EXS 216 A&P chapter 6 part 3

Flat bones consist of compact bone sandwiched between spongy bone. True False

False

The main role of the appendicular skeleton is to protect and support body parts. True False

False

Emily, a 64-year-old obese woman, was brought to the hospital suffering pain in her legs, and an x-ray revealed that she had a simple fracture in her right femur and a crack in her left tibia. Other tests revealed that her bones were brittle and porous. What might have happened to Emily, and what advice would she have been given by the physician? a. Emily has osteoporosis. She should lose weight because her bones may not be able to support her body mass. b. Emily has osteomyelitis. She needs to take antibiotics to treat the bacterial infection that is making her bones porous, and needs to have her legs placed in a cast to allow bone repair to occur. c. Emily has osteoarthritis. She should lose weight because her bones may not be able to support her body mass. d. Emily has a fractured leg. She needs to have her legs placed in a cast to allow bone repair to occur. e. Emily has osteoporosis. She needs to have her legs placed in a cast to allow bone repair to occur, and she will be fine after that.

a. Emily has osteoporosis. She should lose weight because her bones may not be able to support her body mass.

Why should people who live in the north take supplemental calcium with vitamin D? a. People who live in the north have a decreased amount of sunlight exposure. Vitamin D is manufactured by skin cells when exposed to sunlight, and is needed for absorption of dietary calcium. b. People who live in the north have an increased amount of sunlight exposure. Vitamin D is destroyed by sunlight, and thus more is required to be absorbed from the diet. c. People who live in the north have less melanin in their skin. Vitamin D is activated by melanin and is a required component of bone. d. People who live in the north have less melanin in their skin. Vitamin D is activated by melanin and is needed for absorption of dietary calcium. e. People who live in the north have a decreased amount of sunlight exposure. Vitamin D is manufactured by sunlight and is a required component of bone.

a. People who live in the north have a decreased amount of sunlight exposure. Vitamin D is manufactured by skin cells when exposed to sunlight, and is needed for absorption of dietary calcium.

Why, or why not, is swimming recommended as an exercise to prevent osteoporosis? a. Swimming is not recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as it is not considered a weight-bearing exercise. b. Swimming is not recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as forces are applied in all directions on the bones simultaneously in swimming. c. Swimming is recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as it is considered a weight-bearing exercise. d. Swimming is recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as forces are applied in all directions on the bones simultaneously.

a. Swimming is not recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as it is not considered a weight-bearing exercise.

When should prevention of osteoporosis start? a. The prevention of osteoporosis should begin with children while bones are still growing. Children should increase their bone mass to provide additional protection from osteoporosis in the future. b. The prevention of osteoporosis should start in middle age, to counter the gradual loss of bone density as we get old. c. The prevention of osteoporosis should begin young adults, to increase the bone mass to provide additional protection from osteoporosis. d. The prevention of osteoporosis should start in early old age, to prevent a decrease in bone density in the future.

a. The prevention of osteoporosis should begin with children while bones are still growing. Children should increase their bone mass to provide additional protection from osteoporosis in the future.

What is the final stage in the healing of a bone fracture? a. bone remodeling b. formation of a hematoma c. formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus d. formation of a bony callus

a. bone remodeling

Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light? a. osteoporosis b. Paget's disease c. rickets d. osteomalacia

a. osteoporosis

The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________. a. closing of the epiphyseal plate b. appositional growth c. long bones reaching adult length and width d. concentric growth

b. appositional growth

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is: a. Hematoma formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling, and fibrocartilaginous callus formation. b. Bone remodeling, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bony callus formation. c. Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling. d. Bony callus formation, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bone remodeling.

c. Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

Alice and James adopted a 3-year-old child from a developing country. They noticed that her legs were bowed and there were some deformities in her cranial and pelvic bones. They brought her to a physician for a diagnosis. What was the diagnosis, and what was the treatment for the disorder? a. The child most likely has osteoporosis. Treatment is to increase the intake of calcium and vitamin D, and performance of weight-bearing exercises. b. The child most likely has osteomalacia. Treatment is to increase the intake of calcium and vitamin D in the diet, and to get some sunshine every day. c. The child most likely has rickets. Treatment is to increase the intake of calcium and vitamin D in the diet, and to get some sunshine every day. d. The child most likely has Paget's disease. Treatment includes drug therapy with administration of calcitonin and bisphosphonates.

c. The child most likely has rickets. Treatment is to increase the intake of calcium and vitamin D in the diet, and to get some sunshine every day.

Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include ________. a. increasing dietary vitamin C b. decreasing exposure to the sun c. drinking fluoridated water d. decreasing weight-bearing exercise

c. drinking fluoridated water

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? a. osteoblast b. osteocyte c. osteoclast d. stem cell

c. osteoclast

A 75-year-old woman and her 9-year-old A 75-year-old woman and her 9-year-old granddaughter were victims of a train crash. In both cases, trauma to the chest was sustained. X-rays of the grandmother revealed several fractured ribs, but her granddaughter had no fractured ribs. Why are the injuries different for the granddaughter and grandmother? a. The child's bones were protected by a thicker cushioning layer of adipose tissue; the grandmother's cushioning layer of adipose tissue was thin due to old age. b. The child has less organic material in her bones, which allows them to bend; her grandmother's bones contain more organic material, and are less flexible. The child's bones were still growing and were repaired faster than the grandmother's bones. c. The child's ribcage was smaller and requires more pressure to cause it to break; the grandmothers ribcage was larger, and requires less pressure to cause it to break. d. The child has more organic material in her bones, which allows them to bend; her grandmother's bones are extensively calcified, and are less flexible.

d. The child has more organic material in her bones, which allows them to bend; her grandmother's bones are extensively calcified, and are less flexible.

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? a. thyroxine b. estrogen c. calcitonin d. parathyroid hormone

d. parathyroid hormone