Experiencing the Lifespan - Chapter 5

Real world" school should probably begin at age ______ due to children's entering concrete operations around that time. a) 3 b) 5 c) 7 d) 9

7

body mass index (BMI)

A calculation of a person's weight and height to determine if a person underweight, overweight, or obese. The ratio of weight to height; the main indicator of overweight or underweight.

Childhood obesity

a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile compared to the us norms established for children in the 1970s

Neuroimaging studies suggest theory of mind abilities depend on: 1. full frontal lobe development. 2. a certain level of frontal lobe development. 3. the parietal lobe 4. the visual cortex.

a certain level of frontal lobe development.

selective attention

a learning strategy in which people manage their awareness so as to attend only to what is relevant and to filter out unneeded information.

information-processing theory

a perspective on cognition in which the process of thinking is divided into steps, components, or stages much like those a computer operates

Three-year-old children typically have relatively large heads, while six-year-old children have relatively longer, thin bodies. This age difference in physical appearance reveals the ______ of development. a) cephalocaudal principle b) proximodistal principle c) mass-to-specific principle d) speed of maturation principle

a) cephalocaudal principle (head to toe)

imon and his classmate Rhonda are both 8-years-old. Statistically speaking, Simon is: a) bigger than Rhonda. b) smaller than Rhonda. c) roughly the same size as Rhonda. d) obese and Rhonda is not.

c

When 3-year-old Charlie's dad got home from work one evening, he asked Charlie what he had done that day. Charlie replied, "I sawed two deer outside and goed to see them." Charlie has committed the classic language mistake called: a) overextension. b) underextension. c) overregularization. d) phonetic misinterpretation.

c) overregularization.

. Theresa, who is 4-years old, thinks that her sister is a princess when she wears a tiara in her hair and a servant when she wears old clothes. Theresa, is in the ______ stage of development, and has not developed the Piagetian concept of ______. a) formal operations; identity constancy b) formal operations; centering c) preoperational; identity constancy d) preoperational; centering

c) preoperational; identity constancy

animism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's belief that inanimate objects are alive

preoperational thinking

in Piaget's theory, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 2 to 7, marked by an inability to step back from one's immediate perceptions and think conceptually. Cannot look beyond appearance (i.e. drink size, matching alike cards, identity constancy, animism, artificialism, egocentrism, etc...)

inner speech

in Vygotsky's theory, the way by which human beings learn to regulate their behavior and master cognitive challenges, through silently repeating information or talking to themselves.

working memory

in information-processing theory, the limited capacity gateway system, containing all the material that we can keep in awareness at a single time. The material in this system is either processed for more permanent storage or lost.

Two-year-old Anthony says "doggy" every time he sees a four-legged animal. This specific language problem is called: underregulation. overextension. underextension. overregulation.

overextension.

gross motor skills

physical abilities that involve large muscle movements, such as running and jumping

fine motor skills

physical abilities that involve small, coordinated movements, such as drawing and writing one's name

Frontal Lobes

the area at the uppermost front of the brain, responsible for reasoning and planning our actions

mean lenth of utterance (MLU)

the average number of morphemes per sentence

semantics

the meaning system of a language - that is, what the words stand for. 10,000 words by age 6

What is ego centrism

unable to consider another point of view

what is animism and stage does it occur

2-7 preoperation stage , the belief that obejcts are alive

Earliest memories are of age: 18 months. 2 or 3 years. 3 or 4 years. 4 or 5 years.

3 or 4 years.

Using the false-belief task, researchers find that children under age _______ are not likely to have developed a "theory of mind." a) 10 b) 8 c) 6 d) 4

4

class inclusion

A skill learned during the concrete operational stage of cognitive development in which individuals can think simultaneously about a whole class of objects and about relationships among its subordinate classes.

rehearsal

A style of learning based on repetition. Gets information into long-term memory. A learning strategy in which people repeat information to embed it in memory

underextension

An early vocabulary error in which a word is applied too narrowly, to a smaller number of objects and events than is appropriate. example: a 3 year old saying only her pet is a dog and all the other neighborhood dogs must be called something else

overextension

An error in early language development in which young children apply verbal labels too broadly. occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to example: calling every 4 legged animal a horsey

overregularization

An error in early language development, in which young children apply the rules for plurals and past tenses even to exceptions, so irregular forms sound like regular forms application of regular grammatical rules to words that are exceptions. ex. teeths, breaked, foots.

executive functions

Any frontal-lobe ability that allows us to inhibit our responses and to plan and direct our thinking. Frontal-lone activity that allows us to inhibit our responses and to plan and direct our thinking. Rehearsal, selective attention, inhibition.

seriation

Arranging objects in sequential order according to one aspect, such as size, weight, or volume.

