Exams 1, 2, 3 + Quizzes 311D
At what stage of embryo formation would you expect differential gene expression to occur? a Archenteron b Cleavage c Gastrula d Blastula e Blastopore
C
Axillary (lateral) buds _____. A. make a stem wider B. grow immediately into shoot branches C. have dormant meristematic cells. D. are initiated by the cork cambium E. do not form a vascular connection with the primary shoot F. are only produced in the 2nd year of growth.
C
What flower part will develop if the tissue has a combination of B and C genes active? A petals B ovaries C stamens D sepals E carpels
C
Within the tree of life, multicellularity evolved in the domain we call ____ . In this group, multicellularity evolved _____. Life has been pretty great ever since.
Eukarya, independently several times
Diagram 9. By reference to the tree above, which of the following is an accurate statement of relationships? A Domestic Cats evolved from Sand Cats. B A Cow is more closely-related to a Horse than to a Hippopotamus C A Cow is more closely-related to a Horse than to an Orca Whale D Birds, Alligators, Manatees, and Elephants form a monophyletic clade. E Domestic Cats and Sand Cats evolved from Lions. F A Harbor Seal is more closely-related to a Red Wolf than it is to an Orca whale.
F
Between the two closely-related species in the left-hand column, what kind of reproductive barrier (in right-hand column) keeps the two species from merging into one species? Match the correct barrier to the specific situation. a Gametic isolation b Hybrid breakdown c Reduced hybrid viablity d Mechanical isolation e Behavioral isolation f Reduced hybrid fertility g Temporal isolation Flower A blooms in the day and flower B blooms at night Species A sings a higher-pitched song than species B protein on the egg of A does not fuse to protein on the sperm of species B Offspring from matings between species A and B have infertile young. Species A and species B occasionally mate and their offspring usually die. Species A and species B occasionally mate and their offspring are sterile. Species A has genitalia that are ill-fitting for species B
G, E, A, B, C, F, D
Diagram 5. An entire population of "Porgs" is genetically identical. At Time I (see diagram above), a new mutation appears, causing an orange ["genotype", "phenotype"](shown as an orange dot). On the mainland the old genotype and the new orange mutant have the EXACT same number of offspring and survival ["selection", "relative fitness", "assortative mating", "gene flow", "founder effect", "bottleneck effect"], and don't have any preference for mating with orange or black (lack of ["gene flow", "assortative mating", "relative fitness", "bottleneck effect", "founder effect", "selection"]). Between Time I and Time II, several individuals move from the mainland to islands A and B, and one offspring of the orange individuals happens to end up on island A. The orange and the black individuals seem to be selectively equal on island A. The allele frequencies of the populations on both islands are different from the mainland (see 3 above) due to the ["founder effect", "bottleneck effect", "gene flow", "relative fitness", "assortative mating", "selection"]. Between Time II and Time III, those new colonizers make lots of babies. Between Time III and Time IV, three individuals of island A end up on island B (see 4 above), promoting ["gene flow", "selection", "founder effect", "relative fitness", "assortative mating", "bottleneck effect"] among the two islands and introducing the orange genotype to that island. However, between Time IV and Time V, a cat is introduced to island B (see 5 above), and it loves chasing down and eating the orange phenotype Porgs. This is a form of ["selection", "bottleneck effect", "assortative mating", "founder effect", "gene flow", "relative fitness"] against that phenotype/genotype. At the same time, a hurricane kills most of the population on island A, randomly leaving only 4 offspring alive (see 6 above). The result is an example of the ["gene flow", "selection", "bottleneck effect", "founder effect", "assortative mating", "relative fitness"]
Phenotype, relative fitness, assortative mating, founder effect, gene flow, selection, bottleneck effect
You're working in a lab that studies the evolution of beak length in Puffins. In your first summer, you capture and measure 1000 birds. The range of beak length is 10mm-30mm, and 80% of the birds have beaks that are 18-22 mm long. You plot this, and it produces a standard bell-curve graph. The 2nd summer you also capture and measure 1000 birds, and you find that the range is the same, about 10-30mm long. However, you note that 40% of the birds have beaks that are about 15 mm long, and about 40% of the birds have beaks that are about 26 mm long, with very few individuals of intermediate beak lengths. Surprising! This pattern of evolutionary change is called "______" selection. Type your one-word answer in the blank.
disruptive
In specialized cells of a mushroom (under the mushroom cap), ["", "haploid", "", "diploid"] nucleii of a ["gamete", "zygote", "dikaryon"] will fuse. This creates a ["haploid", "n+n", "diploid"] ["gamete", "spore", "zygote"]
haploid, dikaryon, diploid, zygota
Diagram 2. This is the same hypothetical population of 500 cats with two alleles, T and t, for a gene that codes for tail length. (T is completely dominant to t.) The frequency of the T allele in this population is 0.6, and the frequency of the t allele in this population is 0.4. Assume that this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Recall that the Hardy-Weinberg equation is p 2 + 2pq +q 2 = 1. Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation, you predict that the frequency of heterozygous cats in the next generation will be Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation, you predict that the frequency of homozygous recessive cats in the next generation will be ? What is the frequency of the recessive allele t in the next generation of this population?
