EXP 4604 - Exam 2

Propositional Code

Propositional Code --> abstract language like representation

Abstaraction

Stores meaning not exact words - u remember the "gist" of it - Verbatim Memory

Script

Structured Sequence of events (like a routine) - life script

Retrieval of a memory can never precede storage of a memory. T/F?

True

Which of the following sentences is NOT a proposition? a. Tommy understood the lecture b. Look at the gorilla c. I enjoy eating pasta d. We are going to the beach

b. Look at the gorilla

What type of memory is this? Remembering how to perform Beethoven's Fifth Symphony on the piano. a Semantic memory b Episodic memory c Procedural memory d Prospective memory

c Procedural memory

Which of these is an example of proactive interference? a You cannot remember the rules to an old board game after learning the rules to a more modern board game. b You hear your voice in your head while reading a book. c You sing the lyrics to your favorite song aloud while driving your car. d After becoming really good with one character in a video game, you struggle to learn the button combinations for a new character.

d After becoming really good with one character in a video game, you struggle to learn the button combinations for a new character.

For each scenario described below, identify the memory strategy being applied: 1. You think of the brain's lobe structure like a basketball team where each player has a specific responsibility but work together. 2. You practice your dance choreography in front of a mock audience before your recital. 3. You reread the definition to a textbook term 7 times. 4. You memorize the 50 states based on their geographical location (e.g., states in east coast, Midwest, south, etc.) 5. The restaurant where you're meeting your friends is the only Cuban local in the neighborhood. 6. The name of the parking lot you're in is the Spiderman lot, similar to the movie you saw last week.

1. Elaboration 2. Encoding Specificity 3. Rehearsal 4. Chunking 5. Distinctiveness 6. Self-reference Effect

Match each statement with whether it is describing Exemplar approach or Prototype approach of concept formation. 1. Inefficient with concepts containing many members. 2. When adding new members compares new objects to ONE object that best represents a concept. 3. You create an abstracted object for a concept based on the most typical characteristics across various members of a concept. 4. Takes non-typical members of a concept into consideration when adding new members. 5. Most likely used when learning a new concept/category. 6. Members of concept are organized from most to least representative.

1. Exemplar 2 Procuderal 3 Procuderal 4 Exemplar 5 Exemplar 6 Procuderal

Label each mnemonic strategy below & identify whether it is an imagery strategy or organization strategy: 1. Remembering the 9 planets of the solar system as My Very Excellent Mother Just Sent Us Nine Pizzas. 2. You remember the meaning of studiorum, the Latin word for learning, by imagining a studio apartment full of bottles of rum with captain Jack Sparrow trying to learn the name of all the bottles. 3. To remember all the Mneumonic devices in this Chapter, you create a fictional story about how your tried each one. 4. To remember that you need to buy fish, eggs, & potatoes for tonight's dinner, you picture a living potato laying fish eggs on a frying pan. 5. You remember a list of Psychology terms by grouping them into two categories: social psych & developmental psych. Within those two categories, they are broken down further into group behavior and individual behavior. 6. You picture yourself walking through your house, and at various locations you imagine one of the vocabulary words you are studying for the spelling bee tomorrow.

1. Organization Strategy 2. Imagery Strategy 3. Organization Strategy 4. Imagery Strategy 5. Organization Strategy 6. Imagery Strategy

What type of memories are the following? 1. Remembering how to flip a pancake 2. Remembering the recipe for pancakes 3. Remembering your grandfather taught you how to make pancakes

1. Procedural 2. Semantic 3. Episodic

Determine whether the scenario below is describing Spontaneous Generalization or Default Assignment. 1. After reading bad reviews about 4 math professors, you determine math professors are just bad teachers. 2. You refuse to see the show Hamilton because all Broadway shows are boring. 3. You buy this phone because it is a Samsung, and you believe all Samsungs are good phones. 4. After watching the latest videogame-inspired movie, you believe all videogame-based movies end up being terrible.

