at school. The ophthalmologist tells Spencer's mother that Spencer's eyeball is too long and thus, objects are not focused correctly. What is this condition called

Axial Myopia

Mina is a neuroscientist who is running a study that measures electrical signals in the brain of her participants. She is currently measuring the interval between the time one nerve impulse occurs and the next one can be generated in an axon. What is this interval called

Refractory Period

Laura is at the beach. She hears the seagulls, the waves crashing, and children laughing as they play in the distance. These sounds are creating what is known as an auditory _____ around Laura.

Space

Sam has a neuron that respond only to his mother's face. WHich concept best explains this phenomenon

Specificity Coding

Andy is measuring differences in the response of rods and cones to different wavelengths of light. What is Andy measuring

Spectral Sensitivity

Kristin is trying to learn Spanish. She listens to recordings of native speakers and has difficulties hearing the individual words. Instead, the words sound like an unbroken string to her. Kristin is having difficulty with _____.

Speech Segmentation

Dr. Long is researching the ability of infants to learn about certain characteristics of a language, such as the chances that one sound will follow another sound. What process is Dr. Long researching in these infants?

Statistical Learning

Susan is cross-eyed. What is the term for Susan's condition

Strabismus

Dr. Bandan studies the subcortical structures in the auditory pathway. He is particularly interested in the auditory structures in the brainstem. Which structures does Dr. Bandan study?

Superior Olivary Nucleus

Leslie is plotting a barn owl's neuron firing rate against the interaural time difference. She is measuring the ITD _____ curves.

Tuning

Jake is undergoing a(n) ____, which takes advantage of the fact that blood flow increases in areas of the brain that are activated; specifically, hemoglobin carrying oxygen in the blood contains a ferrous (iron) molecule and therefore has magnetic properties.

fMRI

Carter is training rats to run through a maze to get food. He then removes part of the rat's brain and runs them thought the maze again to see if they can still reach the food. What procedure did Carter use on the rats

Ablation

Cooper, a teaching assistant, is demonstrating how the eye is constantly adjusting its focus in a small group session. He has his students close one eye and look at a point on the wall while holding a pencil at arm's length. As they continue to look at the point on the wall, he asks them to move the pencil closer. They notice that it becomes more blurry. Then, when they shift to looking at the pencil, the point on the wall becomes blurry. What process is Cooper demonstrating

Accomodation

Which area of the brain is associated with the processing of facial reactions that indicate emotions as well as familiar faces

Amygdala

John is looking at a sign that appears to have text scrolling across it. In actuality, the sign is made up of stationary lights programmed to flash on and off in a way that looks like letters scrolling across the sign. John's perceptual experience is called _____ movement.

Apparent

Charles is learning the anatomy of the structures in the vocal apparatus, including the soft palate, tongue, lips, teeth, and jaw. Together, these structures are called the _____.

Articulators

Emily is hiking in the mountains. She takes a break to look out at the horizon and notices the mountains in the distance are blurry and appear to have a blue tint. What is this called?

Atmospheric Perspective

Which statement is true with regard to attention

Attention can influence appearance

Janice is watching her daughter play soccer. Suddenly, she notices a bright flash and loud boom off to the side of the soccer field, indicating a thunderstorm. Which term refers to Janice's involuntary shift of attention to the bright flash and loud sound?

Attentional Capture

Alyssa is a participant in an experiment where the researcher is measuring her neuronal response to different stimuli. The findings indicate that her neurons fire when she hammers a nail and when she hears the sound associated with hammering a nail. What are these neurons called?

Audiovisual Mirror Neurons

Lea and Heather are in a noisy restaurant. Lea looks intently at Heather's lips to help her understand what Heather is saying because the restaurant is so loud. What is this called?

Audiovisual Speech Perception

Maelynn is an audiologist. She knows that we are most sensitive to sounds at frequencies between 2,000 and _____ Hz, which is also the range for understanding speech.

4,000

John has had a stroke. His speech is now labored and stilted and he can only speak in short sentences. He can comprehend what others are saying. What is the term for John's condition?

Broca's Aphasia

A neuron responds best to a spot of light that is the size of the excitatory center of the receptive field. This is because of _______

Center-Surround Antagonism

Janet is holding her phone out in front of her at arm's length, equidistant from her left and right ears. She has it on speakerphone. She then moves her hand straight up and down, increasing and decreasing the sound source's elevation, with the source still equidistant from her two ears. If she was not holding the phone herself, she would not be able to indicate the elevation of the sound source because the source is equidistant and the time and level differences are zero. What concept does this scenario best illustrate?

