EXAM TWO Crime in America

Which of the following characteristics is more common of a female robber than of a male robber? A.)The infrequent use of guns B.)A focus on economic incentives C.)The use of accomplices D.)Primarily target male victims

The infrequent use of guns Robberies committed by men almost always involve guns, while female robbers generally do not use guns except when robbing men.

Janice is the manager of a large retail store. Following the recommendation of the National Retail Federation, she has installed store security cameras to document larceny through the use of video recordings in an effort to combat which type of multiple-offender crime? A.)Identity theft B.)Shoplifting C.)Flash mobs D.)Purse snatching

Flash mobs

Adrian, a store employee, took some merchandise home from his workplace without paying for it. Which of the following crimes did Adrian commit? A.)Arson B.)Larceny-theft C.)Burglary D.)Identity theft

Larceny-theft Adrian committed larceny-theft. Larceny-theft refers to the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another.

Which of the following costs of identity theft primarily applies to businesses, rather than to the victim whose identity has been stolen? A.)Higher insurance rates that are charged as a result of identity theft B.)Costs involved in obtaining or retaining credit C.)Costs involved in fraud prevention D.)Denial of utility services as a result of identity theft

Costs involved in fraud prevention

Welma is looking for an expensive leather bag. She meets a man at a Sunday market and strikes a deal. The man says he can sell it to her at a low cost. She decides to buy it even though she suspects it to be a stolen bag. What of the following best describes Welma's activities? A.)Welma is a fully covered fence B.)Welma is an avocational receiver C.)Welma is a noncovered fence D.)Welma is an amateur receiver

Welma is an amateur receiver An amateur receiver is an otherwise honest citizen who receives stolen property for personal consumption.

Terry follows Jean to her apartment building, intending to rape and kill her. However, after he observes a security camera located over the front door and realizes that both the front and back entrances to the building are well lit and visible from windows in other buildings, Terry abandons his plan as too risky. What concept was involved in preventing Terry's planned crime?

Crime prevention through environmental design: is a crime prevention technique that modifies features of the physical environment to accomplish its goals.

Many people would consider Monica to be wealthy. She owns her own home as well as a beach house, drives a luxury vehicle, and often vacations abroad. However, Monica is depressed and frustrated because she feels that her boss does not value her and that she is underpaid compared to her male colleagues. Monica's feelings of frustration result from the notion of _______.

Distributive justice: refers to an individual's perception of his or her rightful place in the reward structure of society. According to the principle of distributive justice, even wealth and socially privileged individuals may feel slighted or shortchanged if they believe they have been inadequately rewarded for their behavior or accomplishments.

Which of the following is true of stalking? A.)It is an offense that occurs only once rather than repeatedly. B.)It excludes behaviors such as sending letters and making phone calls to a person. C.)It causes victims to fear for their personal safety. D.)It is primarily characterized by prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.

It causes victims to fear for their personal safety.

Martin earns a million dollars each year from his illegal human trafficking business. He opens a restaurant and claims that it makes a large profit to conceal the true origin of his income. This scenario is an example of ________. A.)insider trading B.)mass-marketing fraud C.)money laundering D.)insurance fraud

money laundering

Jack robs a convenience store. While trying to leave the store, he panics and shoots one of the customers, killing her instantly. The robbery is an example of a(n) ____________. A.)expressive homicide B.)primary homicide C.)disciple killing D.)sibling offense

sibling offense Not all offenders who commit homicide intend to kill their victims. A sibling offense refers to the original incident that results in homicide, such as a robbery, burglary, or argument.

Which of the following statements regarding the RICO Act is true? A.)It made provisions for asset forfeiture. B.)It is part of the Clayton Act of 1914. C.)It makes racketeering illegal. D.)It was the first federal legislation aimed specifically at curtailing the activities of organized crime.

It made provisions for asset forfeiture. Punishments provided for under RICO include asset forfeiture, which makes it possible for federal officials to seize the proceeds of those involved in racketeering.

Alf is a member of a gang that offers payday loans and personal loans to individuals considered ineligible by banks. Although the state limits the interest rate that may be charged on loans to 13 percent, Alf charges 22 percent interest. Alf and his gang are engaged in: A.) infiltration B.)loan-sharking C.)labor union racketeering D.)asset forfeiture

loan-sharking

Mass murderers who commit suicide after they murder most often do so when their murder was motivated by ________. A.)love B.)terror C.)revenge D.)profit

love Mass murderers motivated by love have a sense of love that is distorted and obsessive. They often commit suicide after they murder, and in the case of a spouse killing, they may also kill their children.

Which of the following encouraged the explosion of child pornography in the United States in the 1990s? A.)Commercial sexual exploitation B.)The Internet C.)Sex offender registries D.)Self-reports from offenders and victims

The Internet

When is a residential burglary most likely to occur?

3 pm

Following a mass shooting at a school, an interest group devoted to banning guns organizes a series of demonstrations and protest marches. The protest campaign captures national attention and laws are changed to reflect this group's values. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this scenario? A.) Tagging B.)Secondary deviance C.)Moral enterprise D.)Primary deviance

Moral enterprise Moral enterprise refers to the efforts made by an interest group to have its sense of moral or ethical propriety enacted into law.

Which of the following explains why white-collar criminals are harder to investigate and prosecute? A.)White-collar criminals are often not motivated by the same forces that drive other criminals. B.)Cases against white-collar offenders must often be built on evidence of a single crime, rather than a continuing series of offenses. C.)Often the evidence provided in the case of white-collar crimes is only understandable to financial or legal experts, making it difficult to explain to jurors. D.)White-collar criminals generally do not have sufficient financial resources to hire good defense attorneys.