1. Spontaneous Generalization 2. Default Assignment 3. Default Assignment 4. Spontaneous Generalization

Dayna felt consistently stressed while preparing for her final exam. The day of her final, her mood's surprisingly relaxed throughout the test. Which of the following outcomes might you predict is likely? A. Dayna will struggle to remember much of the material she studied B. Her relaxed mood will make it easier to retrieve her exam knowledge from memory C. Negatively worded questions on the exam will be easier for her to answer D. Her mood will have no effect on her performance, just her knowledge

A. Dayna will struggle to remember much of the material she studied

Research on levels of processing reveals that deep processing levels enhance recall as a result of two main factors: A. Distinctiveness & elaboration B. Distinctiveness & bizarreness C. Elaboration & interference D. Bizarreness & interference

A. Distinctiveness & elaboration

Exemplar or Prototype approach? A. You can't decide if your new song should be labeled Tech House or Acid House, so you compare to other songs in those genres. B. Your Bachata band includes a guitarist, a bassist, bongo player, & guiro player because those instruments are common in that genre. C. You listen to various musical artists listed under Hip Hop to find inspiration for the production of your latest song.

A. Exemplar B. Prototype C. Exemplar

Under the spreading activation model, which of the following concepts or properties would have the weakest connection with the word "rose" for most people? A. aunt B. flower C. red D. fragrant

A. aunt

The region of the brain that it most strongly activated when a person works on tasks that require the central executive component of working memory is the: A. frontal lobe B. temporal lobe C. parietal lobe D. occipital lobe

A. frontal lobe

Compared to people who are not depressed, people suffering from major depression: A. have difficulty with some working memory tasks. B. show a surprising increase in ability to concentrate on tasks. C. show an increased span on short-term memory tasks. D. All of the above are correct.

A. have difficulty with some working memory tasks.

Semantic priming refers to the finding that accessing the meaning of a word is faster if: A. it is preceded by another word that is related to it in meaning B. it has been used in a mnemonic technique recently C. a mental image contains related information about the word. D. the demand characteristics of the experiment suggest that it should be accessed faster.

A. it is preceded by another word that is related to it in meaning

In a study supporting a constructive model of memory, people heard a series of sentences about the same theme (e.g., "The girl next door broke the window on the porch"). This study revealed that: A. people integrate related information in order to construct larger ideas B. earlier notions that memory schemas are important were seriously incorrect C. working memory can actually hold only 3 ± 2 chunks of information D. people do not make inferences from presented information

A. people integrate related information in order to construct larger ideas

Analog Code

Analog Code --> closely resembles physical object

What subtype of long-term memory is associated with remembering skills? A. Episodic memory B. Implicit memory C. Prospective memory D. Semantic Memory

B. Implicit memory

Which of the following is an example of priming? A. Julia is shown rapid subliminal messages and asked to report which ones she remembers. B. Joshua unconsciously checks his blindspots before merging after seeing another car hit a bike in its blindspot. C. Jane is able to still walk on a suspended tightrope even though she has not tried it for many years. D. Jason is reminded of the first time he went to the Harry Potter theme park in Orlando by a book.

B. Joshua unconsciously checks his blindspots before merging after seeing another car hit a bike in its blindspot.

Leigh studied French in high school and Italian in college. While communicating with a French business associate, she often found herself using some Italian words in her e-mail messages. This type of memory failure is called _______________. A. Proactive interference B. Retroactive interference C. Decay D. Consolidation

B. Retroactive interference

A subject is shown an image of a turtle and asked to keep that item in their WM. After waiting silently for 2 mins, the subject is asked what they remember seeing. The subject responds "a turtle". Which of the following is likely true? A. The study shows the Visuospatial Sketchpad has a duration of 2 mins. B. The subject may have converted the image to a verbal code to rehearse it. C. The subject could not have performed this tasked while simultaneously singing "row row your boat" D. Visuospatial Sketchpad duration would have been longer if the subject had to maintain two images in WM.

