Exp Psych Exam 5
a
A participant's score on a dependent variable is a combination of which of the following: a. Measurement error and their true score b. Systematic variance and error variance c. Manipulation effect and observer bias d. Their mean score and their standard deviation
Selection Effects
Systematically different types of participants are in the two groups; *only with independent groups designs only
Pretest
The measurement of the dependent variable before the treatment
d
When a double-blind study is not possible, an acceptable alternative may be a ________. a. A matched groups design b. A within-groups design c. Use of a control group d. A masked design
a
When interrogating experiments, on which of the big validities should a person focus? a.Internal validity b. External validity c. Construct validity d. Statistical validity
Within groups Design
When only one group of participants is used and each person is presented with ALL of the levels of the independent variable; same people different tasks;
a
Which of the following is NOT true of control variables? a. They help define the control group. b. They help establish internal validity. c. They are essential in experimental designs. d. They are kept the same for all participants.
c
Which of the following is NOT true of selection effects? a. They are a type of confound. b. They can occur when experimenters allow participants to choose their own treatment group. c. They are unimportant for interrogating internal validity. d. They can occur when researchers assign one type of person to one treatment group and another type of person to another treatment group.
Testing
A type of order effect when an experimental gropu changes over time because repeated testing has affected the participants; including fatigue effects and practice effects
Repeated measures Design
A type of within groups design in which participants are measured on a dependent variable more than once, after exposure to each level of the independent variable; ex. emotions are intensified when experienced with other people
History
An experimental group changes over time because of an external factor or event in the world that affects all or most members of the group
Instrumentation
An experimental group changes over time, but only because repeated measurements have changed the quality of the measurement instrument; something wrong with the instrument being used, not the participant; ex. one depression scale being better than the other
Attrition
An experimental group changes over time, but only because the most extreme cases have systematically dropped out and their scores are not included in the posttest; dropping extreme, drop middle scores and average stays the same
Maturation
An experimental group improves over time only because of natural development or spontaneous improvement
Regression to the Mean
An experimental group whose average is extremely low (or high) at pretest will get better (or worse) over time, because the random events that caused the extreme pretest scores do not recur the same way at posttest; seen as convergence toward average
a
An independent-groups design is also known as a ________. a. Between-subjects design b. Matched-groups design c. Within-groups design d. Mixed design
Design Confounds
Another variable accidentally varies SYSTEMATICALLY along with the IV
Independent Groups Design
Different groups of participants are placed into different levels of the independent variable "between-groups"
c
Dr. Alfonse, a developmental psychologist, conducts a study to determine whether children prefer books with drawn illustrations or with photographs. A group of 45 first-graders are shown two copies of a book (Little Red Riding Hood) at the same time. Although the story is the same, one book is illustrated with drawings and the other is illustrated with photos. Students are then asked to indicate which book they prefer. This is an example of which of the following designs? a. Longitudinal design b. Repeated-measures design c. Concurrent-measures design d. Posttest-only design
b
Dr. Sanderson is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. She assigns half her participants to play a violent video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play the same game for 25 minutes. Afterward, she has them play a board game and has a well-trained coder determine whether they are very aggressive in their playing style, barely aggressive, or not at all aggressive. She finds that a vast majority of her participants, regardless of group assignment, are rated as very aggressive. This outcome would be known as a/an: a. Weak manipulation b. Ceiling effect c. Floor effect d. Outlier
c
Generally, what is the main priority for experimental studies? a. Construct validity b. External validity c. Internal validity d. Statistical validity
Post test
Measurement of the dependent variable after the treatment has been administered (=observation)
a
Observer bias can threaten which of the following big validities? a. Internal validity and construct validity b. External validity and construct validity c. Internal validity and external validity d. Internal validity only
Concurrent Measures Design
Participants are exposed to all the levels of independent variable at roughly the same TIME and a single attitudinal or behavioral preference is the dependent variable; ex. babies looking at two faces and recording how long they look at each face
Demand Characteristic
Participants guess what the study's purpose is and change their behavior in the expected direction
Order Effects
Participants' later responses are systematically affected by their earlier ones (fatigue, practice, or contrast effects); *only with within groups designs
Counterbalancing
Presenting the levels of the IV to participants in different sequences
c
