exsc 351 FINAL
Which of the following statements about performance plateaus is TRUE? (L7)
A "ceiling effect" occurs when a skill is learned quickly, leaving little room for further improvement.
Which of the following statements about abilities is FALSE? (L2)
Abilities are crucial for performing motor skills at a high level, whereas practice is less important.
Which of the following statements about alignment and orientation is TRUE? (L16)
Alignment and orientation create stability for performing motor actions.
Which of the following statements about risk factors for injury and reinjury is TRUE? (L24)
Altered sensory feedback due to a previous injury is a risk factor for knee and ankle reinjury in athletes.
Which of the following statements about features of Internal Models is TRUE? (L15)
An "Internal Model" in the cerebellum compares predicted sensory feedback with actual sensory feedback.
Which of the following statements about attention is FALSE? (L5)
Attention allocates resources to information with large processing demands.
Which of the following statements about levels, mechanisms, and types of postural control is FALSE? (L16)
Autonomic postural control uses sensory, CNS, neuromuscular, and musculomechanical mechanisms to mediate proactive responses to sensory feedback from body motion.
Which of the following brain structures in the Multiple Network Model does NOT participate in processing sensory information? (L15)
Basal Ganglia
Which of the following statements regarding transfer of learning is FALSE? (L8)
Bimanual transfer occurs when a motor skill that was previously performed with one hand is subsequently performed with both hands.
Which of the following statements about fundamental features of practice is TRUE? (L19)
Both intentions and learner-based practice facilitate motivation and effort.
A diver wants to try competitive gymnastics. What type of transfer might be MOST expected? (L8)
Both positive and negative transfer because flips are similar but landing is different in gymnastics.
Which of the following statements about practice and training is TRUE? (L17)
Both practice and training can produce improvements in motor skill performance.
Which of the following statements about the relationships between postural control and wellness is FALSE? (L24)
Causal relationships between postural control and health issues are obvious.
PRACTICE PROGRESSION would be MOST related to which of the following frameworks of INFORMATION PROCESSING (Lecture 5)? (L22)
Challenge Point Hypothesis
Which of the following statements about classification of motor skills is TRUE? (L2)
Closed skills are generally performed in a stable, predictable environment.
Which of the following statements regarding contextual interference is FALSE? (L20)
Contextual interference usually results in long-term decreases in learning motor skills.
Which of the following statements about postural control training and sport performance is FALSE? (L23)
Core training produces improvements in sport performance.
Alfie is about to step on the pointed end of a nail with his right foot while NOT wearing shoes. What will be the MOST APPROPRIATE receptor, motor response, and reflex to help prevent injury? (L12)
Cutaneous free nerve endings will sense pain on the bottom of his right foot, resulting in retraction of his right leg via the withdrawal reflex.
Which of the following statements about practice paradigms is TRUE? (L21)
Deliberate practice involves practice with abundant repetition, high effort, and frequent feedback.
Which of the following statements about augmented feedback is FALSE? (L20)
Descriptive feedback promotes discovery learning by providing information on how to correct errors.
Which of the following statements about the procedures for developing measures is FALSE? (L3)
Developing standardized instructions requires trial-and-error testing.
Which of the following statements about intramuscular coordination is TRUE? (L10)
Discharge patterning is a form of intramuscular coordination that involves manipulation of the motor unit firing rates to meet specific task demands.
Which of the following statements about structure and function of the cerebral cortex is TRUE? (L14)
Each lobe contains regions, which perform functions that contribute to planning, initiation, monitoring, or regulation of motor skills
Which of the following statements about characteristics of expert performers is FALSE? (L22)
Experts often exhibit greater muscle activations for a given task.
Which of the following statements about the Model of Disablement is FALSE? (L24)
Functional training does not help with treating impairments like pain, weakness and attentional deficits.
Which of the following statements about the role of functional training is TRUE? (L23)
Functional training is designed to maximize transfer of abilities to real-life performance.
Which of the following statements about various types of heterarchical models is FALSE? (L9)
Generalized Motor Programs are groups of muscles used to perform complex movements.
Which of the following models is NOT a variant of heterarchical models? (L9)
Generalized Motorized Programs
Which of the following statements about laboratory reaction time tasks is FALSE? (L6)
In choice reaction time tasks, each stimulus is paired with one response.
Which of the following statements about attention is FALSE? (L5)
Inattentional blindness is used to allocate resources to large amounts of information.
Which of the following statements about features of quality research studies is FALSE? (L4)
Inclusion criteria are used to identify subjects who might negatively influence the results of research studies.
Which of the following is NOT a feature of motor learning? (L7)
Increased variability following a period of no practice
Which of the following statements about memory is TRUE? (L5)
Information that is briefly used to perform motor tasks, such as remembering an address while typing it into a GPS, is temporarily stored in working memory.