Often the evidence provided in the case of white-collar crimes is only understandable to financial or legal experts, making it difficult to explain to jurors.

Which of the following is true of the Preparing for the Drug Free Years (PDFY) program? A.)PDFY addresses early childhood risk factors for gang involvement by targeting boys in kindergarten. B.)PDFY seeks to teach effective parenting skills as a way to decrease the risks that juveniles face. C.)PDFY incorporates both vocational skills training and relationship-centered approaches into parent training. D.)PDFY's primary goal is to build strong prosocial bonds while attempting to teach positive values to young people.

PDFY seeks to teach effective parenting skills as a way to decrease the risks that juveniles face. PDFY seeks to teach effective parenting skills as a way to decrease the risks that juveniles face. It is designed to increase effective parenting for children in grades four through eight in an effort to reduce drug abuse and behavioral problems.

Which of the following questions is most likely to be asked by a social control theorist? A.)How do offenders learn criminal behavior? B.)How do criminals manage impressions to achieve cooperation from their victims? C.)Why do people obey the law instead of violating it? D.)What effect does society's response to criminals have on continued crime?

Why do people obey the law instead of violating it? Social control theory focuses on factors that keep people from committing crimes.

Sebastian is a mechanic who works at a local auto-body shop. When he learns that one of his customers, Laura, is out of town for a week, he decides to break into Laura's house. After disabling the security system, he goes through the house, taking only items that he can easily sell. Sebastian is most likely a(n) _________. A.)amateur receiver B.)middle-range burglar C.)low-level burglar D.)high-level

middle-range burglar Middle-range burglars are older and are not as easily dissuaded by security devices as low-level burglars. Sebastian is a mechanic employed at a local body shop, so is unlikely to be a juvenile, and he was able to disable Laura's security system.

According to Gary W. Potter, to understand organized crime and to deal effectively with it, it is important to study A.)the role of organized crime in a country's culture. B.)the origin of organized crime. C.)the social context in which organized crime occurs. D.)the economic impact of organized crime.

the social context in which organized crime occurs. Potter claimed that to understand organized crime and to deal effectively with it, we must study the social context in which it occurs. He stated that organized crime is an integral part of the social, politi¬cal, and economic system and any effective attack on organized crime would involve either meeting or eliminating the demands of the consumers of organized crime's products and services.

Which of the following best describes a fully covered fence? A.)A fence who operates a legitimate business in which the legitimate inventory partially overlaps with the stolen goods being fenced. B.)A fence who operates a legitimate business and deals only in stolen goods that part of the inventory in the legitimate business. C.)An otherwise-honest citizen who buys stolen property on a small scale for personal use. D.)A drug dealer who accepts stolen property in exchange for drugs.

A fence who operates a legitimate business and deals only in stolen goods that part of the inventory in the legitimate business.

Barney is a clerk at a retail store. One day, after work, he takes a dozen toilet paper rolls home without paying for them. What type of larceny-theft is this? A.)Employee theft B.)Burglary C.)Shoplifting D.)Identity theft

Employee theft

Which of the following is a characteristic of female serial killers? A.)Female serial killers often commit crimes some distance away from their own homes and often do not consider the type of neighborhood in which the victim lives. B.)Female serial killers tend to have fairly short careers. C.)Female serial killers tend to have a fairly unsystematic approach to their crimes. D.)Female serial killers tend to target strangers.

Female serial killers tend to target strangers. Female serial killers typically select their victims from among people they know, while male serial killers tend to target strangers.

Which social structure theory suggests that lower class subcultures have key values that drive members into delinquency? A.)Neutralization theory B.)Focal concern theory C.)Differential opportunity theory D.)General strain theory

Focal concern theory Miller's focal concern theory outlined the key values, or focal concerns, that drive members of lower-class subcultures into delinquency.

Which of the following is an example of separation assault? A.)Kim is obsessed with her colleague and stalks him every day after work. B.)Ron attempts to rape his schoolmate and beats her when she resists. C.)Martha attacks a man in self-defense when he tries to rape her. D.)Greg beats his wife when she tries to end their relationship.

Greg beats his wife when she tries to end their relationship. This is an example of separation assault. Separation assault refers to violence inflicted by partners on significant others who attempt to leave an intimate relationship.

Prior to the 1980s, rates of robbery and burglary were basically parallel, but they began to diverge during the 1980s, with rates of robbery increasing and burglary decreasing. Which of the following factors is believed to account for this change in offending structure? A.)The increasing sophistication of home security systems B.)Reduced levels of unemployment C.)Police crackdowns on commercial burglary D.)Increasing demands for crack cocaine

Increasing demands for crack cocaine

Which of the following is true of the OJJDP's Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders program? A.)It is based on the social process model. B.)Its primary goal is to provide a positive alternative to gangs for juveniles who are most vulnerable to their influences. C.)It focuses primarily on the prohibition of alcohol. D.)It provides participating communities with a framework for preventing delinquency.

It provides participating communities with a framework for preventing delinquency.

How do Russian organized criminals differ from those in the United States? A.)Unlike American organized criminal groups, Russian organized criminals avoid trafficking in narcotics. B.)Russian organized crime focuses specifically on committing financial fraud at the exclusion of other crimes. C.)Most Russian organized criminals are former government officials. D.)Unlike American organized criminal groups, Russian organized criminals profit significantly from activities such as racketeering and prostitution.

Most Russian organized criminals are former government officials.

