F U C K PRT

Tokenism:

3 Informing/ 4 Consultation (local meetings)/ 5 Placation - possible first steps in legitimate participation - but too often the emphasis is on-way flow of information (no feedback); Citizens advise - but power holders judge legitimacy/ feasibility of advise

Citizen Control

6) Partnership - Power is redistributed through negotiation between citizens and power holders. Planning and decision-making responsibilities are shared (e.g. through joint committees) 7) Delegation - Citizens hold a clear majority of seats on committees with delegated power to make decisions; Public now has power to review programs, hold leaders accountable. 8 Citizen Control - Citizens handle entire job of planning, policy making, managing a program.

Non-profit sector

A non-corporate entity (volunteers) formed to pursue social goals; profits are returned to the organization for further investment in the organization's work; some personnel may be paid, others are volunteers.

General Planning Model (comprehensive planning, associated primarily with social reform theory) - be able to explain components and process of planning:

A rational approach to achieving a benevolent society 🡪 Conducted in institutional contexts 🡪 Generally: this is the standard approach to public sector planning processes 🡪 uses data as input to process, for implementation, for monitoring / evaluation 🡪 A logical process (but takes time) 🡪 In parks, sports, recreation management, we need data about how humans use public resource places and spend their free time, be able to do planning

Lauber and Knuth conclusion

Citizen participation should be based on deliberation ... that is, on active citizen involvement / public discourse / people talking together to build social capital in communities

∙ Social systems:

Community; University; Government; Businesses; Sports (manufacturers, retailers, customers, economic contexts, policies, etc.)

Diversionary re-framing

Drawing attention away from an issue by spinning it.

Lessons from planning in this development projects

Friedmann's planning theories - How are these visible in the case Practical planning process (general planning model, incrementalism) - how are these evident in the case study Citizen participation Size of community vs size of development project Development project Symbolic language matters as much as tangible development processes and outcomes of those in rural, small communities facing rapid, comprehensive development.

Referenda

binding policy-making by citizens through initiatives, recalls

Non-binding direct involvement

citizens provide input to the deliberative process

Binding Direct Involvement

direct policy-making by non-governmental entities, within official structures

Planning

looking forward (envisioning a desired future), and taking action to accomplish desired goals - while reducing potential negative consequences

Public sector

organizations owned and operated by government

Planning applied in sports, recreation, parks

planning is a regular, long-term institutional effort to coordinate leisure/recreation use, recreation resource management and sports and leisure services, delivery systems

Why we do planning in leisure, outdoor rec, sports management planning

practices help managers achieve their goals helps visitors obtain better experiences helps people who are not involved with a resource place to understand how it works and what expectations are

Institutional Planning

three arenas public sector private sector non-profit sector

Comprehensive vs. Incremental Planning Process:

- Comprehensive moves towards goals. - Incremental works away from problems, not towards goals.

- Comprehensive Planning Process:

- Planning as rational, systematic, goal-oriented - Beings with well-defined problems and goals, weigh alternatives, select optimal sequence of steps to achieve stated goals. This is seen as an "ideal" approach

Incremental Planning Process:

- Planning is a series of small steps based upon limited information. Planning process "adjust" over time. This is described as an incremental, "muddling through" process of working away from problems, no necessarily towards goals.

Loomis call for an integrated model:

1. "Coordinated planning" on adjacent public lands 2. "Integrated planning" - multiple resources planned together (fish and water; trees and recreation and water...) 3. "Ecosystem Planning Continuum": the ideal is an integrated system of federal, state, local agencies and private land holders - A single, unified federal level ecosystem management plan o A single state-federal ecosystem management plan - A single public land ecosystem management plan (include city/county lands) - A single ecosystem management plan for all public and private landowners

Non-participation:

1:Manipulation/ 2 Therapy - Goal = Educate the participants; assume public support; primarily just public relations

How to create a good society?

Is usually to work within institutional contexts using a conservative approach. Rationale for planning

CC and BH Issues

Local government leaders in rural communities tend to be business owners - and business owners have a vested interest in local growth. Citizens input about development process is obtained informally and formally through town meetings, signature campaigns, informal inputs.

What makes alternative approaches "alternative"?

