exp psych final exam

When interrogating the construct validity of the dependent variable in an experiment, which of the following questions should be asked?

"How well was this variable measured?"

Which of the following is a good reason a researcher may give for using observation methods as opposed to self-report methods

"I want to measure something that people may not know how often they do it"

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-gorups factorial design. How many interactions will Dr. Gaving need to examine

1

If a study describes the "difference in differences" what is the minimum number of variables the researchers were studying?"

2

Dr. Green is interested in conducting a 2 × 2 × 3 mixed factorial design, with 20 participants in each cell. Which of the following would NOT be a possible number of participants for this study?

20

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell, how many participants does Dr. Gavin need to recruit?

200

RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Which of the following is Dr. Ewell likely to give to his research assistants to prevent observer bias?

A codebook

Studies with one independent variable can show

A simple difference

Which of the following is the correct ordering of the sections of an empirical journal article?

Abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references

Dr. Gore is conducting a survey examining people's opinions toward funding for collegiate athletics on his campus. He notices that several participants agree with all 12 questions. This is most likely due to

Acquiescence.

Both PsycINFO and Google Scholar

Allow you to identify journal articles on a specific topic.

Students who are interested in being consumers of, but not producers of, research might choose which of the following professions?

An advertising executive

Research that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as

Applied research.

Which of the following is true of the difference between basic and applied research?

Basic and applied research have different goals.

How are quota sampling and stratified random sampling similar?

Both identify subgroups that need to be studied.

The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified random sample is

Cluster samples use randomly selected clusters; stratified random samples use predetermined strata.

What is the difference between concurrent-measures designs and repeated-measures designs?

Concurrent-measures designs expose participants to the levels of the independent variable at roughly the same time; repeated-measures designs expose participants to the levels of the independent variable sequentially.

Which of the following is true of control variables?

Control variables are kept the same for all participants.

Dr. Sheffield decides to test the criterion validity of his measure. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people that includes suspected problem gamblers and non-gamblers. Which of the following options below could he also do to get evidence for criterion validity?

Correlate the measure with a behavior, such as amount of money lost in a casino during the past year

The temporal precedence criterion is also known as the ________ problem.

Directionality

Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. You are concerned that Tim is making the blind spot bias. As a researcher, what would you most likely ask him to consider?

Do you think that you should test this out by opening some conversations with a joke and some conversations with chitchat?

When researchers conduct an experiment comparing two different treatment conditions, they are likely to be more concerned with ____ validity than _____ validity

External; statistical

If a measurement looks like it is a plausible operationalization of a conceptual variable, then it has

Face validity.

In the case of a factorial design, another term for independent variable is

Factor

Which of the following is most likely to be part of a debriefing?

Fully informing participants about all aspects of the study

Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time Gamblers Anonymous (GA) attendants complete his measure and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity?

He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of sensation-seeking in either of his two groups of people.

When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true?

How each variable was measured must be considered.

In evaluating Dr. Guidry's study, you question the construct validity of the study. Which of the following questions would you be asking?

How reliable is the measure of daily stress?

RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. In this study, "depressed individuals will have higher estrogen levels" was the

Hypothesis

When is it acceptable for a researcher to study participants only from a specific group, such as a researcher studying depression in a sample of Native American women?

If the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women)

Which of the following is an example of a history threat?

In a study of school performance, a hurricane closes the school for two weeks.

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic

Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

Which types of reliability can be analyzed with scatterplots?

Interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

Which of the following can be said of the interaction in a study?

It can exist even if the main effects are not significant.

Which of the following is the reason that scientific journals use peer review?

It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality.

In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the problem with this question?

It is a double-barreled question.

Which of the following is true of behavioral observation?

It may tell a different story than data collected by self-report questions.

Why is plagiarism a violation of ethics

It violates an APA standard

Which of the following is true of the relationship between effect size and statistical significance?

Larger effect sizes are advantageous for statistical significance.

Before she administers the independent variable to her two test groups, Dr. Mackintosh gives all participants an IQ test. She then pairs up each participant with another who had a similar IQ score. Based on the flip of a coin, one member of the pair is assigned to test Group A and one is assigned to test Group B. What technique is Dr. Mackintosh using?

Matched groups

Matthew is reading an empirical journal article and wants to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) or the NEO-PI to measure extraversion. In which section would he find this information?

Method

The difference between a cluster sample and a multistage sample is

Multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters.

If a narrow confidence interval contains zero, then the effect is

Null

Which of the following is a dependent variable?

One that is measured

What is the term for a researcher's definition of the variable in question at a theoretical level?

Operational definition

Practice effects and carryover effects are examples of ________ effects.

Order

Dr. Georgiou wants to help undergraduates overcome homesickness. She gives a survey to 500 undergraduates and picks the 50 who scored the highest on her measure of homesickness to complete her treatment. After three weeks, she tests them again and finds their homesickness scores are significantly lower. Which of the following is a threat to her study?

Regression to the mean

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. If all the students in Dr. Kramer's two classes complete the survey, then Dr. Kramer has done which of the following?

Relied on a census

How would you adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner?

Remaining objective as you interpret scientific data

Why are convergent and discriminant validity often evaluated together?