.48, .16, .4
Diagram 2. A hypothetical population of 500 cats has two alleles, T and t, for a gene that codes for tail length. (T is completely dominant to t.) The table below presents the phenotype of cats with each possible genotype, as well as the number of individuals in the population with each genotype. Assume that this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Recall that the Hardy-Weinberg equation is p 2 + 2pq +q 2 = 1. What is the frequency of cats with long tails in the population? What is the frequency of cats with short tails in the population? What is the frequency of cats that are homozygous dominant in the population? What is the frequency of the T allele in the gene pool of this population? What is the frequency of the t allele in the gene pool of this population?
.84, .16, .36, .6, .4
Diagram 1. In the genetics of frivolous mice: A_ = furry aa = hairless B_ = black skin bb = pink skin R_ = round ears rr = pointy ears In a mating between two individuals that have the exact chromosome set-up as shown below, 100 F1 babies are born (frivolous mice have a lot of offspring!). Of these 100, you should expect _____ % to have pink skin and round ears. For your answer, provide a number (without the percentage) in the empty box provided below the diagram.
0
Consider tail length and coat color in a hypothetical population of pygmy camels. Tails are either short or long, and coats are either white or tan. How many different combinations of tail length and coat color are there in this population? In your answer do not include any words, just provide a numeric answer.
4
A lush, temperate rainforest is home to the Troubadour Tree Frog, whose song can be heard for miles. In this forest, a very wide river keeps the northern Troubadours from mating with the southern Troubadours. This is a classic example of _____. a geographic isolation b a post-zygotic barrier c reproductive isolation d sympatric speciation e allopatric speciation f assortative mating
A
A plant with a mutation making it unable to divide asymmetrically will be _____. a Unable to make specialized tissue b Able to make primary growth, but no secondary growth c Able to make trichomes but not root hairs d Able to make epidermal tissue but not to make guard cells e Able to make epidermal tissue but not to make root hairs
A
DNA evidence suggests that there was gene flow between which hominin groups? a Homo sapiens and denisovans b Homo sapiens and homo erectus c Chimps and bonobos d Homo neanderthalensis and homo floresiensis e There is no evidence of gene flow between the species pairs above
A
E use cells in their gills remove up to 80% of the dissolved oxygen in sea water
A
For animal species that switch between sexual and asexual reproduction, when is sexual reproduction more likely to occur? a When males and females find each other b When the genepool gets too small c When conditions for survival are favorable d When condition for survival are less favorable e When there are equal numbers of males and females in the population
A
Hominids share several traits that separate them from other primates. Among these traits unique to hominins are ___. a Head held over the body b Hands and feet adapted for grasping c Forward looking eyes with well developed depth perception d Extensive social groups and prenatal care e A fully opposable thumb
A
In flowering plants, pollen is released from the ____, and sperm is created by the ____. a Anther; generative cell b Anther; pollen tube c Pollen grain; male flower d Stamen; stigma e Stigma; tube cell
A
In kangaroos, 2n=16. On chromosome #5 we find the locus for gene E, which codes for a protein that influences eyelashes length. There are two alleles in the population and three phenotypes: EE=long, Ee = medium, and ee = short. This pattern of inheritance is called ____. incomplete dominance a Pleiotropy b Adorable c epistasis d Co-dominance e complete dominance f Multifactorial
A
In order for 1 species to give rise to two species (i.e. for speciation to occur), members of the same species must have ______. a reproductive isolation b sexual selection c gene flow d geographic isolation
A
Plants have polarity. Even the stem of a rose, if cut into a small piece and placed horizontally on the ground, can grow roots from its original "root" end and grow more stem and leaves from its original "shoot" end. How is this polarity initially established? A Polarity is established by the asymmetrical cell division of the zygote. B The plant can sense light, and grows a stem toward "more light" and roots toward "less light". C There are different concentrations of chemicals at each end of the plant, causing different kinds of growth. D Plant cells are able to sense gravity, so the root goes "down", and the shoot goes "up".
A
Salmon are euryhaline, which is exemplified in their ability to A conserve solutes while in fresh water and conserve solutes while in the ocean B excrete ammonia when in freshwater and urea when in the ocean C tolerate dramatic shifts in water temperature as they move from rivers to the ocean D conform to their environment despite dramatic shifts as the move from fresh to ocean water
A
The Camellia flower shown below is a "double", it has no stamens or carpels, and has a flower developing from the center of another flower! What kind of "mutant" is it? A It's a "C" mutant; only A, B, and D genes are active. B It's a "A+B" mutant; only C+D genes are active C It's a "D" mutant; A, B, and C genes are active, but not the D genes. D It's an "A" mutant; only B, C, and D genes are active. E It's a "B" mutant; only A, C, and D genes are active. F It's an "C+B" mutant; only A genes are active.