B. The subject may have converted the image to a verbal code to rehearse it.

What has a bigger impact on your LTM? A. The intention & desire to remember B. What you think about while you are studying C. Time you spend studying

B. What you think about while you are studying

You're in a study about schemas/scripts. You view an image of a professor's office. Later you are asked to recall objects that you saw in the office. What would you predict is likely to occur? A. You are able to recall about 50 to 100 objects, such as a pencil, a computer, a desk, and a coffee cup. B. You incorrectly remember seeing objects that are typically found in offices but were not in the image. C. You only remember objects that are inconsistent with a professor's office schema (e.g., a tennis racquet, hammer) D. All of the above are correct

B. You incorrectly remember seeing objects that are typically found in offices but were not in the image.

A script is: A. well-integrated knowledge about a situation or event. B. a well-structured sequence of events in a specific order. C. a way of predicting future dialog in a conversation. D. a form of payment in a psychology study.

B. a well-structured sequence of events in a specific order.

A person (such as H.M.) who receives damage to the hippocampus and suffers from anterograde amnesia will show considerable difficulty: A. performing implicit memory tasks, such as word-guessing games and word-completion tasks. B. encoding new events into long-term memory so that they can be explicitly recalled later. C. retrieving information from long-term memory that was encoded prior to the hippocampal damage. D. learning new motor skills, such as skiing, and automatic behaviors, such as classical conditioning.

B. encoding new events into long-term memory so that they can be explicitly recalled later.

Semantic-memory models focus mainly on: A. the working memory versus long-term memory distinction. B. organized knowledge about the world. C. personal memories of specific experiences. D. the role of the prefrontal cortex in semantic memory.

B. organized knowledge about the world.

A middle-school teacher places words such as "calm" and "success" on the walls of his classroom to make his students feel more at ease and improve their drive for achievement. This teacher is trying to take advantage of the effects of _____________. A. procedural memory B. priming C. retroactive interference D. encoding specificity

B. priming

If people are presented a series of items, their percent recalled typically shows a U-shaped function across serial positions. The recency effect seen in such data is usually attributed to information that: A. was transferred to long-term memory at the time of presentation. B. remains in short-term (working) memory at the time of recall. C. was extremely well remembered because it was associated with earlier information in the series. D. All of the above are correct.

B. remains in short-term (working) memory at the time of recall.

The part of the brain that it most strongly activated when a person performs visual and spatial tasks is the: A. left cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal and occipital lobes, but including the cerebellum. B. right cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal and parietal lobes, but including the occipital lobe. C. cerebellum. D. lateral hypothalamus.

B. right cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal and parietal lobes, but including the occipital lobe.

Omar tells his friend Chris an interesting fact about the Center for the Arts. Chris replies, "I was the one who told you about that in the first place." In this situation, Omar is suffering from a lapse in ________. A. flashbulb memory B. source monitoring C. proactive interference D. encoding specificity

B. source monitoring

A driver who is listening to a football game on the radio and forming clear images of the action may experience difficulty driving. This interference may be attributable to the limited capacity of a working-memory component called the: A. central executive. B. visuospatial sketchpad. C. episodic buffer. D. phonological loop.

B. visuospatial sketchpad.

Which of the following statements best defines or describes what a schema is? A. A schema contains detailed information about each event that a person has experienced. B. A schema is a representation of procedural knowledge, not episodic or semantic knowledge. C. A schema contains an organized set of generalized information about something that a person knows. D. A schema is an idea that is not usually accessed in the process of generating or understanding extended discourse.

C. A schema contains an organized set of generalized information about something that a person knows.

Carry is trying to memorize her PantherID number. She is having trouble because the number is 9 digits long. _____________ would BEST help Carry learn the number. A. Repeating the digits over and over to himself B. Saying the digits out loud C. Chunking the digits D. Reading the digits to a friend

C. Chunkinf the digits

According to a recent approach proposed (Baddeley, 2000, 2006), working memory: A. involves procedural memory, even for information that may also be encoded semantically. B. is not influenced by attention, by consciousness, or by long-term memory processes. C. consists of a central executive, a visuospatial sketchpad, an episodic buffer, and a phonological loop. D. maintains all information in a phonological loop, even if the information is visual or meaningful.