Which of the following statements about attention is FALSE? (L20)
Instructions should convey performance goals that encourage implicit learning.
Which of the following statements about instructions is TRUE? (L20)
Instructions should encourage exploration and discovery of movement solutions.
Which of the following statements about intentions is TRUE? (L19)
Intentions are psychological processes that help make practices more meaningful.
Which of the following statements about internal models is FALSE? (L15)
Internal Models use sensory information for motor control but do not to consider physiological or biomechanical features of the body.
Which of the following statements about the role of constraints in the Systems Model is TRUE? (L21)
Internal constraints include physical features, such as strength and fatigue, that directly influence motor control.
Which of the following statements about motor unit properties is TRUE? (L10)
Intramuscular coordination refers to the patterning of motor unit recruitment and rate coding.
Which of the following statements about proprioceptors and their reflexes is TRUE? (L12)
Joint receptors can help prevent injuries by initiating arthrogenic muscle inhibition.
Which of the following statements about measures of motor skill performance is TRUE? (L3)
Kinematic measures of body, limb or joint movement are often used to measure production of motor skills
Which of the following statements about laboratory reaction time tasks is FALSE? (L6)
Laboratory reaction time tasks can add or remove stimuli without significantly altering reaction times.
Which of the following statements about factors that can cause performance plateaus is TRUE? (L7)
Learner-based factors, such as poor motivation, can cause performance plateaus.
Which of the following is an example of bilateral transfer? (L8)
Learning how to write with your non-dominant hand while your dominant arm is in a cast.
Which of the following statements about measurement of motor skills is FALSE? (L3)
Measurement of motor skills is often used to compare beginner and elite athletes.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? (L1)
Mind-body connection assumes that body movements do not strongly influence the mind.
Which of the following statements about strength and power is FALSE? (L23)
Most assessments of strength and power for real-world activities are well designed.
Which of the following statements about the Systems Model is FALSE? (L21)
Motor learning is induced by modifications to constraints that stabilize motor performance.
Which of the following statements about motor learning is FALSE? (L7)
Motor learning is observable and measurable.
Which of the following statements about motor learning is FALSE? (L7)
Motor skills typically display persistent improvements before increased consistency.
Which of the following statements about movement models is TRUE? (L9)
Movement models allow us to predict movement features of both new skills and old skills performed in new contexts.
Which of the following statements about the mechanisms of postural control is FALSE? (L16)
Neuromuscular mechanisms provide passive control of muscle tone during destabilizations.
Which of the following statements about musculoskeletal properties is TRUE? (L11)
Number of joints that a muscle crosses influences the action of muscles because monoarticular muscles produce forces at one joint and biarticular muscles produce forces at two joints.
Which of the following practice paradigms will typically result in minimal motor learning? (L21)
Observation with Imagery
Which of the following statements about Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Models is TRUE? (L9)
Open-Loop Models assume motor control involves unidirectional flow of information.
Which of the following statements about vision is FALSE? (L13)
Optical flow is used to perform motor skills by processing focal vision to estimate the relative location and motion of the body and objects.
Which of the following statements about plasticity is FALSE? (L17)
Plasticity in cortical regions is typically characterized by increases in activity.
Which of the following statements about plasticity is FALSE? (L17)
Plasticity is often mediated by an increase in amplitude of action potentials.
Which of the following statements about stretching and strength training is FALSE? (L18)
Plyometric training may maximize force production by reducing muscle stiffness.
Which of the following statements about postural tone is FALSE? (L16)
Postural tone uses muscle-tendon mechanics to actively support postural control.
Which of the following statements about practice schedules is TRUE? (L20)
Practice schedules that combine distributed macrostructure with random microstructure typically produce the most effective motor learning.
Which of the following statements about the fundamental features of practice is FALSE? (L19)
Practices should use performance goals to maximize long-term learning outcomes.
Which of the following statements about neural transmission is TRUE? (L17)
Presynaptic action potentials produce excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
Which of the following statements about reactive and proactive postural responses is TRUE? (L16)
Proactive postural responses are used to maintain stability during performance of motor skills. Reactive postural responses are used to maintain stability during performance of motor skills.
Which of the following statements about the relationships between postural training and injury prevention is FALSE? (L24)
Programs for improving joint stability should include exercises designed to reduce the effects of nonmodifiable risk factors.
Which of the following statements about abilities is TRUE? (L2)
Psychomotor abilities refer to perceptual and cognitive attributes that influence motor skills, such as decision making.
Which of the following statements about psychophysical training is FALSE? (L23)
Psychophysical training challenges perceptual, cognitive, and motor processing to produce motor learning.
Which of the following statements about evidence-based practice is FALSE? (L4)
Quality of evidence does not depend on the type of research design that studies implement.
Which of the following statements about quality of evidence is FALSE? (L4)
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that do not include blinding provide strong evidence.
Which of the following statements about reaction times is FALSE? (L6)
Reaction time is the sum of premotor time and movement time.