Initiative

Erik Erikson's term for the early childhood psychosocial task that involves exuberantly testing skills

Industry

Erik Erikson's term for the middle childhood psychosocial task involving bending to adult reality and needing to work for what we want

gender schema theory

Explanation for gender-stereotyped behavior that emphasizes the role of cognitions; specifically, the idea that once children know their own gender label (girl or boy), they selectively watch and model their own sex.

decentering

In Piaget's conservation tasks, the concrete operational child's ability to look at several dimensions of an object or substance

reversibility

In Piaget's conservation tasks, the concrete operational child's knowledge that a specific change in the way a given substance looks can be reversed A characteristic of Piagetian logical operations - the ability to think through a series of steps, then mentally reverse the steps and return to the starting point.

centering

In Piaget's conservation tasks, the preoperational child's tendency to fix on the most visually striking feature of a substance and not take other dimensions into account.

egocentrism

In Piaget's theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view.

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

In Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, the difference between what children can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the help of others who are more competent.

phoneme

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. example: the sound of c in cat or b in bat

morpheme

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix). example: boys has two morphemes - boy and the plural suffix s

concrete operational thinking

In piaget's framework, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 8 to 11, marked by the ability to reason about the world in a more logical, adult way

autobiographical memories

Memories of the significant events and experiences of one's own life. Use scaffolding, past talk

identity constancy

Piaget's. the preoperational child's inability to grasp that a person's core "self" stays the same despite changes in external apperance

conservation tasks

Piagetian tasks that involve changing the shape of a substance to see whether children can go beyond the way that substance visually appears to understand that the amount is still the same

artificialism

Piagetian term that describes the belief that all things in the universe have been created by man.

Early Childhood

The first phase of childhood lasting from age 3 through kindergarten, or about age 5

Because it harms the development of various body systems and produces inactivity, children who are undernourished tend to: a) have impaired physical and social skills. b) reach sexual maturity earlier . c) develop physical skills at about the same rate, but fail to utilize their skills. d) develop unusual physical and mental abilities to compensate.

a) have impaired physical and social skills.

what is seriation

ability to put objects in order following a principle such as size

theory of mind

an awareness that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one's own appears at about age 4

When a child states "Daddy made the moon," they are showing: artificialism. animism. concrete thinking. egocentrism.

artificialism.

Adolescents use _____ memories to construct an identity. autobiographical personal semantic episodic

autobiographical

2. Twelve-year-old Rachel is getting ready to see her aunt for the first time since she was 2-years old. Rachel's aunt is most likely to notice which of the following changes since she has seen her last? a) She has tripled in height and weight. b) She has doubled in height and weight. c) She has sharpened her visual abilities. d) Her hearing abilities have improved.

b) She has doubled in height and weight.

6. Piaget calls the tendency for a young child to fixate on the most visually striking feature of whatever he/she is looking at: a) decentering. b) centering. c) conservation. d) seriation.

b) centering.

15. We begin to really develop an autobiographical memory—or sense that we have a personal past history and are ongoing "selves": a) during infancy. b) during preschool. c) during elementary school. d) during teenagerhood.

b) during preschool.

Which of the following is helpful in relieving symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? a) providing a noise-free environment b) regular recess breaks and presenting tasks in a gaming format c) sitting in a classroom, focused, for hours d) power-assertion discipline

b) regular recess breaks and presenting tasks in a gaming format

14. Taylor is 3-years old and has a cat named Rudy. When, at a dinner party, Taylor's mother says "Look! There is a cat," Taylor replies, "That not cat, cause that not Rudy!" Taylor's semantic mistake is called: a) overextension. b) underextension. c) overregularization. d) false-belief task.

b) underextension.