Which of the following statements regarding property offenders is true? A.)Most property offenders employ some degree of rationality, but it is limited. B.)Many property offenders are classified as occasional criminals because of the infrequent nature of their involvement in crime. C.)Offense specialization, or a preference for a certain type of offense, is common among property offenders. D.)Most property offenders are characterized as professional criminals.

Most property offenders employ some degree of rationality, but it is limited.

Alvin is a member of an organized criminal group and helps to run a gambling ring. With his share of the proceeds, he purchased several very expensive sports cars. After Alvin is caught and convicted, his cars were seized by federal agents. He protested but was told that this was permitted under the provision of which federal law? A.)The Hobbs Act B.)The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act C.)The Clayton Act D.)The Sherman Act

The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act

Which federal law gave the Securities and Exchange Commission the authority to prevent dishonest corporate officers and directors from ever serving in positions of corporate responsibility in the future? A.)The Securities Act B.)The Sherman Act C.)The Sarbanes-Oxley Act D.)The Clayton Act

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 gave the Securities and Exchange Commission the authority to prevent dishonest corporate officers and directors from ever serving in positions of corporate responsibility in the future. The Act also requires chief executive officers and chief financial officers to personally vouch for the truth and fairness of their companies' financial disclosures and establishes an independent oversight board to regulate the accounting profession.

What is the basic contention of both lifestyle theory and routine activities theory? A.)Race is a factor in contributing to the likelihood of burglary. B.)Socioeconomic status is a factor contributing to the likelihood of burglary. C.)The structure of everyday life is a factor contributing to the likelihood of burglary. D.)The level of awareness is a factor contributing to the likelihood of burglary.

The structure of everyday life is a factor contributing to the likelihood of burglary. The basic contention of lifestyle and routine activities theory is that what people do, where they do it, how often they do it, and with whom they do it all influence the risk of criminal victimization. This focus is not on why people commit crimes but how the structure of social life makes it easy or difficult for people to carry out those criminal inclinations.

Why do many of the fires started by juveniles go undetected by law enforcement officials? A.)They are started on school property and discovered by school staff who do not report them. B.)Juveniles generally set fires in areas where other fires are already burning, so they appear to be an offshoot of the existing fire. C.)They are started in the home and parents do not report them. D.)Most fires set by juveniles appear to be accidental and therefore are not reported to the police.

They are started on school property and discovered by school staff who do not report them.

Which of the following may be explained by the subculture of violence theory? A.)What is the relationship between crime and drug use? B.)How do male and female serial killers differ? C.)Why do some cities have more violence than others? D.)Why do homicide offenders primarily target victims who exhibit different sociodemographic characteristics?

Why do some cities have more violence than others? The subculture of violence suggests that certain groups share norms and values that support violent behavior. It may explain why some cities with high levels of poverty and unemployment have high rates of violence, while others do not.

Though Katie is frequently tempted to shoplift, she is able to resist this temptation by telling herself that shoplifting is wrong and that it is against her principles. This scenario best illustrates the concept of ________. A.)inner containment B.)differential association C.)control ratio D.)low self-esteem

inner containment This scenario best illustrates inner containment. Inner containment represents the ability of a person to follow the expected norms, and to direct himself or herself.

What factor is common to all social structure theories?

Low socioeconomic status

Bonnie is 22 years old. She dropped out of school when she was 16 and began using drugs. Bonnie's parents kicked her out and she now lives on the street or in a homeless shelter. Bonnie's activities best illustrate which mode of adaptation? A.)Retreatism B.)Rebellion C.)Innovation D.)Ritualism

Retreatism: describes the behavior of those who reject both the socially approved goals and means of society. These individuals often become dropouts, drug abusers, or homeless persons.

Which of the following is true of the common law definition of rape? A.)The common law definition of rape did not recognize male victims of rape. B.)The common law definition of rape allowed for acts of sexual penetration other than vaginal penetration by a penis. C.)The common law definition of rape did not allow a victim's previous sexual history to be admitted as relevant information. D.)The common law definition of rape recognized rape within marriage.

The common law definition of rape did not recognize male victims of rape. The common law definition of rape construed the crime very narrowly and specifically. Only women were recognized as victims of rape.

Chloe, a kindergartener, is caught stealing candy from her teacher's desk. She explains that she believes she is entitled take the candy because she has been so well-behaved during the past few months. In this case, Chloe is using which technique of neutralization? A.)Condemning the condemners B.)The metaphor of the ledger C.)The claim that everyone does it D.)Denying injury

The metaphor of the ledger refers to the justification where individuals feel entitled to indulge in misbehavior because they feel that they have accrued credits in the past for good behavior.

Kim finds that the distribution of crime and other social problems in her city appears to follow the concentric zone model described by Park and Burgess. In which area of the city does Kim find the greatest amount of social disorganization?

Zone II

Toby is a senior employee of a company. At a meeting with the company's financial advisors, he learns that the company is facing heavy losses and will soon be bankrupt. He shares this information with a friend who owns shares in the company and urges him to sell his shares. This scenario is an example of ________. A.)wire fraud B.)kickbacks C.)money laundering D.)insider trading

insider trading

Which of the following is considered a major property crime by the FBI? A.)Burglary B.)Robbery C.)Drug possession D.)Fencing

Burglary Burglary is the unlawful entry of a structure (residential or commercial) with intent to commit a felony or a theft. The FBI considers burglary a serious property crime.