A
The wood we use in structures such as houses is actually made from ___. A water-conducting cells of plants B the ground tissue of plants C the epidermal tissue of plants D all parts of a plant E plant roots F sugar-conducting cells of a plant
A
Which of the following statements is false about the bulk flow of phloem sap? A it depends on the force of gravity on a column of water B it can carry fluid faster than diffusion C it can carry solutes from leaves to roots D it is driven primarily by positive pressure potential E it requires active loading of solutes against their concentration gradient
A
Through evolutionary history, diversity of animal forms has been catalyzed by ____. A. changes in regulation of homeotic genes B. mutations in Hox genes C. duplications in homeobox genes D. stable environments E. the evolution of asexual reproduction
A, B, C
The transition from an aquatic lifestyle to a terrestrial lifestyle was a major event for both plants and animals. It opened up an entirely new world and was a catalyst for further diversification. Which of the following traits of plants can be seen as an adaptation to life on land? Choose all that apply. A gametes produced within multicellular structure B a cuticle C pollen D a vascular system E photysynthesis F motile, flagellated sperm G multicellularity H true roots
A, B, C, D, H
At age 10 you carved your name into the trunk of a 20 ft oak tree at about chest-height (for your 10-yr-old self). Thirty years later you are back in your hometown and visit the park where this tree was growing. Your tree is still there! Which of the following should be true? A The trunk where you carved your name is wider. B Looking at the tree, you can see how tall you were when you were ten years old. C The tree ceased to grow at the point where you carved. D the tree is taller E The place where you carved is no longer at chest height - it is up higher on the trunk than it was before.
A, B, D
From the following list, choose the examples of asexual reproduction. A. apomixis B. self-fertilization C. fission D. budding E. external fertilization F. hermaphroditism G. fragmentation and regeneration
A, C, D, G
A few clownfish (a male and female pair, and 3 smaller juveniles) reside in a sea anemone. The female has an unfortunate run-in with a predator (and dies). What will occur next? a Her mate will take the eggs from her brood pouch and care for them b Her mate will become a female and one of the juveniles will become his (now her) mate c The three juveniles will challenge the old male for the territory and breeding rights d The male will keep his territory but will court and mate with another female fish e None of the above will occur
B
In a plant species with just 7 "S" alleles for the self-incompatibility gene, a plant breeder uses pollen from one plant to pollinate six other plants. Only one of the plants that were pollinated produced seeds. They do some genetic testing and find that the 6 plants that were pollinated have the self-incompatibility genotypes of S1S2 , S4S6 , S3S4 , S2S5 , S3S7 and S1S3. Is this system most likely gametophytic or sporophytic self-incompatibility? A. gametophytic self-incompatibility B. sporophytic self-incompatibility
B
Lateral buds with active cell division have been recently stimulated by A auxins B cytokinins C strigolactones D ethylene E abscisic acid
B
On a 20 feet tree, you tie a durable elastic ribbon to a lateral branch where the branch meets the true. After 20 years, how might tree growth have affected the ribbon? A. The branch with the ribbon is now too high for you to reach. B. The ribbon is now much tighter around around the branch C. The ribbon is now farther out, away from the main trunk. D. Both A and B would be true. E. Both B and C would be true.
B
Research suggests that modern humans increasing rate of obesity does not stem from a more sedentary lifestyle, but rather from the foods we eat. Why might humans be prone to eating more than is required to maintain our weight? A humans have a mutation in the human leptin gene that disables our satiety center B genes that make us predisposed to eat and store fats may have been selected for in the past C fats that were difficult to obtain are now easily synthesized and available in processed foods D a modern diet is higher in sucrose, which, on a cellular level, is processed differently than glucose because of the fructose element in sucrose E both A and C are correct
B
What do companion cells have in common with epithelial cells lining the small intestine? A they both use sodium potassium pumps B they both have greater surface area due to their enfolded surfaces C they both rely on passive diffusion of their nutrients D they both function due to a low pH E in both cells, their anatomy allows fluids to pass through them unimpeded by organelles
B
What does a homeobox code for? A. The homeodomain, which specifically binds to transmembrane proteins. B. The homeodomain, which allows a protein to bind to DNA. C. A protein that determines how many legs occur in vertebrates. D. A protein that facilitates the development of multicellularity in single-celled organisms. E. Hox genes
B
What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg? A. Tetrapods can now function without gills. B. Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction. C.Newborns are much less dependent on their parents. D. Embryos are protected from predators.