C. consists of a central executive, a visuospatial sketchpad, an episodic buffer, and a phonological loop.

The component of the working-memory system that combines information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory, which is involved in interpreting earlier experiences, solving new problems, and planning future activities, is called the: A. perceptual buffer B. visuospatial sketchpad C. episodic buffer D. phonological loop

C. episodic buffer

The Implicit Association Test (IAT), which has been used to measure attitudes and stereotypes, is based on the principle that people can: A. usually perform better on a recognition memory task than they can on a recall memory task. B. retrieve much more information when tested with an explicit memory task than with an implicit memory task. C. mentally pair related words much more easily and quickly than they can pair unrelated words. D. be influenced by semantic priming effects much more if two words are unrelated than if they are related.

C. mentally pair related words much more easily and quickly than they can pair unrelated words.

It is least-likely that a typical college student would have a script for: A. going on a date. B. going to class. C. performing successful brain surgery to remove a tumor. D. going to a dining hall for dinner.

C. performing successful brain surgery to remove a tumor.

According to most network models of semantic memory (choose all that apply): A. presenting a familiar word activates a search of memory that takes considerable attention. B. each word is stored in semantic memory as a prototype (averaged member of a category). C. presenting the name of a concept activates a node representing that concept. D. each word stored in memory is accessed only after a precise definition has been activated. E. when a node is activated by presented information, activation spreads to other nodes to which it is connected. F. prototypical information about categories is stored in special components of the working memory system. G. when people listen to a story, they construct inferences about events that must have occurred. H. presenting a common word initiates a serial search through a person's mental dictionary.

C. presenting the name of a concept activates a node representing that concept. E. when a node is activated by presented information, activation spreads to other nodes to which it is connected.

You can recognize the name of the state New Hampshire faster if it is preceded by the name Vermont instead of the name Iraq. This effect is called a: A. regularity effect. B. prototype effect. C. priming effect. D. demand characteristic.

C. priming effect.

proactive interference

Can't learn new b/c old interferes

Connectionist Approach

Cognitive Processes can be understood in terms of networks that link together neuron-like processing; things happen simultaneously. - AKA PDP & Neural Network Approach - Neural activity is not localized - spread all over brain

Which of the following is a model to explain how categories are established and identified? A. prototype approach B. exemplar approach C. network approach D. All are models of categorization.

D. All are models of categorization.

Research reveals that people's scores on working-memory tasks are correlated with: A. overall intelligence and grades in school B. verbal fluency and reasoning ability. C. reading ability. D. All of the above are correct.

D. All of the above are correct.

The functioning of the phonological loop: A. may give rise to acoustic confusions in working-memory tasks, especially when rehearsal is involved. B. is related to a person's "inner voice," or his or her use of subvocalization to perform a task. C. involves activation or information storage in the left hemisphere of the brain, including frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes D. All of the above are correct.

D. All of the above are correct.

Which of the following facts is Tony most likely to remember next week about the hero Hercules from Greek myth? Why? A. Hercules rhymes with Achilles B. Hercules defeated the Hydra, which both start with the letter "H" C. Hercules captured a Boar and a Bull, which are both similar creatures D. Hercules fought Tony's favorite animal, a Lion

D. Hercules fought Tony's favorite animal, a Lion

You plan to meet your friend at a local coffee shop. Which situation below would be an example graceful degradation related to this scenario? A. This coffee shop is in a trendy district, so you expect that it will be very expensive. B. This is the 5th coffee shop you've seen put its menu on a chalkboard, so you presume all coffee shops do that. C. Coffee reminds you of Starbucks, which reminds you of the madeleines they sell there, which are your favorite. D. You can only remember the name of the street & meeting time, but the actual name of the shop.