Shane operates an investment firm that promises unusually high returns to its investors. However, rather than investing the money legitimately, he simply funnels it to his personal accounts. He uses money from new investors to pay returns to older investors. Which crime best describes Shane's actions? A.)Corporate fraud B.)Insider trading C.)Equity skimming D.)A Ponzi scheme

A Ponzi scheme Ponzi schemes use money collected from new investors, rather than business profits, to pay high rates of return promised to earlier investors, giving them the impression that this is a legitimate money-making enterprise when, in reality, investors' money is the only source of funding.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates ethnic succession? A.) Rob is the consigliere of an organized crime family. He steps down after spending several months training his son, David, to take over the position. B.)A gang mainly composed of Irish immigrants is running the drug trade in a large urban area. After many of the gang leaders are caught, forcing the gang to stop its illicit activities, Italian immigrants take over the drug trade in the community. C.)Matt and Carlos are running a very profitable numbers racket. To cover the illegal origins of their profits, they open several video arcades and funnel much of their illegally-obtained cash through their legitimate business. D.)Jeff organizes a fraudulent investment scheme in which he collects money from one group of investors and uses it to pay returns to other investors.

A gang mainly composed of Irish immigrants is running the drug trade in a large urban area. After many of the gang leaders are caught, forcing the gang to stop its illicit activities, Italian immigrants take over the drug trade in the community. Ethnic succession is the continuing process whereby one immigrant or ethnic group succeeds another by assuming its position in society.

Which of the following scenarios represents environmental crime? A.)A small-business owner whose business is failing commits arson to get money out of the business before it is foreclosed upon by the bank. B.)A wealthy individual claims public assistance benefits for nonexistent children. C.)A terrorist group creates a shell company that appears legitimate and uses it to channel profits from illegal activities. D.)A vehicle manufacturer falsifies the results of emissions tests because the emission levels violate Clean Air Act requirements.

A vehicle manufacturer falsifies the results of emissions tests because the emission levels violate Clean Air Act requirements.

Which of the following is an example of a nonprimary homicide? A.)Maya accidentally shoots her friend while learning how to handle a gun. B.)Phil kills his colleague after finding out that he was dating Phil's girlfriend. C.)Moses and his brother devise a plan to ransack a neighbor's house while he is away on vacation. D.)Bob and his friends try to rob a stranger on the street and kill him when he attempts to call for help.

Bob and his friends try to rob a stranger on the street and kill him when he attempts to call for help. This is an example of a nonprimary homicide. Nonprimary homicides involve victims and offenders who have no prior relationship and usually occur in the course of crimes such as robbery.

Which of the following statements about general strain theory is true? A.)General strain theory is narrower than traditional strain theory B.)General strain theory states that a lack of investment in conventional social institutions reduces the risk likelihood of criminal coping in response to strain. C.)General strain theory states that group differences in crime are due to differences in exposure to strains that encourage crime D.)General strain theory argues that strains that are low in magnitude are more likely to cause crime.

General strain theory states that group differences in crime are due to differences in exposure to strains that encourage crime General strain theory suggests that patterns of offending over the life course, group differences in crime, and community and societal differences in crime can be partly explained in terms of differences in the exposure to strains conducive to crime.

Which of the following is an example of new account fraud? A.)Georgina obtains her co-worker's Social Security number and maiden name and uses this to obtain a new credit card in her co-worker's name. B.)Frederico uses his account information to make an online payment toward his younger sister's tuition. C.)Desmond, a pickpocket, steals a debit card from a woman on the subway and uses it to withdraw cash from her account. D.)Jane steals her father's new gas card and uses it at various gas stations in the city.

Georgina obtains her co-worker's Social Security number and maiden name and uses this to obtain a new credit card in her co-worker's name.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates embezzlement? A.) Matt sends false messages to people through e-mail stating that they won the national lottery B.)GK Motors is an automobile manufacturing company that dumps its hazardous waste into a nearby lake. C.)Martha is an employee of a company. She is asked to deposit a thousand dollars in a bank but takes it instead for her personal use. D.)Gracia is the Chief Financial Officer of a company that is in serious financial trouble. She hides company assets to prevent creditors from seizing them.

Martha is an employee of a company. She is asked to deposit a thousand dollars in a bank but takes it instead for her personal use. Embezzlement is the unlawful misappropriation for personal use of money, property, or other thing of value entrusted to the offender's care, custody, or control. The company entrusted Martha with money which she unlawfully misappropriated for her own use

Which of the following refers to the illegal killing of three or more individuals in a single event or during a short period of time? A.)Felony murder B.)Serial murder C.)Mass murder D.)Negligent murder

Mass murder Mass murder is the illegal killing of three or more individuals in a single event or during a short period of time.

Which type of motor vehicle theft has the lowest rate of vehicle recovery? A.)Joyriding B.)Vehicles stolen for stripping C.)Professional car theft D.)Attempted motor vehicle theft

Professional car theft Although they are not as common as motor vehicle thefts for other uses, professional thefts have the lowest recovery rates.

George is a successful stockbroker and lives in an upper-middle-class community. However, while many of his neighbors own expensive sports cars, George cannot afford one. He engages in insider trading to obtain the money to buy a sports car. Which best explains George's involvement in crime? A.)Collective efficacy B.)Reaction formation C.)Retreatism D.)Relative deprivation

Relative deprivation: is a sense of social or economic inequality experienced by those who are unable to achieve legitimate success within the surrounding society. While George is economically successful, he feels a sense of inequality compared to his neighbors and engages in criminal behavior to reduce that inequality.

According to Tittle's control-balance theory, why would Toby engage in white-collar crime? A.)Toby has a control deficit. B.)Toby lacks self-control. C.)Toby has excessive inner containments. D.)Toby has a control surplus.