14. Three-year-old Clara keeps telling her friends they can't have a grandma because grandma is the name for her grandmother only. She is making the mistake of: a) overextension. b) underextension. c) overgeneralization. d) undergeneralization.

b) underextension.

collaborative pretend play

children work together to develop and act out pretend scenes

. Professor David is studying childhood cognitive abilities by having children come into her laboratory and change the shape of a mound of clay. She and her researchers then ask the children if the quantity of clay has changed. Professor David is investigating children's cognitive abilities with a _____ task. a) reversibility b) centering c) conservation d) decentering

conservation

In Piaget's theory ______ refers to a child's knowledge that a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape or form. a) reversibility b) seriation c) centration d) conservation

d) conservation

8. Piaget's concept of centering refers to a child's tendency to fix on the most striking ______ feature of a substance and ______ other dimensions into account a) auditory; over account for b) auditory; take c) visual; take d) visual; not take

d) visual; not take

Symptoms of autism spectrum disorder routinely appear in: infancy. early childhood. middle childhood. adolescence.

early childhood.

12. Chelsea has noticed that when she and her son are in the swimming pool together, instead of saying, "no mommy under" when he protests going under the water, he has begun to say, "I no under water." Her son is mastering grammar, which is also called: a) inner speech. b) syntax. c) comprehension. d) intonation.

inner speech

Support for the notion of _____ comes from listening to young children monitor their actions. inner speech cognition phonemes syntax

inner speech

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs a child's ability to communicate and interact with others. It also includes restricted repetitive behaviors, interests and activities.

2. This gives humans the ability to engage in social cognition. language attachment autonomy childhood

language

Synaptogenesis refers to the process of: a) making billions of connections between neurons. b) reasoning and thinking through our actions. c) forming a fatty sheath around axons. d) pruning of the neurons.

making billions of connections between neurons.

Chelsea has noticed that her son's speech has gone from "Juice" to "Me juice" to "Me want juice." Her son's ______ has expanded. a) inner speech b) mean length of utterance c) comprehension d) intonation

mean length of utterance

what is semantics

meaning of words

The mean length of utterance refers to the number of _____ in a sentence. vowels morphemes phonemes words

morphemes

Five-year-old Casey believes that a drinking glass now holds more juice simply because it was poured into a taller glass. Casey is in Piaget's _____ stage of development. sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational

preoperational

fantasy play

pretend play

what is Identity constancy

properational (2-7) children dont understand that just because appearance changes dosnt mean the person "core"' changes in external appearance (child thinks mum is a princess by dressing up as a princess)

Mr. and Mrs. Franklin are taking their son to see a psychiatrist known for his work in helping children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The psychiatrist is likely to consider all of the following interventions EXCEPT:

recommending the child try completing difficult processing tasks

what is syntax

rules of language

exercise play

running and chasing play that exercises children's physical skills

Lev Vygotsky

scaffolding, zone of proximal development, human interaction promotes learning, bidirectional. Language first

A child's ability to filter out extraneous information and focus on what he or she needs to know is called: inhibition. seriation. selective attention. maturation.

selective attention.

. Our ability to understand word meanings, or what words stand for, is called: a) syntax. b) semantics. c) inner speech. d) phonetisis.

semantics

A person's ability to understand word meanings is known as: phonetics. inner speech. semantics. syntax.

semantics.

The frontal lobes develop: slowly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses. slowly; they let people respond emotionally. quickly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses. quickly; they let people respond emotionally.

slowly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses.

what is a morpheme

smallest unit of meaning in language e.g "boys"contain two morphemes , boy and plural suffix s (me go home)

inadequate nutrition

stunting, compromises development of brain, causes lethargy, ...

ADHD

the most common childhood learning disorder in the US, disproportionately affecting boys, characterized by excessive restlessness and distractivity at home and at school (can't focus, poor impulse control, socially impaired

scaffolding

the process of teaching new skills by entering a child's zone of proximal development and tailoring one's efforts to that person's competence level

Middle childhood

the second phase of childhood, covering the elementary school years, from about age 6 to 11

Syntax

the system of grammatical rules in a particular language

The top-ranking children's health issue in the developing world is _____; in the developed world it's _____. undernutrition; obesity obesity; undernutrition cancer; obesity undernutrition; cancer

undernutrition; obesity

rough and tumble play

vigorous play involving wrestling, hitting, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming

what is a phoneme

word sound of language : c sound of cat , b sound for bat, d for dog - a child may have trouble forming sounds ( baba, spsghetti)