RESEARCH STUDY 10.1Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Group A (Happy)Group B (Sad)Group C (Neutral) Number of Words Remembered16149 Groups A and B vs. Group CStatistically significant differenced = .36Group A vs. Group CStatistically significant differenced = .30Group B vs. Group CStatistically significant differenced = .41Group A vs. Group BNo statistically significant differenced = .09 Refer to Research Study 10.1 to answer the following sixteen questions.In Dr. Lonsbary's study, which of the following does NOT exist? a. A control variable b. A treatment group c. A placebo group d. A manipulation check
b
RESEARCH STUDY 10.1Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Group A (Happy)Group B (Sad)Group C (Neutral) Number of Words Remembered16149 Groups A and B vs. Group CStatistically significant differenced = .36Group A vs. Group CStatistically significant differenced = .30Group B vs. Group CStatistically significant differenced = .41Group A vs. Group BNo statistically significant differenced = .09 Refer to Research Study 10.1 to answer the following sixteen questions.Which of the following allows Dr. Lonsbary to conclude that she met the temporal precedence rule for causality? Noting that there is a difference between the number of words recalled by the happy and neutral people Having people listen to music or silence before they wrote down the list of words they remembered Making sure that all participants were asked to remember the same list of words Putting the 60 participants into equal groups
d
RESEARCH STUDY 10.1Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Group A (Happy)Group B (Sad)Group C (Neutral) Number of Words Remembered16149 Groups A and B vs. Group CStatistically significant differenced = .36Group A vs. Group CStatistically significant differenced = .30Group B vs. Group CStatistically significant differenced = .41Group A vs. Group BNo statistically significant differenced = .09 Refer to Research Study 10.1 to answer the following sixteen questions.Which of the following is a NOT control variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study? a. The number of words on the word list b. The amount of time allowed for remembering/typing the words c. The amount of time allowed for memorizing the words d. The mood of the participants
b
RESEARCH STUDY 10.1Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Group A (Happy)Group B (Sad)Group C (Neutral) Number of Words Remembered16149 Groups A and B vs. Group CStatistically significant differenced = .36Group A vs. Group CStatistically significant differenced = .30Group B vs. Group CStatistically significant differenced = .41Group A vs. Group BNo statistically significant differenced = .09 Refer to Research Study 10.1 to answer the following sixteen questions.Which of the following provides information about the statistical validity of Dr. Lonsbary's study? a. The method of random assignment b. The d coefficient c. The number of people in each group d. The mood reported by the participants
c
RESEARCH STUDY 10.2Dr. Acitelli studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether falling asleep in front of a television set causes people to fall asleep more slowly than falling asleep without watching TV. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants fall asleep in front of a television that is off. In the second condition (B), participants fall asleep in front of a television that is turned on to the same 24-hour news channel. In the third condition (C), participants fall asleep in front of a television that is turned on to the same 24-hour news channel but is muted. With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep.Refer to Research Study 10.2 to answer the following four questions.Dr. Acitelli was concerned that asking participants how long it took them to fall asleep would lead them to suspect that was the purpose of the study. Her decision to measure how long it took participants to go to sleep using the EEG instead of self-report was meant to decrease which of the following? a. Order effects b. Selection effects c. Demand characteristics d. Counterbalancing effects
b
RESEARCH STUDY 11.1In previous studies, Dr. Schulenberg has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam.Refer to Research Study 11.1 to answer the following five questions.Imagine that in Dr. Schulenberg's study, he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam. When he looks at the results of the final exam, he notices that all the students' exam scores went down. Which of the following pattern of results would suggest that there is a threat to internal validity? a. The final exam scores were lower in the preparation group than the meaning group. b. The final exam scores were equally low in both groups. c. The final exam scores were lower than those of students in his fall semester class. d. The final exam scores were lower than the final exam scores of students of his colleague, Dr. Fao.
a
RESEARCH STUDY 11.2Dr. Bloedorn is a health psychologist who researches nutrition. She is curious as to whether a new drink additive will help people consume fewer calories during a meal. The drink additive is a white, odorless, tasteless powder that a person can add to any drink. She collects a random sample of 63 overweight students on campus and measures the calories they eat during lunch, using a bomb calorimeter. She then gives this additive to the same 63 participants to use at dinner and measures how many calories they eat (again, using the bomb calorimeter).Refer to Research Study 11.2 to answer the following four questions.Which of the following threats to internal validity will Dr. Bloedorn NOT be worried about? a. Testing effect b. Attrition c. Instrumentation d. Placebo effects
c
To be a history threat, the external event must occur: a. Constantly during the experiment b. At the beginning of the experiment c. Systematically, affecting most members of the group d. Intentionally, affecting most members of the group
a
Unsystematic variability in a study is also known as: a. Error variance b. Null effect c. Group inconsistency d. Situational variability