Cone of Confusion

Fifth-grader Mia is studying how light is focused in the eye. She learns that the _________ account(s) for 80% of the eye's focusing power

Cones

Barry is given a piece of paper with horizontal and vertical lines on it. The lines are blue and red. Barry is asked to circle the blue horizontal lines. What type of search is this?

Conjunction Search

Sherri is processing lab data on the locations of retinal activations in the brain. She notes that even though the fovea accounts for only 0.01 percent of the retina's area, signals from the fovea account for 8 to 10 percent of the retinotopic map on the cortex. This apportioning to the small fovea of a large area on the cortex is known as _____

Cortical Magnification

A baseball pitcher is looking at home plate, but suddenly throws to first base in an attempt to catch a player trying to steal second base. The baseball pitcher is engaging in _____.

Covert Attention

Chloe turns the light off in her bedroom before going to sleep and cannot see a thing. She trips over some books on the floor. A few minutes later, after ____ has occurred, she can clearly see the books she tripped over.

Darkness Adaptation

Bryce is a graduate student who is conducting an experiment in which participants have to navigate a corn maze. He finds that objects at corners where the participant had to decide which direction to turn are more important for navigation. What are these objects known as?

Decision-Point Landmarks

A major goal of the _____ approach to perception is to determine how movement creates perceptual information that both guides further movement and helps observers perceive the environment.

Ecological

Mary is teaching children vowel sounds by having them repeat them over and over again. As a speech teacher, Mary knows the specific sounds of each vowel are created by changing the overall shape of the vocal tract. This change in shape modifies the resonant frequency of the vocal tract and produces peaks of pressure at a number of different frequencies. The frequencies at which the peaks occur are called _____.

Formants

Dr. Axon is conduction research on the part of the eye that contains only cones and no rods, in other words, the

Fovea

Justin is looking through the crowd in the mall as he tries to locate his friends. Justin has to visually scan the crowd because only the part of the eye known as the ___ creates good detail vision

Fovea

Ellie is conducting auditory research on pure tones. She is measuring the repetition rate of the tones. What is another term for what Ellie is measuring?

Fundamental Frequency

Jason is riding his bike on campus. He perceives that the trees nearest to him and the sidewalk beneath him are moving faster than the trees and sidewalk farther away. What is this phenomenon called?

Gradient Flow

Because of their spatial regularity, ______ cells are likely able to provide information about the direction of movement

Grid

The ______ grid is a grid of dark squares separated by white spaces in which illusory black spots appear in the intersections

Hermann

Ed is measuring the frequency of sounds in units. What are these units called

Hertz

Mitch has damage to his auditory what pathway. Which of the following difficulties might Mitch experience?

Identifying Sounds

Mattea is looking in a store window at some clothes. She shifts her attention to look at her reflection in the window and becomes less aware of the clothes in the window. Which concept is best illustrated by this scenario?

Inattentional Blindness

Carl Goss found that neurons in the _______ respond to complex visual stimuli

Inferotemporal Cortex

Jax is studying optic nerves in cats. He has found that stimulation of the area in the "surround" of the receptive field causes a decrease in the firing of neurons. Jax is studying the _______ of the receptive field

Inhibitory Area

Dr. James is interested in studying the perception of shades ranging from white to grey to black. This concept is also known as

Lightness

Dr. Canine conducts an experiment where she deactivates a cat's posterior auditory areas. The findings will most likely indicate that this disrupts the cat's ability to _____.

Locate Sounds

Sarah is collaborating on an experiment in her an anatomy and physiology class. She and her partners lower electrodes into a cat's cortex. They place the electrodes perpendicular to the cat's cortex and every neuron they encounter has its receptive field at about the same location on the retina. This is a replication of an experiment demonstrating that the striate cortex is organized into _____.

Location Columns

Evan is asked to count to ten, which is an easy task for him. Which type of task best describes Evan's counting

Low-Load Task

Light and dark bands created at fuzzy borders are called ______ bands

Mach

Some of the signals leaving the IT cortex reach structures in the ______ lobe that are extremely important for memory

Medial Temporal

Erin is focusing on the experience of a sequence of pitches as belonging together in her current musical studies. Which term describes Erin's area of interest?

Melody

Bruce is studying the organization of beats into bars or measures, in which the first beat in each bar often accented. In this aspect of his study, Bruce is most focused on _____.