B
What is the evolutionary basis for why Hox genes are highly conserved? a Homeotic genes are unchanged across even distantly related taxa b Many mutations in Hox genes are so detrimental they do not get passed on to the next generation c DNA repair mechanisms are especially efficient for Hox genes, thus the mutation rate is low d Genetic innovation occurs via regulation so there's less environment pressure to change the nucleotide sequences of the Hox genes themselves e Changes in Hox genes underlie much of the diversity and complexity we see in animals
B
When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result? a Other male-specific factors influence eye color in flies. b The gene involved is on the X chromosome. c The gene involved is on an autosome, but only in males. d The gene involved is on the Y chromosome.
B
When collecting data to infer a phylogenetic tree, why is it that scientists do not want to compare traits that are due to convergent evolution? A. Traits due to convergent evolution are not heritable. B. Shared analogous traits do not guarantee common ancestry C. When inferring a phylogeny it is important to gather more than one kind of data. D. Traits due to convergent evolution are only visible on a molecular level, and thus are difficult to measure. E. Natural selection is not relevant to convergent evolution. F. Convergent evolution is a reflection of similar environmental pressures.
B
When compared to species that evolved early in the history of hominids, later hominid species have ____. a Smaller stature b Smaller body to brain size c Less extensive tool use d Legs more adapted to bipedalism e Fully opposable thumbs
B
Consider again the same cut rose stem, placed horizontally on the ground. If it manages to stay alive, what can you say about its making roots and shoots in the appropriate places? A The stem will sense gravity and grow roots from the "downward" portion of the stem. B The portion of the stem that was the "shoot" end has different chemicals than the portion that was originally the "root" end C The stem cannot make new leaves because the apical meristem has been cut off. D Differential gene expression will allow cells that were part of the stem to give rise to cells that will be root cells.
B, D
What is responsible for a tree growing wider? Choose all that apply. A apical meristem B secondary growth C primary growth D cork cambium E vascular cambium F root meristem
B, D, E
Which of the following is seen as evidence of choanoflagellates being sister to the rest of animals? A Primitive single-celled animals have the same mode of reproduction as choanoflagellates. B Several early-diverging animal lineages have collar cells but they are not found in any other non-animal lineage. C Both early animals and choanoflagellates move using flagella. D Some genes of choanoflagellates contain domains that are clearly homologous to those of animals. E The cells of choanoflagellates look almost indistinguishable from the collar cells of sponges. F Choanoflagellates show signs of having primitive neurons, something only found in animals
B, D, E
Diagram 3. Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation to determine if a population appears to be evolving: Given the data above, select the four statements that are true. a. Based on the equation for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the expected number of wolves with the FBFW genotype is 40. b. The population may be evolving because the actual number of individuals with each genotype differs from the expected number of individuals with each genotype. c. The population is not evolving because it is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. d. The population is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. e. Based on the equation for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the expected number of wolves with the FBFB genotype is 40. f. Based on the equation for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the expected number of wolves with the FBFW genotype is 96. g. Based on the equation for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the expected number of wolves with the FBFB genotype is 12
B, D, F, G
Consider the same pitymouse populations in West Texas (pitymice are either tan with black spots or tan with white spots, both phenotypes occur in most populations). Experiments have shown that if white-spotted pitymice are more common, predatory snakes tend to ignore the black-spotted mice. If black-spotted mice are more common, the snakes tend to ignore the white-spotted mice. As part of an 20-yr ongoing study, you record the phenotypes of a population of 500 pitymice 1x/year. Last year you recorded 60% pitymice had black spots. Which phenotype has a higher fitness for this species? a The white-spot phenotype has higher relative fitness. b The black-spot phenotype has higher relative fitness. c The fitness advantage should oscillate between black-spotted to white-spotted. d There is no selection based on phenotype e There is too little data given to know.