Toby has a control surplus. Individuals with control surpluses are able to control others and are more likely to engage in autonomous and acquisitive crimes, including white-collar crime.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the findings of research into sexual violence in prison? A.)Inmates often falsely report incidents of prison rape in attempt to get attention and sympathy from correctional staff. B.)Victims may feel personally devalued as a result of being sexually victimized. C.)Most sexual aggressors in prison self-identify as homosexual. D.)The primary motivation for sexual attacks in prison is sexual release.

Victims may feel personally devalued as a result of being sexually victimized. As in cases of heterosexual rape, sexual assaults in prison frequently have long-term psychological effects. Victims of prison rape live in fear, may feel constantly threatened, and can turn to self-destructive activities. Many victims question their masculinity and undergo a personal devaluation.

When Tiffany started high school, she began sneaking out to bars with her friends and smoking marijuana. When her parents grounded her, she became furious with them, claiming that they did not understand she was no longer a child. However, by the time Tiffany was a senior, she had stopped using drugs and alcohol, realizing that this behavior would limit her changes of being accepted into a good university. Tiffany is best characterized as a(n) ________. A.)secondary deviant B.)secret deviant C.)adolescence-limited offender D.)life course persister

adolescence-limited offender An adolescence-limited offender is one who goes through limited periods of time where they exhibit higher probabilities of offending or delinquency. In this case Tiffany's delinquent behavior only lasted for part of her time in high school.

Mike realizes that his girlfriend Ana is cheating on him. They have a major argument, and in a fit of rage, he rapes her. This scenario is most likely an example of a(n) ________ rape. A.)sadistic B.)anger C.)psychopathological D.)power

anger his scenario is most likely an example of an anger rape. In anger rapes, men attack their victims in anger; usually, the attack is impulsive and involves no prior planning on the part of the offender.

Grace is a defense attorney. In some cases, she accepts stolen property as payment from offenders who cannot afford her fees. Grace is most likely to be considered a(n): A.)professional receiver. B.)avocational receiver. C.)noncovered receiver. D.)amateur receiver

avocational receiver.

Carlos dates wealthy middle-aged women. After he gains their trust, he convinces them to make him the sole heir of their property. He then kills them. Based on this information, Carlos is most likely a ________. A.)visionary serial killer B.)mission-oriented serial killer C.)comfort serial killer D.)hedonistic serial killer

comfort serial killer Carlos is most likely a comfort serial killer. Comfort serial killers are motivated by financial or material gain.

According to social bond theory, A.)criminal behavior is the result of a lack of self-control. B.)crime occurs when a person's links to society are weakened or broken. C.)criminal behavior is learned in the same way any other type of behavior is learned. D.)crime occurs because the criminal justice system stigmatizes individuals, forcing them into a deviant lifestyle.

crime occurs when a person's links to society are weakened or broken. Social bond theory suggests that crime occurs when a person's links to society are weakened or broken. Hirschi argued that through successful socialization, a bond forms between individuals and the social group. When that bond is weakened or broken, deviance and crime may result.

While walking down a lonely alleyway, Richa is mugged and robbed of her purse and jewelry. This scenario is most likely an example of a(n) ________. A.)institutional robbery B.)home invasion robbery C.)highway robbery D.)bank robbery

highway robbery This scenario is an example of a highway robbery. Robberies that occur on the street are often referred to as highway robberies, or muggings.

According to Thornberry's interactional theory, the fundamental cause of delinquency is __________. A.)positive turning points B.)weakened bonds to conventional society C.)neuropsychological deficits D.)human agency

weakened bonds to conventional society According to Thornberry, adolescents who are strongly attached to parents and family and strive to achieve within the context of approved social arrangements rarely turn to serious delinquency.

Sasha receives a fraudulent text message informing her that she won a million dollars. This scenario best illustrates ________. A.)government fraud B.)wire fraud C.)bankruptcy fraud D.)insider trading

wire fraud

Sarah is the manager of a large department store and realizes that she has a problem with employee theft. Which of the following employees is most likely to engage in employee theft? A.)Andy, who is a seasonal employee hired to work in the store during the month of December. B.)John, who has worked part-time at the store for the past five years. C.)Mark, who has worked at the store for the past two years and recently was promoted. D.)Luke, who has worked at the store for over 20 years and is Sarah's assistant manager.

Andy, who is a seasonal employee hired to work in the store during the month of December.

Jane is a senior in college and is having trouble affording the textbooks she needs. Her best friend suggests that she steal the books from the university bookstore. Jane rejects this option because she knows that if she is caught stealing, she could be expelled. She has invested a lot of time and money in her education and is not willing to risk the chance of being kicked out of the university and not earning her degree. Jane best represents which component of Hirschi's social bond? A.)Attachment B.)Belief C.)Involvement D.)Commitment

Commitment Commitment refers to a person's investment of time and energy into conforming behavior and the potential loss of the rewards already gained from that behavior. Jane has a large investment in her education and risks losing this investment if she were to commit theft.

Niall has a high-paying job and is well-respected in the community. He decides that shoplifting the twenty-dollar video game he wants would be stupid. Niall's decision relates to which component of the social bond? A.)Involvement B.)Belief C.)Attachment D.)Commitment

Commitment Commitment reflects a person's investment of time and energies into conforming behavior versus the potential loss of the rewards that would otherwise accrue from that behavior.