Meter

Suppose you are looking at two corners - one from outside a building and one from inside a building. In both cases, the vertical height is 10 feet, yet the corner inside the building appears to have a greater vertical height than the corner outside the building. Richard Gregory explains this real-world demonstration of the Müller-Lyer illusion on the basis of ____.

Misapplied Size Constancy Scaling

Nathan is taking his first train ride. He looks out the window and sees the ground below moving past in a blur. When he looks in the distance, the trees, bushes, and land seem to be moving more slowly. Nathan is experiencing _____.

Motion Parallax

Maria is testing the behavior of monkeys. First, she shows the monkey a rectangle. Then she shows the monkey a rectangle and a cylinder. If the monkey pushes aside the rectangle, Maria gives the monkey a food reward. Which term describes this type of experiment?

Object Discrimination

Jane was diagnosed with a brain injury after a car accident. The injury is located in the ______, where signals from the retina first reach the cortex

Occipital Lobe

The idea behind _____ cues is that we can feel the inward movement of the eyes that occurs when the eyes converge to look at nearby objects, and we feel the tightening of eye muscles that change the shape of the lens to focus on a nearby object.

Oculomotor

The Limulus eye is made up of hundreds of tiny structures called _______, each of which has a small lens on the eye's surface that is located directly over a single receptor

Ommatidia

Jason is riding his bike on campus. He looks at the sidewalk moving below and the trees moving past him. The movement Jason is seeing is known as _______

Optic Flow

Erica is studying the structure of the middle ear and its role in sound perception, specifically the three smallest bones in the body known as the _____.

Ossicles

Dr. Grip studies the area of the brain that is involved in reaching and grasping, the ____ reach region

Parietal

The fact that we perceive the sound of a phoneme as the same even though the acoustic signal is changed by coarticulation is an example of _____.

Perceptual Constancy

Ben is walking along some railroad tracks. He notices that the tracks appear closer together as he looks farther down the tracks until arriving at a single point. What is Ben experiencing?

Perspective Convergence

Pat is studying how a sound's frequency determines the timing of electrical signals. He finds that auditory nerve fibers fire in synchrony with the rising and falling pressure of the pure tone. Pat is studying _____.

Phase Locking

What are /p/, /i/, and /t/ in the word pit known as

Phonemes

Maryl has a terrible cold and is coughing a lot. Her roommate, however, is still able to understand what Maryl is saying, even when Maryl's coughs result in the omission of word sounds. This illustrates the _____ effect.

Phonemic Restoration

Samantha, an artist, is drawing a cityscape that she sees off in the distance as well as the surroundings of the park in which she is sitting. As she is drawing the trees and buildings, Samantha notes that there are more vertical and horizontal lines than angled lines. These frequently-occurring characteristics of the environment that Samantha perceives are known as _____.

Physical Regularities

The aspect of auditory sensation whose variation is associated with muscial melodies is

Pitch

Matthew is conducting a study on the basilar membrane. He finds that the base is tuned to high frequencies and the apex is tuned to low frequencies, and that the best frequency varies continuously along the basilar membrane between these extremes. Matthew's research supports which theory?

Place Theory

Tricia is looking at a ball. If we could experience Tricia's processing of the image of the ball, we could see Tricia analyzing that the ball is red and round, or breaking the ball up into separate features (color, shape). Which stage of Treisman's feature integration theory does this example illustrate?

Preattentive Stage

Greg has a home theater system with speakers situated in various locations around the room. He sits in a chair with a speaker right behind it. He perceives that the sound from the television is coming from that speaker. What is Greg experiencing?

Precedence Effect

Doug likes to listen to his music at top volume through his earphones. He is likely to incur hair cell damage over time, otherwise known as _____.

Presbycusis

Lakshmi is shown two pictures simultaneously. Her left eye is shown a rectangle and her right eye is shown a tiger. Lakshmi reports that sometimes she sees the rectangle and other times she sees the tiger, but not both at the same time. This example illustrates binocular _____.

Rivalry

Dr. Kepler, an astronomer, knows that some very dim stars are difficult to detect when looked at directly, but that these same stars can often be seen when they are located off to the side of where the person is looking. Which statement best explains this phenomenon

Rods, which predominate in the periphery of the retina, have greater convergence than cones

Dr. Derek conducts an experiment where he presents two sequences of notes simultaneously through earphones, one to the right ear and one to the left. The notes presented to each ear jump up and down, meaning that they do not create a scale. However, the results indicate that the listeners perceived smooth sequences of notes in each ear, with the higher notes in the right ear and the lower ones in the left ear. What effect is Dr. Derek researching?