D. You can only remember the name of the street & meeting time, but the actual name of the shop.

The effects of proactive interference are decreased if A. you know more information at the beginning. B. you keep studying the same list. C. you learn different items from the same category. D. you shift to a different category of items to learn

D. you shift to a different category of items to learn

Visual information cannot be rehearsed in working memory without being transformed into a verbal code. T or F?

False

spontaneous generalization vs default assignment

In spontaneous generalization, we draw a conclusion about an entire category; in default assignment, we draw a conclusion about one member of a category.

Proactive V.S Retroactive Interference

P.O.R.N Proactive --> old interferes with new Retroactive --> new interferes w/ old

Implicit Association Test

Ppl can mentally pair 2 related words better than two unrelated words.

PORN

Proactive --> old interferes with new Retroactive --> new interferes w/ old

Propositional VS Analog Code

Propositional Code --> abstract language like representation Analog Code --> closely resembles physical object

encoding specificity principle

Recall is better if the retrieval context is similar to encoding context.

Proposition

Smallest unit of knowledge that ppl can judge to be true or false. EX: The cat is white

Schema

Ur general knowledge or expectation based on previous experiences.

Dissociation

Variable has a large effect on Test A, but little effect to no effect on Test B. Or they have opposite effects.

Constructivist Approach

We construct knowledge by integrating new info with what we know. - Misinformation effect

Baddley and Hitch

Working memory model VS, PL, EB, CE, LTM

What phonological loop issue describes the uncertainty you experience when trying to remember whether you studied the word "bake" or "rate"? a Acoustic confusion b Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation c Retroactive interference d Subvocalization

a Acoustic confusion

Which component of working memory would be active during self-instruction (i.e., talking to yourself)? a Phonological loop b Visuospatial sketchpad c Central executive d Episodic buffer

a Phonological loop

What is the name of a reconstructive memory error in which you are unsure whether an event actually took place? a Reality monitoring b Elaboration c Own-ethnicity bias d Self-reference effect

a Reality monitoring

What type of memory is this? Recalling your favorite baseball player's batting average.. a Semantic memory b Episodic memory c Procedural memory d Prospective memory

a Semantic memory

What cognitive approach argues that we continually integrate current information in working memory with our previously stored long term memories? a The constructivist approach b The connectionist approach c The levels of processing approach d The situated cognition approach

a The constructivist approach

Propositional Network

a pattern of interconnected propositions - model of semantic memory

Metamemory, such as your knowledge of your knowledge of psychology while you are studying for a test is a) better after a few minutes delay. b) always accurate. c) most accurate when assessed immediately after studying. d) atrocious.

a) better after a few minutes delay.

Studies of the accuracy of metacomprehension, such as involving college students as participants, reveal that: a) college students are not very accurate in their metacomprehension skills. b) students with high metacomprehension skills usually do not do well on tests of reading comprehension. c) in most cases, students are highly underconfident in their answers to reading comprehension questions. d) All of the above are correct.

a) college students are not very accurate in their metacomprehension skills.

According to the total time hypothesis, the amount of material a person learns depends on the total amount of time he or she: a) devotes to learning the material. b) devotes to learning new mnemonic strategies. c) spends daydreaming about the task. d) engages in dreaming the night before a test

a) devotes to learning the material.

The testing effect refers to the finding that: a) taking a test is an excellent way to enhance a person's long-term recall of academic material. b) evidence for the total time hypothesis relies mainly on laboratory tests of long-term memory. c) a person who takes a test is likely to misremember information later if he or she makes many mistakes on the test. d) mnemonics are of little or no use when a person is taking a test on some academic material.

a) taking a test is an excellent way to enhance a person's long-term recall of academic material.

