EXSC 460 Exam 3
Dr. Mayer, 1965: What percent of obese adolescents (teenagers) remain obese as adults?
more than 80%
What Body Shape is more likely to describe men?
Android
What Body Shape has the worst health risks?
Androids
What is the formula used to estimate obesity?
- A mathematical formula called BMI (Body Mass Index): weight (kg) / height (m^2)
What is the Equation for BMR: - Men: - Women:
- Men: BMR (kcal\day) = 293 - (3.8 x age) + (456.4 x height) + (10.12 x weight) - Women: BMR (kcal\day) = 247 - (2.67 x age) + (401.5 x height) + (8.6 x weight)
Do obese people eat more?
- Older studies suggested energy intake was similar between obese and nonobese. - However, obese people tend to underestimate intake by 20-50% (Figure 11.21). - Use of respiratory chambers and doubly labeled water show that obese people both expend and ingest more energy
Female weighs 140 lbs w\ 27% BF and wants 25% BF:
- She must lose 3.7 lbs of Body Fat - It should take her 3.7-7.4 weeks
What are different ways to do Body Composition Analysis? What is considered the most valid in terms of Body Fat?
- Underwater weighing is considered the most valid in terms of Body Fat - DEXA - BOD POD - Bioelectrical Impedance - Skinfold Calipers
If a person weighs 182 lbs and they have 18% Body Fat, and they want to get down to 12% Body Fat:
- Weight of BF they must lose: 12.4 lbs - It should take between 24.8 - 12.4 weeks
For an individual wanting to lose 1/2 pound a week (1750 kcals), how should they create a calorie deficit?
- eat 875 kcals less a day - burn 875 kcals a week.
Dr. Mayer, 1965: Parental Obesity predicts Obesity in their offspring, especially when present during the first _____ years of life.
10 years
How much weight do people gain a year on average?
1 lb
How much weight should an individual lose per week if they weigh over 200 lbs?
1-2 lbs per week
Dr. Mayer, 1965: 1.) What fraction of preschool kids that are obese will also be obese as an adult? 2.) What percent of obese school age kids will become obese adults?
1.) 1/3 2.) 50%
Solving problems with a decrease in Body Fat %:
1.) 100% - current BF% = % fat free weight 2.) % current fat free weight (in decimal form) x Body Weight (lbs) = weight you don't want to lose 3.) 100% - new BF% = % new fat free weight 4.) Weight you don't want to lose / % new fat free weight (in decimal form) = new weight (lbs) 5.) Old weight - New Weight = lbs of BF you must lose
Compared to 1960, average adult now weighs ___(1)___ lbs more (males = 195 lbs, 69.4 inches, BMI 28.4; females = 165 lbs, 63.8 inches, BMI 28.4) and the average teenager __(2)__ lbs more.
1.) 24 lbs 2.) 15 lbs
Inheritance accounts for ___(1)___ of variance in fatness, with lifestyle\ environments __(2)___ (see Fig. 11.19). Subsequent research suggests __-__(3)__ of variance in obesity has genetic basis.
1.) 25% 2.) 45% 3.) 25-40%
Obesity Affects ___(1)___% of adults (compared to Healthy People 2010 goal of __(2)__%),
1.) 32% 2.) 15%
What % of Daily Energy\ kcal expenditure is from: 1.) RMR: 2.) Activity: 3.) Thermal Effect of Food (TEF):
1.) 67% 2.) 23% 3.) 10%
Dr. Mayer, 1965: 1.) Percent of offspring of 2 obese parents that become obese: 2.) Percent with one obese parent: 3.) Percent with no obese parent:
1.) 80% 2.) 40% 3.) 14%
What are Health Risks of Obesity?
1.) A psychological burden 2.) Increased high blood pressure 3.) Dyslipidemia (high cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, low HDL-C) 4.) Increased risk of gallstones 5.) Increased osteoarthritis 6.) Increased diabetes (type 2) 7.) Increased Mortality and early death 8.) Increased risk for Cancer (colon, rectum, prostate, pancreas, liver, kidney, breast, uterus, ovaries, gallbladder, bile ducts) 9.) Increased risk for heart disease and increased risk for stroke
What are factors explaining the obesity pandemic?