C
Diagram 1. This diagram represents a homologous pair of chromosomes (maternal copy and paternal copy) with colored lines showing the position of three genes, A, B, and R. The positions of these genes are called the "gene loci". How many chromosomes are shown above? a One chromosome is shown, consisting of two non-sister chromatids b Two replicated chromosomes are shown (4 total chromatids). c Two chromosomes are shown. d One chromosome is shown, consisting of two identical sister chromatids
C
Diagram 7.By reference to the tree above, which of the following is an accurate statement of relationships? A A seal is related to a whale, but is not related to a horse B A seal is more closely related to a whale than to a horse C A seal is equally related to a horse and a whale D A seal is more closely related to a horse than to a whale
C
For water fleas of the genus Daphnia, switching from a pattern of asexual reproduction to sexual reproduction coincides with _____. A. greater abundance of food resources for offspring B. exhaustion of an individual's supply of eggs C. periods of temperature or food stresses on adults D. environmental conditions becoming more favorable for offspring
C
If Hox genes are so highly conserved, how can they be responsible for such diversity in animals? a Hox genes are different from one lineage to another b Hox genes are similar from one lineage to another c Because they regulate development, small changes in Hox genes result in visible, dramatic phenotypic changes d Hox genes are master regulatory genes, ultimately influencing the regulation of 100s of other genes e The Hox genes themselves are unchanged across taxa, but their regulation is changed, and this is why there is phenotypic variation in animals
C
Imagine a potato tuber 20 cm below ground. The tuber has a mutation that causes its light receptors to be synthesized in the active state instead of the inactive state. How would the growth of this potato be abnormal? A the potato would grow a pale, non-green stem B the potato would not be able to bend toward light C the potato would make chlorophyll underground D the potato would not be able to make leaves E the mutation would not make a difference because the potato is not exposed to light
C
In a mushroom, creation of zygote is immediately followed by ____. a Mitosis, leading to more extensive mycelia b Mitosis, creating diploid spores c Meiosis, creating haploid spores d Mitosis, creating the multicellular gametophyte generation e Mitosis, creation of fruiting body
C
In the transition to land, what trait unique to plants may have been key to allowing plants to survive in their new environment? a Photosynthesis b Multicellularity c Relationships with mycorrhizal fungi d Sexual reproduction e Pollen
C
Statoliths of plants and invertebrates are similar in that they both ____. A lead to perception of light B are cellular components C are relatively dense D trigger a hormone-mediated response E triggers a nerve mediate response
C
The connection between the endocrine and the nervous systems are especially apparent in A a neuron in the spinal cord B a steroid-producing cell in the adrenal cortex C a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus D a brain cell in the cerebral cortex E a cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes
C
The plains of West Texas are home to the pitymouse, a species that has tan fur with spots. There is phenotypic variation in these pitymouse populations. Some pitymice have black spots and some have white spots, with both phenotypes occurring in most populations. Experiments have shown that if white-spotted pitymice are more common, predatory snakes tend to ignore the black-spotted mice. If black-spotted mice are more common, the snakes tend to ignore the white-spotted mice. The color of spots is under ______ selection in pitymice. a Disruptive b Camouflage c Frequency-dependent d Predatory e Positive f Artificial g Batesian mimicry h Negative
C
What is true about a hermaphrodite's reproductive capacity? a A hermaphrodite can give rise to several offspring via "budding" b Each hermaphrodite will grow and split via fission, creating two individuals c A hermaphrodite has both male and female sexual organs d Each hermaphrodite is of a particular mating type, but is neither male nor female e A hermaphrodite can give rise to offspring without fertilization
C
Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? A systole of the left atrium B diastole of the right ventricle C systole of the left ventricle D diastole of the right atrium E diastole of the left atrium
C
You bought a plant at the nursery because of a picture next to it showing beautiful red flowers. But later when the buds open, the "petals" look just like sepals, there are no stamens, and there are many carpels. Given what you know about floral development in plants, what kind of mutation do you suspect is responsible for the strange flower? a The mutation plant has only female organs to avoid self-pollination b The plant is a mutant lacking "A" floral organ identity genes c The plant is a mutant lacking "B" floral organ identity genes d The plant is a mutant lacking "C" floral organ identity genes e The mutant plant lacks the phase change genes that allow a transition from vegetative to reproductive stem
C
A plant and an animal are in the shade of a large tree. They both do better in the sun. Predict their behavior, selecting as many answers as you think are true. A. The only way the plant can respond is by having offspring (seeds) that get dispersed away from the big tree. B. The animal is able to move via nerves and muscles, the plant uses only muscles, not nerves. C. They will both engage in gene regulation that allows them to respond to the environment. D. The animal can move faster than the plant E. They will both move. F. The animal can move but the plant cannot. G. The plant can move by growing toward light.