In parallel distributed processing, this is when we infer some characteristic of an novel item because it belongs to a particular category in our mind. a. Default assignment b. Graceful degradation c. Proactive intereference d. Spontaneous generalization

a. Default assignment

What do we call it when a concept generates excitation for semantically related items, and inhibition to semantically unrelated items? a. Spreading activation b. Semantic priming c. Retroactive intereference d. Graceful degradation

a. Spreading activation

When trying to remember a really complicated recipe, you can only recall the last two steps and your cooking partner only remembers the first two. What is this an example of? a. The serial position effect b. Subvocalization c. Semantic priming d. Acoustic confusion

a. The serial position effect

What type of memory is this?Remembering you had a car accident last week. a Semantic memory b Episodic memory c Procedural memory d Prospective memory

b Episodic memory

What is a difference between the memory structures of an expert versus novice in a particular field? a Novices are better at predicting the difficulty of a task because experts are overconfident. b Experts are better at reconstructing missing information from material they only partially recollect. c Novices have well-organized knowledge structures, while experts have very fluid knowledge structures. d Experts do not need to use mneumonics or other rehearsal tricks, while novices do.

b Experts are better at reconstructing missing information from material they only partially recollect.

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic strategies that emphasize re-organization of semantic information? a Keyword method b First-letter technique c Method of loci d Mental imagery

b First-letter technique

Which component of working memory would be most important for steering a ship safely into the correct port? a Phonological loop b Visuospatial sketchpad c Central executive d Episodic buffer

b Visuospatial sketchpad

When students are allowed to study various items at their own pace, they tend to spend: a) an equal amount of time reviewing material they already learned and learning new material. b) more time reviewing material they already know and less time studying material they have not yet mastered. c) more time studying easy new material, but an equal amount of time reviewing and studying difficulty new material. d) more time studying difficult new material, and not enough time studying relatively easy material.

b) more time reviewing material they already know and less time studying material they have not yet mastered.

One aspect of metacognition involves a person's ability to predict whether he or she will be able to correctly recognize the correct answer to a question (when the answer is not able to be recalled). This kind of judgment involves: a) mnemonic strategies. b) the feeling of knowing. c) the self-reference effect. d) metacomprehension.

b) the feeling of knowing.

Which type of schema related effect can change your memory of something you perceived? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a. Abstraction b. Boundary Extension c. Typicality effect d. Graceful degradation

b. Boundary Extension

The testing effect and spaced learning take advantage of ____ to increase retention of new material. a. Organizational mnemonics b. Desirable difficulties c. Visual mnemonics d. Rehearsal

b. Desirable difficulties

Students with poor _ are more likely to be overconfident in their knowledge and use inappropriate study practices when trying to learn new material. a. Memory rehearsal b. Metacognition c. Mental imagery d. Life scripts

b. Metacognition

During an conversation, you are asked at which point did the 6 foot basketball player make the free throw. You never encoded any information about the height of the player you were watching, but the next time you talk about this player you include the detail that he was 6 feet. You have demonstrated what type of effect? a Consistency bias b. Post-event misinformation effect c. Dissociation d. Positivity effect

b. Post-event misinformation effect

Which form of memory suffers from errors due to absentmindedness? a. Episodic memory b. Prospective memory c. Procedural memory d. Retrospective memory

b. Prospective memory

Which component of working memory would be responsible for choosing which stimuli in your environment to attend to? a Phonological loop b Visuospatial sketchpad c Central executive d Episodic buffer

c Central executive

With what type of memory do amnesiacs show less of a deficit? a Explicit memory b Prospective memory c Implicit memroy d Episodic memory

c Implicit memroy

In which of the following situations would you show semantic priming for the concept "baby"? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a You are told a friend of yours is "a baby", so you assume he cries and fusses a lot. b You see a lot of puppies sleeping in a veterinary delivery room and conclude all newborn pups need lots of sleep. c You just saw a bunch of pictures of rattles, cribs, and diapers. d You are washing your treasured Ford Mustang, which you call "your baby".

c You just saw a bunch of pictures of rattles, cribs, and diapers.

Using a shopping list, an alarm clock, a Post-it note, or a personal data assistant to help you remember something that you need to do is an example of what? a) Proactive interference b) Mnemonic device c) External memory aid d) Internal memory strategy

c) External memory aid

The term metacognition is used to refer in a general way to a person's: a) knowledge about different kinds of mnemonic techniques. b) awareness of the limited-capacity nature of the components of working memory. c) knowledge and control of his or her cognitive processes. d) knowledge of facts, principles, and techniques in a particular domain of expertise.

c) knowledge and control of his or her cognitive processes.