As mayor, you are concerned about the serious problem of drug abuse in your city. A large group of refugee immigrants recently came to your city and most are living just outside the city center, where the rents are very low. You have discovered that many of these immigrants become involved in drugs within a few months of their arrival. This scenario best illustrates which of the following? A.)Collective efficacy B.)Defensible space C.)Broken windows theory D.)Cultural transmission

Cultural transmission: refers to the tradition of delinquency being transmitted through successive generations of the same zone, in the same way that language, roles, and attitudes are communicated.

Which of the following statements regarding culture conflict theory is true? A.)Culture conflict theory depicts delinquency as a form of adaptive problem-solving behavior committed in response to problems involving frustrating social environments. B.)Culture conflict theory suggest that crime results from differing values regarding what is acceptable or proper behavior. C.)Culture conflict theory views social change, social conflict, and the lack of social consensus as the root causes of crime and deviance. D.)Culture conflict theory emphasizes the importance of geographic location and architectural features in terms of prevalence of victimization.

Culture conflict theory suggest that crime results from differing values regarding what is acceptable or proper behavior Culture conflict theory suggests that the root cause of criminality can be found in a clash of values between differently socialized groups over what is acceptable or proper behavior.

Which of the following statements regarding differential association theory is true? A.)Differential association theory has been criticized for not being applicable at the individual level. B.)Differential association theory claims that criminal behavior is inherited. C.)Differential association focuses on understanding the emergence of criminal values. D.)Differential association theory suggests that criminal behavior is explained by general needs and values.

Differential association theory has been criticized for not being applicable at the individual level. One of the criticisms of differential association theory is that it is not applicable at the individual level because even people who experience an excess of definitions favorable to law violation may still not become criminal

Joel belongs to a large inner-city gang that is engaged in criminal activity for profit. Which crime is Joel's gang most likely to be involved in, given the gang's desire for large profits? A.)Protection rackets B.)Gang killings C.)Drug trafficking D.)Sex trafficking

Drug trafficking The potential for huge drug-based profits has led many criminal gangs to become more organized and more prone to violence.

Which of the following statements regarding Eurasian organized crime in the United States is true? A.)Eurasian organized crime groups in the United States are well-known for financial fraud schemes. B.)Eurasian organized crime expanded in the United States after the collapse of the Soviet Union. C.)Eurasian organized crime in the United States uses a clanlike structure, rather than being structured like the more traditional Sicilian Mafia. D.)Eurasian organized crime groups in the United States are based on tongs and triads.

Eurasian organized crime expanded in the United States after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Which of the following is a key principle of social process theories of crime? A.)Criminal behavior is learned through individual study. B.)Socialization due to individual interactions are the primary means through with learning occurs. C.)High stakes in conformity increases the risk of involvement in crime. D.)Everyone has the potential to violate the law.

Everyone has the potential to violate the law. Social process theories assume that criminality is not an innate characteristic and that everyone has the potential to violate the law.

Which of the following questions would be most likely to be asked by a researcher testing a social structure theory? A.)How does the strength of an individual's bond to society affect crime? B.)How do deviant subcultures affect the likelihood of crime? C.)How does the distribution of wealth within society and the ownership of the means of production affect crime? D.)How does one's level of self-control affect the likelihood of involvement in crime?

How do deviant subcultures affect the likelihood of crime?

According to general strain theory, there are several major sources of strain. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the presentation of negatively-valued stimuli? A.)The coach benches Luke when there are college scouts attending the big game, so he doesn't receive a football scholarship. B.)Sarah's boyfriend dumps her the day before prom. C.)Joanne's parents take away her car keys for a month because she earned poor grades last quarter. D.)Jack is physically abused by his parents and bullied at school.

Jack is physically abused by his parents and bullied at school. Verbal insults and physical abuse are examples of noxious or negatively-valued stimuli

Which of the following best illustrates felony murder? A.)Tara intends to murder her husband. However, he survives the attempt, although he is permanently paralyzed. B.)Josh goes to a bar and drinks steadily for several hours. He then leaves to drive home and collides with a car. The driver of the car dies as a result of the crash. C.)When Nick attempts to rape Molly, Molly kills him. D.)Jacob kidnaps Jane, a young girl. While trying to escape, Jane is hit by a bus and dies.

Jacob kidnaps Jane, a young girl. While trying to escape, Jane is hit by a bus and dies. This scenario best illustrates felony murder. In felony murder, an offender who commits a crime during which someone dies can be found guilty of first-degree murder even though the person committing the crime had no intention of killing anyone.

James steals a car that is parked outside a local fast-food restaurant. He drives it to a garage where mechanics remove the stereo, air conditioner, airbags, and custom rims. The car is then driven to a shopping mall and abandoned in the parking lot. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true? A.)The garage is a front for vehicles being shipped overseas. B.)James is a professional car thief. C.)The vehicle was taken for a joyride. D.)James has taken the car to a chop shop.

James has taken the car to a chop shop. Chop shops strip cars of easy-to-sell accessories, like radios, seats, and airbags.

Which of the following individuals who has been involved in bullying is at the greatest risk of subsequent academic and behavioral problems? A.)Luca, who is socially marginalized, begins bullying other adolescents. B.)Jose is being bullied by older boys in school and begins bullying a classmate to deal with his anger. C.)Milo, who is seen as "different" from his classmates because of his love of manga, is bullied. D.)Lois sees her friend Sara being bullied by a group of students and attempts to intervene and stop the bullying.

Jose is being bullied by older boys in school and begins bullying a classmate to deal with his anger. Youth who both bully others and are also themselves bullied are at greatest risk for subsequent behavioral, mental health, and academic problems.