C, D, E, G
Which of the following are traits that most land plants share, but that set them apart from their closest green algae relative (the charophytes)? Select all that apply. A Single-celled zygotes B Production of sporopollenin C Walled spores D Secondary compounds E Cellular respiration F Cell walls G Embryos dependent on parent H Flagellated sperm I Apical meristems J Epidermis with cuticle covering K Photosynthesis
C, D, G, I, J
Of the following groups, which are considered monophyletic? A. all single-celled organisms B. all green algae C. all tetrapods D. all multicellular organisms E. all protists F. all animals G. all eukaryotes H. all animals that can fly I. all land plants
C, F, G, I
When trying to understand the origin of multicellularity, researchers look to the most closely-related single-celled taxon for clues. Match the multicellular lineage with it's most closely-related single-celled "protist" sister group. Match Options: Bacteria, Slime molds, choanoflaggellates, Sponges, Chlorophytes, Archaea, nucleariids, Mosses, charophytes Animals Fungi Plants
Choanoflagellates, nucleariids, charophytes
A "parynchyma cell" is a very general type of plant cell that performs many duties in a plant, such as photosynthesis or starch storage. Whether a parynchyma cell develops into a photosynthetic or storage cell depends on ______. A the specialization that its parent-cell had B the amount of nutrition available C the needs of the plant at any given time D its position and communication with other cells
D
A major theme in the evolution of plants is ______. A. increased ability to grow taller B. increased complexity via duplication of Hox genes C. reduction of the sporophyte stage D. ability to survive in a greater variety of environments E. increased dependence on the gametophyte stage
D
A message (signal) sent along any particular neuron can vary only in ____. A the magnitude of the charge different in the action potentials B the duration of action potentials C the direction of action potentials D the frequency of the action potentials E the velocity of the action potentials
D
Although we are most familiar with sexually-reproducing animals in which individuals are either male or female, in truth the animal world is quite a bit more diverse. Hermaphrodism can be simultaneous or sequential, and is advantageous for animals that ____. A. live in large groups that hunt together as a pack B. are monogamous C. have extensive parental care D. are sessile
D
Consider tail length and coat color in a hypothetical population of pygmy camels. Tails are either short or long, and coats are either white or tan. Continuing with the population of pygmy camels from the previous question: You have been asked to record data on the phenotypes of this population, and you find that all the camels with a long tail also have a tan coat, and all the camels with a short tail have a white coat. On rare occasion, you will see a long-tailed white camel, or a short-tailed tan camel. But the vast majority is long/tan or short/white. What is a reasonable explanation for the predominance of these two phenotypes? Note: both colors and both tail lengths are equally fit for their environment, so there is no selective advantage to one over the other. a. Camels with long tails and tan coats are more tolerant of heat and more likely to survive. b. The gene for tail length and the gene for coat color are on 2 chromosomes that travel together. c. Independent assortment is not a factor in pygmy camel genetics. d. The gene loci for coat color and tail length are close together on the same chromosome. e. The gene loci for coat color and tail length are on the same chromosome, but are not close together.
D
Consider two adjacent genes on chromosome #4, gene A (alleles A and a) and gene B (alleles B and b). An individual is Ab on the maternal copy and aB on the paternal copy. Given that they are adjacent, you can assume no crossing over will occur. What gamete genotypes can this individual make? a. Aa and Bb b. AaBb only c. AABB, aabb, AaBb d. Ab and aB e. AB, Ab, aB, and ab
D
Diagram 1. This is a homologous pair of chromosomes showing three gene loci, A, B, and R. What is the genotype of this individual? a. AAbbrr b. Abr c. aBR d. AaBbRr e. ABR
D
Diagram 1. This is a homologous pair of chromosomes showing three gene loci, A, B, and R. Which alleles are on the paternal chromosome? a. A, b, and r b. a, b, and r c. A, B and r d. a B and R e. A B and R
D
Diagram 1. This is a homologous pair of chromosomes showing three gene loci, A, B, and R. With regard to just these three genes, what are the possible genotypes of gametes this individual could make? Assume there is no crossing over between gene B and gene R. a. ABR, ABr, Abr, aBR, aBr, abr b. Abr, aBR c. ABR, ABr, AbR, Abr, aBR, aBr, abR, abr d. Abr, aBR, ABR, abr e. AaBbRr
D
Different seeds need different environmental conditions to germinate and grow successfully. Although external requirements for germination may differ between species, they all lead to what kind of internal condition in the seed? a The proper amount of ethylene b Higher abscisic acid and lower ethylene c Higher abscisic acid and lower gibberellins d Lower abscisic acid and higher gibberellins e Higher ethylene and higher auxin
D
The oldest fossil evidence suggest that our own human species is roughly a 200-300 millions years old b 65-85 million years old c 6.5-7 million years old d 200,000-300,000 years old e 6,000-6,500 years old
D
What kinds of symptoms might a person experience by there are not getting enough iodine from their diet? List... 1- swollen area in the throat, 2- reduced absorption of glucose into epithelial tissues, 3- increased volume of dilute urine, 4- feeling cold, 5- feeling warm A 1, 3, 5 B 1 only C 2 and 3 D 1 and 4 E 2 and 4
D
Which is a correct statement about pollination and fertilization in flowering plants? a Fertilization necessarily precedes pollination b Pollination easily occurs between plants of different species, whereas fertilization never happens between different species c Pollination and fertilization both occur between the sporophyte stages d Pollination is necessary for, but does not guarantee, fertilization e If pollination occurs, fertilization is unnecessary
D
Which of the following supports the idea that single-celled choanoflagellates are the sister group to animals? A. Molecular evidence indicates that choanoflagellates are sister to sponges. B. choanoflagellates and sponges share the same molecular control of gastrulation. C. Choanocyte cells are found in sponges, fungi, and green algae. D. Individual choanoflagellates are nearly identical in structure to one of the cell types on sponges. E. Nerve tissue is similar in both choanoflagellates and in simple animals like Hydra.