The term prospective memory refers to: a) remembering a past event, such as something you did last night. b) remembering a fact that will be explicitly tested in the future. c) remembering to do something in the future. d) All of the above are correct.

c) remembering to do something in the future.

In one recent study (Dunning and his coauthors, 2003), students took a sophomore-level psychology test, and then they estimated the score that they thought they had obtained. The results showed that: a) all students were underconfident in estimating how well they had done. b) all students were overconfident in estimating how well they had done. c) students with above-average scores estimated their scores fairly accurately, but students with below-average scores were overconfident in estimating how well they had done. d) students with above-average scores were overconfident in estimating how well they had done, but students with below-average scores estimated their scores fairly accurately.

c) students with above-average scores estimated their scores fairly accurately, but students with below-average scores were overconfident in estimating how well they had done.

What is the term used to describe an abstraction of a sequence of related events? a. An exemplar b. A network model c. A script d. A node

c. A script

Which of the following is an inference? a. Being able to identifying an Ibis (type of bird) after seeing its picture in a book. b. You do not know the answer to a math problem, so you take a random guess. c. It is January, so you anticipate it'll be cold when you visit New York. d. You are given a list of tasks to complete and recall that list later.

c. It is January, so you anticipate it'll be cold when you visit New York.

Which of the following describes a retrieval issues in which only partial information is accessed in memory? a. Self reference effect b. Foresight bias c. Tip-of-the-tongue effect d. Elaboration

c. Tip-of-the-tongue effect

retroactive interference

can't remember old b/c new interferes

Which of the following is a reason depths of processing enhances recall? a The memories are more ecologically valid. b It increases a person's metacognition. c People have to space their learning to apply it. d Memories traces become more distinctive

d Memories traces become more distinctive

What is the processing pathway FROM long term memory TO working memory? a Encoding b Rehearsal c Storage d Retrieval

d Retrieval

Which of the following is accurate support for the working memory model's inclusion of multiple processing components? a Subjects show longer working memory durations than the traditional short-term model would suggest. b Subjects report large sensory memory spans when asked to focus intensely on a stimulus. c Subjects show larger memory capacities than were previously found in the traditional short-term memory model. d Subjects can perform a visual and verbal task simultaneously, with little interference.

d Subjects can perform a visual and verbal task simultaneously, with little interference.

Metacomprehension is most closely related to which of the following concepts? a) Long Term Memory b) Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon c) Spatial Imagery d) Reading Comprehension

d) Reading Comprehension

Which of the following is an example of graceful degradation? a. Assuming all reptiles must be able to swim because crocodiles can swim. b. Classifying an iguana as a reptile because it looks very similar to other lizards, which you know are reptiles. c. Predicting geckos must be coldblooded because they belong to the reptile class. d. Being able to remember there are giant reptiles in the Everglades, but not recalling they are called alligators

d. Being able to remember there are giant reptiles in the Everglades, but not recalling they are called alligators

A(n) __ can be used to serve as a cue for a prospective memory. a. Schema b. Memory chunk c. Dissociation d. External memory aid

d. External memory aid

What does it mean for a category to have a graded structure? a. Some members serve as exemplars, while others serve as prototypes. b. If it has graded structure then it lacks family resemblance. c. The connection weights between category members is really low. d. Members of that category are organized by prototypicality.

d. Members of that category are organized by prototypicality.

You hear the word "bark". If you were in a kennel you would think of a dog, but if you were in the woods you would think of a tree. The reason you experience two different mental concepts in these cases could be explained by a. The constructivist approach b. The connectionist approach c. The levels of processing approach d. The situated cognition approach

d. The situated cognition approach

boundary extension

our tendency to remember having viewed a greater portion of a scene than was actually shown - our schemas fill in missing info.