Researchers have to look at the patterns of correlations for both types of validity.

Which of the following is an example of convenience sampling

Researchers recruited participants from online websites, such as Prolific Academic

A confound that keeps a researcher from finding a relationship between two variables is known as a(n) ________ confound.

Reverse

Dr. Chandler is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFOs. She finds several people in an online support group for UFO abductees to participate and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information of other people who have also been abducted. Upon contacting these new participants, she asks them to refer her to even more people they may know who have been abducted. This is an example of what kind of sampling?

Snowball sampling

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that three fundamental needs are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier, but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is necessary only when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step?

Susan designs a new study to test her new hypothesis.

Which of the following results in an unbiased sample?

Systematic sample

Considering Dr. Guidry's sample, which of the following statements is true?

The association found in her study could probably generalize to elderly people in other large cities in the South.

Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims?

The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique.

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1: In previous studies, Dr. Hamid has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. Imagine that in Dr. Hamid's study, he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam. When he looks at the results of the final exam, he notices that all the students' exam scores went down. Which of the following pattern of results would suggest that there is a threat to internal validity?

The final exam scores were equally low in both groups.

Which of the following indicates that a study used a bivariate correlational design?

The presence of two measured variables

Dr. Kushner's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?

The principle of justice

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You are curious as to whether peer pressure is really to blame (peer pressure encourages you to watch television and peer pressure encourages you to be aggressive). You are questioning which of the following criteria of causation?

The third-variable criterion

Negatively worded questions have low construct validity because

They capture people's ability to understand the question rather than their true opinions.

Which of the following is a primary reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify their data?

They feel pressure to publish findings.

In addition to being ethical violations, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic?

They impede scientific progress.

What are the two main reasons to conduct a factorial study?

To test limits and to test theories

Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. If you were concerned that Tim was making the present/present bias, what would you ask him?

What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person?

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kushner would need to ask which of the following questions?

What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants?

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important

When it is aggregated over many situations

In Dr. Lonsvary's study, which of the following is NOT present?

a placebo group

James is asked about the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flashcards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flashcards and got an A. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he got an A and did not use flashcards and the times he used flashcards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of

a present/present bias.

Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research?

administering an anxiety questionnaire

Ethical decision making is

based on a balance of priorities.

Two biases of intuition discussed in the text are

being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind

Dr. Adebayo is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. She assigns half her participants to play a violent video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play the same game for 25 minutes. Afterward, she has them play a board game and has a well-trained coder determine whether they are very aggressive in their playing style, barely aggressive, or not at all aggressive. She finds that a vast majority of her participants, regardless of group assignment, are rated as very aggressive. This outcome would be known as a(n)

ceiling effect

Different factors that could account for significant results are called

confounds

RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask them to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered: Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods really did change after listening to the music. Running this preliminary study helps establish ________ validity.

construct validity

According to its conceptual definition, a variable should be related to a particular behavior. If a researcher is able to demonstrate that his measure of the variable is related to the behavior, then he has established which of the following?

criterion validity

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Based on this study, Dr. Kang can make which of the following claims?

emotion enhances memory

_____ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory

empiricism

Forced-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues?

fence sitting

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time Gamblers Anonymous (GA) attendants complete his measure and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity?

he finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of sensation-seeking in either of his two groups of people

When interrogating experiments, on which of the big validities should a person focus

internal

In interrogating the construct validity of a measure, which question should a researcher ask?

is there enough evidence that this measure is valid

Which is true about interrupter reliability

it is measured with an ICC

Spontaneous remission in clinical studies is an example of which of the following threats to internal validity?

maturation

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57, 95% CI [-.77, -.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [-.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] According to the guidelines for interpreting effect sizes, what type of effect size has Dr. Guidry found for the association between number of friends and life satisfaction?

moderate

Which of the following is an independent variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study?

participant's mood

Dr. Ellison finds a relation between amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association?

positive association

Which of the following does NOT depict a statistically significant association?

r = .26, 95% CI [-.08, .60]

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data.

What can researchers do to reduce the risk of measurement error?

select measures that have high reliability and validity

In a scatterplot, the direction of the relationship can be seen by the

slope of the line

Ceiling effects can lead to

small variance between groups

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r =.52. This number gives you information about which of the following?

strength and direction of the relationship

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a variable in this study?

the gender of the participant

The quality of journalist's coverage of a science story will be determined by which two factors?

the importance and accuracy of the story

Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2 × 4 within-groups factorial design. Which of the following things will change?

the number of participants needed

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report

the principle of beneficence

Dr. Guidry submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Guidry's study to consider?

the random sampling technique used to recruit the participants

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr. Singh was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, she was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? She was also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are shown examples of those categories (e.g., looking at pictures of different animals) compared with generating those examples themselves (e.g., drawing pictures of different animals). Dr. Singh has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of her study are below. By examining the marginal means, it appears that in this study

there is a main effect of focus of the activity.

Which of the following correctly explain the relationship between a moderator and a spurious association?

they are different: a moderator indicated the association is not spurious

One reason researchers use within-group designs is

they require fewer participants

Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. This technique is known as

unobtrusive observation.

If a sample is baised, then it is _______ the population of interest

unrepresentative of