Scale Illusion

Stacy is looking at the city skyline, with multiple buildings of different heights, architectural styles, materials and colors. She perceives the buildings as separate buildings, not a single mass, because of _____.

Segregation

The idea behind _____ is that if an animal is raised in an environment that contains only certain types of stimuli, then neurons that respond to these stimuli will become more prevalent.

Selective Rearing

Samantha is driving down the street and the movement provides data to her. She then uses the data to help steer her car in the right direction. What is the term for this process?

Self-Produced Information

Kris is asked to visualize a kitchen and then to describe his visualization. He notes that there is a refrigerator and stove for food preparation, as well as a table for dining with friends and loved ones. Kris is able to provide meaning to this scene because of _____ regularities.

Semantic

Dr. Minder conducts an experiment where he measures participants' brain activity as they are viewing various complex indoor and outdoor scenes. Which "mind reading" analytic method should Dr. Minder use if he is interested in the meaning of the scenes?

Semantic Encoding

Jean sees a flash of light. A structuralist would note that Jean is experiencing a ________

Sensation

Kevin is testing the hearing of children. He presents sentences to subjects through earphones and asks them to repeat aloud what they are hearing. What technique is Kevin using?

Shadowing

The Olympic symbol, which is typically perceived as five distinctly colored, interlocked circles, best illustrates the Gestalt principle of

Simplicity

Carrie is looking at the poles on a fence row. She knows they are all approximately the same height, even though they appear to get smaller as she looks farther down the fence row. What is Carrie experiencing when she knows the fence poles are the same height, even though they appear to get smaller in the distance?

Size COnstancy

Dr. Sims is rearing cats so that their vision alternates between the left and right eyes every other day during the first 6 months of their lives. After this six-month period of presenting stimuli to just one eye at a time, Dr. Sims records from neurons in the cat's cortex and finds that (1) these cats have few binocular neurons, and (2) they are not able to use binocular disparity to perceive depth. What do the results of this experiment demonstrate?

THe connection between binocular neurons and perception

While Shane is checking his e-mail, his attention is diverted to a pop-up advertisement. The pop-up ad is best described as a _______ stimulus

Task-Irrelevant

Maria is testing the behavior of monkeys. First, she shows the monkey a rectangle. Then she shows the monkey a rectangle and a cylinder. If the monkey pushes aside the rectangle, Maria gives the monkey a food reward. In the second part of the experiment, Maria removes part of the monkey's brain, after which this problem was very difficult for the monkey. What part of the monkey's brain was removed?

Temporal Lobe

Misty is a spectator at a marathon and looks for a friend. There is a large crowd of marathoners this year and they appear to be more tightly packed together the farther off in the distance she looks. Misty is experiencing the observation of _____.

Texture Gradient

Kelly is at the beach watching a large flock of seagulls flying in the same direction. She perceives the birds to be one large unit flying together rather than as individual birds. What principle does this scenario best illustrate?

The Principle of Common Fate

Amelie looks at a tree, which is imaged on the retina. The representation of the tree in the visual cortex is contained in the firings of neurons in separate cortical columns. The information in these separated columns is combined in the cortex to create our perception of the tree. These columns work together to cover the entire visual field, which is an effect called _____.

Tiling

Riley and Aaron are in an orchestra. Riley plays the flute and Aaron plays the oboe. To warm up, they play the same note at the same loudness, pitch, and duration. Yet the audience can still distinguish between the two, due to the difference in _____.

Timbre

Doug is shown a series of pictures of faces seen from different angles. He is able to recognize that the pictures are of the same woman. Doug is easily able to do what a sophisticated computer program is unable to do because he makes use of

Viewpoint Invariance

Dr. Barnes conducts an experiment in which he has participants stand in a room with a stationary floor while the walls and ceiling swing towards and away from the participant. He finds that participants sway back and forth to compensate, even though the floor is stationary. Which statement explains these results?

Vision is a powerful determinant of balance

When people who are walking use the ____ strategy, they keep their body pointed toward a target and readjust if the target drifts left or right

Visual Direction

Stanley is learning about the properties of light in his physics class. He learns that the distance between peaks of electromagnetic transmissions is called the

Wavelength