D
Which statement best characterizes difference in growth and development between plants and animals? a An animal experiences growth and developmental throughout its whole body, whereas plants only grow and develop at the meristems b In animal bodies, the fate of some specialized cells is lineage dependent, whereas every plant cell can turn into any other plant cell, depending on the chemical cues they receive c Animals have greater developmental plasticity than plants do, reflected in their greater ability to move d Both A and B are true e Both A and C are true
D
Which statement is true regarding xylem and phloem cells? A both xylem and phloem cells die upon maturation, and are functional when dead. B xylem cells are under pressure, but phloem cells are not C xylem cells are nourished by the water and minerals they conduct, and phloem cells are nourished by the sugar rich water they conduct D neither mature xylem nor mature phloem cells have nuclei E xylem cells are found in all plant organs, but phloem cells are only found in photosynthetic leaves
D
Why is it significant that the mechanism of freshwater sticklebacks losing their pelvic spine is the deletion of the regulatory "switch" rather than the loss of the coding region for that gene? a Having pelvic spines is advantageous to the fish where there are predators that swallow them whole, but it is disadvantageous where there are predators that catch the fish by the spine. b Using the switch to control expression allows the fish to evolve spines and lose spines as needed c The loss of the regulatory sequence does not affect the genotype of the fish d The fish express that gene elsewhere in their bodies, if the coding region were deleted it would be disadvantageous e All of the above.
D
Diagram 6. Consider the same gene for "eyelashes length" in kangaroos, where EE=long, Ee = medium, and ee = short. Between kangaroo populations, we see the following variation in allele frequency: E is 0.8 in the yellow areas, 0.7 in the orange areas, and 0.5 in the light blue areas (see map of Australia below, with aridity patterns shown). We can describe this pattern of genetic variation as _____. (select all that apply). a pleiotropic effects b Multifactorial c genetic drift d a cline e geographic variation f gene flow
D, E
Diagram 4. The graph shows flowering time of Penstemon species growing at different altitudes. From this graph, one can infer _____. You much choose all that are correct to receive credit. a. There is a negative correlation between the frequency of the FTa allele and altitude. b. Flowers that bloom at the right time have higher relative fitness. c. Flowers bloom when they have enough light. d. Populations with higher FTa allele frequencies bloom later than those with lower FTa allele frequencies. e. Flowers bloom when they have enough warmth. f. There is a positive correlation between the frequency of the FTa allele and altitude. g. There is very little genetic variation at the FTa allele. h. Flowers at the same altitude bloom in the same month.
D, F
A major difference between fern and angiosperm reproduction is that a Unlike ferns, angiosperms do not produce spores b Unlike ferns, angiosperms do not have multicellular gametophytes c Angiosperm gametophytes are independent, whereas fern gametophytes are not d In ferns, spores are the gametes, and in angiosperms, the spores make the gametes e Ferns disperse spores, whereas angiosperms do not
E
A young grass shoot (coleoptile) response to light by bending toward it. This response is possible in part due to some of the cells expanding more than other cells. This occurs via A proton pumps becoming activated B auxin accumulating on the shadier side C acidification of cell walls D B and C only E A, B, and C
E
An animal's nerve response to stimulus from a sensory receptors will necessarily be activating ____. A a growth factor B a hormone receptor C a transcription factor D post-translational regulation E an ion channel
E
Diagram 8.hich of the five nodes (a-e) in the tree above corresponds to the most recent common ancestor of a mushroom and a sponge? A node a B node b C node c D node e E node d F node c
E
Diagram 9. Which statement runs counter to the evidence provided by the tree above? (In other words, you could use this tree as evidence against which statement below?) A Manatees and Fennec Foxes share a common ancestor. B Birds are the only living survivor of a lineage of dinosaurs. C Coyotes, Jackals, and Foxes should be considered different species D Birds (like the Robin) are more closely-related to alligators than they are to dogs and cats. E An aquatic lifestyle is a homologous trait in whales and seals
E
If you were to sort animals based on their evolutionary history, which traits would you use that would also reflect their evolutionary relationship to on another (i.e. the traits would characterize monophyletic groups)? a Bilateral symmetry b Blastopore of the embryo becomes the anus of the developed body c Ingest and digest food internally d Three germ layers in embryonic development e Grouping by all of the above traits would reflect
E
In a human, the velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because A the capillary walls are thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells B the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases C the capillaries are not able to withstand the high pressure that a higher velocity would bring D the systemic capillaries are supplied by the right ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle E the total cross sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system
E
In a plant species with just 7 "S" alleles for the self-incompatibility gene, a plant breeder uses pollen from one plant to pollinate six other plants. Only one of the plants that were pollinated produced seeds. They do some genetic testing and find that the 6 plants that were pollinated have the self-incompatibility genotypes of S1S2 , S4S6 , S3S4 , S2S5 , S3S7 and S1S3. Given what you know about this set-up, what is the genotype of the plant that made the pollen, and what is the genotype of the plant that this pollen did successfully fertilize (the one that eventually produced seeds)? A. The parent of the pollen has a genotype of S3 S7 and the plant that got fertilized and produced seeds is S3 S7. B. The parent of the pollen has a genotype of S2 S5, and the plant that got fertilized and produced seeds is S3 S7. C. One cannot answer this question without genetic testing. D. The parent of the pollen has a genotype of S1 S3 and the plant that got fertilized and produced seeds is S1 S2. E. The parent of the pollen has a genotype of S2 S3 and the plant that got fertilized and produced seeds is S4 S6. F. The parent of the pollen has a genotype of S6 and the plant that got fertilized and produced seeds is S1 S2.