Which of the following is a criticism of the labeling approach? A.)Labeling theory fails to explain why some individuals with connections to deviance never turn to crime. B.)Labeling theory is overly simplistic and ignores the complexity of the criminal process. C.)Labeling theory fails to explain the origin of crime. D.)Labeling theory assumes that people are automatically nonconformist.

Labeling theory fails to explain the origin of crime. Labeling theory has been criticized because it does little to explain the origin of crime and deviance.

Oban is a member of an organized crime group that is well-known for engaging in extremely profitable financial frauds, including advance-fee schemes and life insurance schemes. Oban's group is most likely an example of a(n) __________ criminal enterprise. A.)Nigerian B.)Middle Eastern C.)Eurasian D.)Asian

Nigerian Nigerian criminal enterprises are famous for their financial frauds, including insurance fraud involving auto accidents; health care billing scams; life insurance schemes; bank, check, and credit card fraud; and advance-fee schemes known as 4-1-9 letters.

One of the approaches for controlling organized crime recommended by Howard Abadinsky is to decrease organized criminal opportunity. Which of the following policies is most likely to achieve this goal? A.)Providing funding to allow the FBI to create a new task force directed at organized criminals. B.)Passing a law increasing the minimum punishment for anyone involved in organized criminal activity. C.)Providing free college tuition to state universities for all in-state students. D.)Passing laws legalizing recreational marijuana.

Passing laws legalizing recreational marijuana. This policy legalizes an activity from which organized crime obtains considerable income, thus decreasing opportunities for criminal activities.

In general, how is rape viewed by the feminist perspective? A.)Rape is an act of sexual violence B.)Rape is an act of power C.)Rape is a biological given D.)Rape is the result of a charismatic personality

Rape is an act of power One of the elements common to the various feminist perspectives is that rape is viewed as an act of power or domination. Sex is the "tool" that is used to subordinate the victim, so that the sexual aspect of the crime is considered secondary to the power dynamics that occur in rape.

Alan, a 40-year-old thief, has made his living by stealing cars and selling parts for years. Lately, however, he feels less committed to the criminal lifestyle and is considering getting out of the business. According to Alfred Blumstein and colleagues, Alan is in which phase of the criminal career? A.)The maturation period B.)The break-in period C.)The stable period D.)The burnout period

The burnout period the burnout period is the final phase of a property offender's career. It usually happens around age 40 and is characterized by increasing dropout rates and a lowered commitment to the criminal lifestyle.

George, an elementary school principal, is meeting with a group of parents. He tells the parents that it is very important for parents to be involved with their children, monitor their behavior, and correct and punish them when necessary. George stresses that this will reduce the risk that their children will become involved in delinquent behavior. George is most likely a supporter of which theory? A.)The general theory of crime B.)Labeling theory C.)Control-balance theory D.)Social bond theory

The general theory of crime The general theory of crime asserts that low self-control accounts for all types of crime and deviant behavior, and that children develop self-control as a result of parent emotional investment. This includes monitoring the child's behavior, recognizing deviance when it occurs, and punishing the child.

As a crime prevention expert, you have been asked to develop a policy to reduce crime in your community. Of the policies below that you have proposed, which is based on broken windows theory? A.) You propose that community members form a neighborhood watch and work together to patrol the community and reduce crime. B.)You suggest that the community install more and brighter street lighting. C.)You suggest that the police should increase the number of patrol officers in those areas of the community where there is the most crime. D.)You propose that the community remove the graffiti and litter from public areas.

You propose that the community remove the graffiti and litter from public areas. Broken windows theory holds that physical deterioration and an increase in unrepaired buildings lead to increased concern for personal safety among residents, which in turn leads to further decreases in maintenance and repair and to increased delinquency, vandalism, and crime.

Josh studies a group of people for a period of one year and concludes that the cause of crimes among the group was due to the uneven distribution of wealth among them. In this case, Josh's conclusion most closely relates to which sociological explanation of crime?

Conflict theories

Which of the following groups accounts for the majority of arsons? A.)African Americans B.)Juveniles C.)Women D.)Ecoterrorists

Juveniles

Which of the following is a major principle of sociological theories of crime? A.)It is possible to predict the specific behavior of a given individual. B.)The relative degree of organization of a society is of limited importance when explaining criminal behavior. C.)The proper focus for criminological study is the individual. D.)The probability that members of a group will engage in a specific type of crime can be estimated

The probability that members of a group will engage in a specific type of crime can be estimated

According to social process theories, criminal behavior is:

learned. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with others, and the socialization process that occurs as a result of group membership is seen as the primary route through which learning occurs.

Which of the following groups is targeted by the Montreal Preventive Treatment Program? A.)Young adults in rehabilitation centers B.)Parents of teens who commit violent crimes C.)Siblings of at-risk teens D.)Boys in kindergarten who exhibit disruptive behavior

Boys in kindergarten who exhibit disruptive behavior The Montreal Preventive Treatment Program is designed to address early childhood risk factors for gang involvement by targeting boys from poor socioeconomic backgrounds who exhibit disruptive behavior while in kindergarten.

Which of the following is an assumption that is made by social structure theories? A.)Social structure perpetuates the fundamental conditions that cause crime. B.)Social disenfranchisement among a society seldom leads to crime. C.)Crime is mainly an upper-class phenomenon. D.)Crime among lower classes is less serious, less frequent, and less dangerous.

Social structure perpetuates the fundamental conditions that cause crime

Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson use which theory to support their claim that white-collar criminals are motivated by the same forces that drive other types of criminals? A.)The general theory of crime B.)Labeling theory C.)Differential association theory D.)An integrated theory of organizational crime

The general theory of crime Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson developed the general theory of crime and claim that it explains all forms of crime, including white-collar crime. They argue that white-collar criminals are motivated by the same forces that drive other criminals: self-interest, the pursuit of pleasure, and the avoidance of pain.