Which of the following statements about the vestibular system is FALSE? (L13)
Reflexive postural control is mediated by vestibular projections to the parietal cortex.
Which of the following is NOT a fundamental feature of practice? (L19)
Remembering strategies
Which of the following statements about strategies used to facilitate motor memory is TRUE? (L19)
Remembering strategies, such as mastery goals, meaningful activities, and learner input, can facilitate memory.
Which of the following statements about sensory systems is FALSE? (L12)
Sensory systems play a limited role in performing voluntary motor skills.
Which of the following statements about sensory and sensorimotor integration is FALSE? (L13)
Sensory weighting combines information from multiple sources and places greater emphasis on variable sources of information.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? (L1)
Skill refers to stereotyped movements initiated by sensory stimulation.
Which of the following statements about the size principle of recruitment is TRUE? (L10)
Smaller, slow-twitch motor units are recruited before larger, fast-twitch motor units because they require less energy for activation.
Which of the following statements about organization of the nervous system is TRUE? (L14)
Somatic motor neurons transmit motor commands from the spinal cord to muscles.
Which of the following statements about neural adaptations to strength training is FALSE? (L18)
Strength training leads to increases in the variability of motor unit discharge rates.
Which of the following statements about stretch reflexes is TRUE? (L12)
Task goals, prior experience, age, and health can strongly influence stretch reflexes.
Which of the following statements about neuromechanics is FALSE? (L11)
Te CNS uses elasticity of the muscle-tendon complex for energy conservation during activities like running and walking. The CNS uses elasticity of the muscle-tendon complex for strength enhancement during activities like squats and lunges. The CNS uses elasticity of the muscle-tendon complex for power attenuation during activities like jumping and acceleration. The CNS uses elasticity of the muscle-tendon complex for power amplification during activities like landing and deceleration.
Which of the following statements about postsynaptic potentials is FALSE? (L17)
Temporal summation of EPSPs and IPSPs at different synapses determines the likelihood that a neuron will reach its all-or-none threshold.
Which of the following statements about the Affordance Competition Hypothesis is FALSE? (L15)
The Action Specification Network determines how to execute a motor skill after it is selected.
Which of the following statements about intermuscular coordination is FALSE? (L11)
The CNS uses knowledge about the all-or-none principle to coordinate activation patterns of multiple muscles.
Which of the following statements about the Fitts-Posner 3-Stage Model of motor learning is TRUE? (L22)
The Fitts-Posner 3-Stage Model suggests that a learner who makes very few, small-sized errors performing a motor skill would be in the Autonomic Stage.
Which of the following statements about the Gentile 2-Stage Model of motor learning is TRUE? (L22)
The Gentile 2-Stage Model suggests that a learner who is figuring out what movements can be used to perform a motor skill is in the Idea of Movement Stage.
Which of the following statements about the Schema Theory is FALSE? (L9)
The Schema Theory states that movements are preprogrammed but also require feedback to regulate movement.
Which of the following statements about hypotheses on transfer of learning is TRUE? (L8)
The Specificity of Learning Hypothesis emphasizes that greater transfer will occur when environmental features are highly similar.
Which of the following statements about the function of different brain structures is FALSE? (L14)
The basal ganglia is involved in regulation of motor skills.
Which of the following statements about somatosensory tracts is TRUE? (L14)
The dorsal column tract transmits information about position from the right side of the body to the left side of the brain via the right side of the spinal cord.
Which of the following statements about mechanical properties of muscles is TRUE? (L11)
The force-velocity relationship occurs because the rate of cross-bridge formation decreases as the speed of a muscle contraction increases.
Which of the following statements about the relationship between exercise and brain function is FALSE? (L18)
The relationships between exercise and brain function are well understood.
Which of the following statements about vision is FALSE? (L13)
The retina of each eye transmits all visual information to the opposite side of the brain.
Which of the following statements about the stretch-shorten cycle is TRUE? (L11)
The stretch-shorten cycle involves an eccentric contraction followed by a concentric contraction.
Which of the following statements about the relationships between postural training and wellness is TRUE? (L24)
There is good evidence that multifaceted balance training programs improve performance of daily activities in elderly adults.
Which of the following statements about the Inverted-U Principle is TRUE? (L5)
Too much or too little arousal can lead to decreases in motor performance.
Which of the following statements about measurement of real-world information processing is FALSE? (L6)
Trail making tests are typically used to predict walking speed in real-world environments.
Which of the following statements about error measures is TRUE? (L3)
Variable Error measures consistency of motor skills by quantifying variability of performance errors.
Which of the follow statements about vestibular receptors is TRUE? (L13)
Vestibular receptors are mechanoreceptors located in the inner ear.
Which of the following statements about information processing is TRUE? (L5)
When faced with an abundance of information, humans tend to process information in an increasingly serial manner.