E
In the lamellae of fish gills, blood capillaries are arrange such that ____. A the veins and the capillaries run in opposite directions B water only encounters oxygen-poor blood C the partial pressure of oxygen is always lower in the water passing over the capillary than in the blood itself D the water current the fish encounters runs opposite to the water flowing across the gill capillaries E the partial pressure of O2 is lower in the blood than in the water it encounters
E
Regarding the evolution of multicellularity, which of the following is true? a Multicellularity evolved in one eukaryotic lineage that later diverged into what are present-day plants, animals, and fungi b The evolution of multicellularity was simultaneous with the transition from water to land environments c Most eukaryotes are multicellular d Protists are not multicellular e Versions of genes crucial to cell-cell adhesion can be seen in the single-celled close relatives of plants and animals
E
The primary mechanism responsible for a plant rapidly becoming taller is... A. shoot meristem cell division B. vascular cambium cell division C. cell differentiation D. reaching toward the light E. uptake of water into the vacuole of new cells
E
The process of speciation can occur gradually over thousands of years, or relatively rapidly. Which of the following scenarios has the potential for the most rapid process of speciation? a Bird species A and B hybridize and produce offspring AxB that have a song that is intermediate between the two parental songs. The AxB F1 offspring back-cross to species A, and their F2 offspring (A x AxB) still sing the odd, intermediate song. The F2s mate preferentially with one another, not with species A or B. b In a butterfly-pollinated flower population, a mutation occurs that increases bumblebee pollination and decreases butterfly pollination. c Two bird species adapted to adjacent habitats occasionally hybridize, and the hybrids choose to mate with one of the parent species. d A lizard population is split into two by a newly-formed river. Female lizards choose mates based on tail color. A mutation arises in one of the populations that influences the tail color. e Abnormal meiosis in a plant creates 2n gametes, self-fertilization creates a robust 4n plant.
E
Which is the most appropriate definition of homeotic gene? a A homeotic gene regulates the expression of other genes b A homeotic gene controls the timing and development of flowers c A homeotic gene controls the development of body parts in prokaryotes and eukaryotes d A homeotic gene is one that controls the anterior-posterior orientation in animal development e A homeotic gene regulates the development of anatomical structures in eukaryotes
E
Which of the following statements is true about the bulk flow of xylem sap? A it is driven primarily by positive pressure potential B it is dependent on guard cells remaining flaccid C it depends on a difference in root pressure at the source and sink D it requires ATP energy in the initial step E it requires no energy on the part of the plant
E
A population of moonflowers got established on an island 30 miles from the mainland. Since that time, the population has adapted be more fit for the island, which is more arid than the mainland. In moonflowers, the D_ genotypes have a drought-resistant phenotype. However, the frequency of the D allele fluctuates up and down in the island population. Select any factors that could prevent the D allele from becoming more prevalent even though it is under positive selection on the island. a Most of the rainfall is during the winter months. b Droughts fluctuate in length c The D gene has two alleles, and is inherited in a simple dominance pattern. d There is a river that flows through the island from north to south. e Every 3 years or so, a strong windstorm brings pollen from the mainland. f The "D" gene locus is next to a gene that codes for flower color.
E, F
Your friend knows you're taking biology, and they are desperate to know what kind of potted plant they just bought (they lost the tag!). You can help them. You examine the plant the first thing you notice is that it's pretty big (3 ft. tall). This tells you that it is a ["angiosperm", "flowering plant", "bryophyte", "vascular plant", "land plant", "photosynthetic plant", "monocot"]. The next thing you notice is that it has buds that have not yet opened. This tells you that it is ["an annual", "wind pollinated", "a gymnosperm", "a bryophyte", "a eudicot", "a monocot", "an angiosperm"]. Your final piece of evidence comes from the leaves, which are broad and have clearly-defined veins in a network pattern. You have no idea what species at is, but at least you can tell them that it is a ["monocot", "gymnosperm", "eudicot", "bryophyte"].
vascular plant, an angiosperm, eudicot