What power did the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act give federal agents? A.)The power to arrest solitary offenders B.)The power to investigate politicians C.)The power to seize financial assets associated with criminal activity D.)The power to curtail activities that interfered with interstate commerce

The power to seize financial assets associated with criminal activity Punishments provided for under RICO include asset forfeiture, which makes it possible for federal officials to seize the proceeds of those involved in racketeering. Federal agents are empowered to seize the financial and other tangible fruits of organized criminal activity, including businesses, real estate, money, equities, gold and other com¬modities, vehicles (including airplanes and boats), and just about anything else that can be shown to have been acquired through a pattern of racketeering activity.

Which of the following individuals is most likely to have followed the covert pathway to delinquency? A.)When Joel was still in preschool, he was found to be extremely stubborn and often unwilling to obey the rules. In elementary school, he frequently defied his teachers and disobeyed his parents. By the time he was a teenager, he was regularly skipping school and had run away from home three times. B.)When Liam was about 10, he began sneaking out of the house and lying to his parents about where he was going. He began shoplifting and stealing money from his mother's purse. The following year, he vandalized his teacher's car, claiming that the teacher was unfair and mean. When Liam was in high school, he began committing household burglaries. C.)Neil has been stealing since he was in elementary school. He often skips school and violates the curfew his parents have imposed. When Neil does go to school, he bullies several of the younger students and has been in a number of fights. At age 16, Neil rapes a classmate. D.)When Shaun was in elementary school, he teased his classmates constantly. Eventually, he bullied several classmates into doing his homework for him. In high school, Shaun received several suspensions for fighting and was eventually expelled. Without a diploma, he could not find a job and began committing robberies.

When Liam was about 10, he began sneaking out of the house and lying to his parents about where he was going. He began shoplifting and stealing money from his mother's purse. The following year, he vandalized his teacher's car, claiming that the teacher was unfair and mean. When Liam was in high school, he began committing household burglaries Liam is following the covert pathway, beginning with minor covert behavior (lying), progressing to property damage (shoplifting and minor theft) and then moderate to serious delinquent acts (burglary).

Drake is 20 years old. His family has lived in the same community for many years. His grandfather was a well-known criminal and was widely regarded as one of the most dangerous men in town. His father was convicted of murder when Drake was 14. Drake has been selling drugs in the neighborhood for the past four years. Which concept does this scenario best illustrate? A.)Broken windows theory B.)cultural transmission C.)Criminology of place D.)Pattern theory

cultural transmission: is the idea that traditions of delinquency are transmitted to successive generations of people living in the same area in the same way that language, roles, and attitudes are communicated.

RK Inc. is a food and beverage company that is famous for its energy drink. The flavor of the drink is so unique that no company has been able to replicate it. However, Lester Inc., a rival company, coerces an employee of RK to reveal the recipe of the drink. Based on this information, Lester Inc. can most likely be charged with ________. A.)economic espionage B.)government fraud C.)embezzlement D.)insider trading

economic espionage Economic espionage is the theft or misappropriation of proprietary economic information (that is, trade secrets) from an individual, a business, or an industry.

Judith is taking a walk one night and passes a sports car. She notices that the car keys are on the passenger's seat and is excited at the idea of being able to drive such a powerful and expensive car. Since no one is around, she quietly slips into the car and drives away. According to containment theory, Judith's desire to drive the sports car represents a(n) ________. A.)pull toward crime B.)push toward crime C.)inner containment D.)external containment

pull toward crime Pulls toward crime are the perceived rewards that a crime may offer. For Judith, driving the sports car is the reward that inspires the crime.

Matt is a 22-year-old man who is mainly sexually attracted to people of his own age group. However, he is sometimes attracted to children as well, although he has never sexually abused a child. One day, while under the influence of alcohol, Matt sexually assaults a young girl in a park. According to Groth, Matt is most likely a ________ offender. A.)narcissistic B.)regressed C.)repressed D.)fixated

regressed According to Groth, regressed offenders are sexually attracted primarily to their own age groups but are passively aroused by minors. Regressed offenders generally act upon their interest in engaging in sexual acts with children when social circumstances that provide opportunity are combined with the influence of alcohol, drugs, or other inhibition-lowering substances.

Rachel frequently commits petty theft but has never been caught. According to Becker's typology, Rachel is most likely a _________ deviant. A.)pure B.)prime accused C.)secret D.)falsely accused

secret Rachel can be best described as a secret deviant. A secret deviant is someone who violates social norms, but whose behavior is not noticed so that negative societal reactions do not follow.

Frank wanted to tackle the problem of delinquency in the troubled area where he grew up. He knew that kids often became delinquent at a young age, often through street play, and sought out streetwise individuals to serve as positive role models and counsel children in the community. Frank also focused on improving the appearance of the neighborhood and on providing recreational opportunities for youth. Frank is most likely a part of _________.

the Chicago Area Project The Chicago Area Project had three broad objectives: improving the physical appearance of poor neighborhoods, providing recreational opportunities for youths, and involving project members directly in the lives of troubled youths through school and courtroom mediation. It also made use of curbside counselors, streetwise workers who served as positive role models for inner-city youth.

According to criminological research, one of the most common reasons that family members do not report family assaults to the police is because ________. A.)they might face a reprisal from the offender B.)they fear not being believed by the police C.)they might face retaliation from friends D.)they fear being ostracized from society

they might face a reprisal from the offender