1.) Genetic and parental influences 2.) High Energy Intake 3.) Low Energy Expenditure
What three ways do humans expend energy?
1.) Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) 2.)TEF (Thermal Effect of Food) 3.) Physical activity
The number of people w\ healthy weight has ____(1)____ in the time since 1960, while the number of overweight and obese people have ____(2)_____.
1.) decreased 2.) increased
How much weight should an individual lose per week if they weigh less than 200 lbs?
1/2 - 1 lb a week
How many Americans are Overweight?
1/3
How many Americans are obese?
1/3
At what age does the average female reach their highest level of fitness?
12 years old
What is a good Body Fat goal for life for Men?
12-15%
A 130 lb female w\ 27% BF wants to get down to 25% BF, how many pounds must she lose?
130 lbs - 126.5 = 3.5 lbs - Should take her 7 - 3.5 weeks
How much Body Fat does the average college male have?
15% Body Fat
By what percent do obese people tend to underestimate food intake?
20-50%
What is a good Body Fat goal for life for women?
22-23%?
220 lbs Male @ 18% BF wants to get down to 15% BF:
220-212.2 = 7.8 lbs - It should take him 4-8 weeks to lose 7.8 lbs
What percent Body Fat does the average college female have?
25% Body Fat
What percent body fat is considered essential?
3-5% Body Fat
By what percent do obese people tend to overestimate physical activity?
33%
What percent of Americans are Overweight or Obese?
66%
What percent of Body Fat is considered obese for men?
> 20%
What Body Fat percentage is considered obese for women?
> 30%
What waist circumference is considered obese for women?
> 35 in women
What waist circumference is considered obese for men?
> 40 in men
About what percent of Americans don't get enough exercise?
About 80%
What Body Shape is Upper Body Obesity?
Android
What BMI is considered a "normal" weight?
BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is considered a "normal" weight.
What is different from RMR and has prediction equations developed that include variables such as age, height, and body weight?
BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)
What are the units for BMR and what units do mass and height need to be in to calculate BMR?
BMR: (kcal\day) Mass: Kg Height: Meters (m)
How do you want to lose weight?
Eating better and increasing caloric expenditure
How should Body Fat be lost?
Half should be lost through diet and the other half through exercise
Who is it easier to lose weight for: men or women?
It is easier for men to lose weight, women's body tends to want to hold on to 10% more Body Fat than men.
What are the three times in life that the number of fat cells of an individual can be changed?
Last 3 months of pregnancy (3rd Trimester), first 3-4 years of life, puberty
What Body Shape is Gynoid?
Lower Body Obesity
Until about what percent is lower body fat better for women before it causes problems with the menstrual cycle and getting pregnant?
Lower is better only to a certain point (about 20% or less), after that it can cause problems w\ menstrual cycle and getting pregnant
What is better for Men: Lower or Higher Body Fat?
Lower is better usually if achieved through healthy means (exercise, healthy eating)
What decreases in direct relationship to the degree of obesity?
Physical Activity
What is related to a reduced risk of body weight gain?
Regular physical activity
What is RMR directly related too and who is it higher and lower in (Obese or lean individuals)?
The RMR is directly related to body weight (high in obese, lower in the lean), and parallels changing the weight
In one's daily energy expenditure, where is the largest number of calories expended by most people?
The resting metabolic rate
What are: the calories burned from breaking down and eating food, those that eat more burn more calories from this
Thermal Effect of Food (TEF)
Why do you want to lose weight slowly?
To ensure that the weight you are losing is Body Fat Weight
Adults adopted before age ____ have BMIs most similar to biological parents.
age: 1
Some people are obesity prone because of their genes and must ______________ _______ _______ ______ _______ than others to achieve desirable weight.
exercise more and eat less
What is Obesity?
having too much body fat
What does studies on twins show regarding their BMIs?
identical twins reared apart have BMIs as close as when reared together.
What can be done to increase RMR?
increase muscle mass
Who is the thermic effect of food slightly lower in: obese or non-obese individuals?
obese
Where are the highest rates of obesity found?
poor and minority groups