Loomis reading 🡪 Montana constitution ("people/place") Kemmis 🡪 Sense of place as important to planning decisions ... but does everyone get all they want to make their own SOP? (Remember Lauber and Knuth question...) 🡪 Can't always have MORE of EVERYTHING ... have to make hard decisions and choices ... trade-offs

🡪 Consequences of Loomis Reading

Needs evolution in idea of "private property rights" ∙ Requires better information about economic costs and benefits of management activities, so as to compensate private owners who are "caring" for public resources ... if you take land out of production because it's good elk range, you can't have the burden fall on the private owner who just lost income from formerly-productive private land ∙ Some efforts already underway: Greater Yellowstone Area; also Columbia Gorge ecosystem management area ∙ Not just planning at a larger scale - it's planning of a different sort

Biological systems:

Organisms interacting with their environments

Private sector

Privately-owned organizations (individual or corporate business); profit-driven, entrepreneurial activity

Central City and Black Hawk Planning process

Proponents petition CO state legislature(unsuccessfully) to change the state law Citizen-led signature campaign conducted across CO to place an Amendment to the state constitution on the state election ballot (citizen participation) Campaign is successful and the amendment is included on the state election ballot Amendment is approved November 1990 Legalized gambling begins October 1st 1991

Problems in citizen participation process

Publics now have many methods for providing input to policy decisions Many choices ◊ confusion about purposes, intent of public input Process may be inefficient Are publics fully informed? How will input be used in decision-making? ∙ How to compare public input with input from experts and scientists? ∙ Are collaborative approaches outside regular input processes desirable?

Ecosystem":

System or network of interconnecting and interacting parts ∙

Needs of Loomis Reading

∙ Integrated, coordinated planning of all resources on adjacent land areas ∙ Expand beyond borders of any single agency's management directive ∙ Conduct shared planning actions

argument for ecosystem-wide planning:

∙ Need for integrated planning processes: consider all natural resources and all communities of interest, rather than making resource-by-resource (moose - watershed - forest - transportation), or community by community, plans ∙ Considers ecological interactions on adjacent lands, regardless of ownership ∙ Puts resources first and artificial administrative boundaries second - ecosystem planning requires re-definition of planning areas beyond land ownership boundaries

Lindblom (incremental planning processes, associated with Social Learning Theory) - be able to explain the process of planning within this model

🡪 "Successive limited comparison" - work step-by-step, using decentralized bargaining processes, to conduct a process of mutual adaptation and adjustment. 🡪 Planning activities: use intuition, consultations, past experience, to move forward 🡪 Lindblom called his incremental approach: "the science of muddling through"

Lauber & Knuth reading: Individual preferences vs. social / community values

🡪 "The central question that guides citizen participation should be reformulated from "what do citizens want?" to "What do citizens believe government should do?" The first is about your opinion ... the second is about public deliberation re; community goals "Citizens may very well believe that government should try to satisfy certain individual preferences... they are unlikely to believe that government should try to satisfy all preferences. (Thus) their beliefs about what government should do will be based on other criteria as well. (e.g., moral principles) Thus, move away from: "What do citizens wants?" Which is about individual preferences of citizens/groups To move towards "What do citizens believe government should do?" A more reasonable question, when choices and decisions are not equivalent, or when collective needs are more important than individual goals

Johnson reading

🡪 A consensus-based forum for citizens with diverse interests, emphasizing the ecological health and economic sustainability of their communities 🡪 Agencies, scientists, and citizens working together 🡪 Council develops a consensus-based mission statement, with collaborative activities "drawing on Quaker tradition" 🡪 WIRE Criteria (p. 169) "The greatest outcome is encouraging former adversaries to work together" - develop social capital 🡪 Lesson: the process is as important as the outcome Rules of Community Building; Principles of Community (p. 175)

Characteristics of deliberative planning process

🡪 Facilitate the interchange of ideas among citizens 🡪 Open those ideas to reasoned criticism 🡪Identify areas of disagreement 🡪Engage in attempts to resolve these areas of disagreement 🡪Attempt to develop policy decisions that are mutually acceptable to interested and affected citizens 🡪 This will, ideally, help develop a "good community" by enhancing levels of social capital (recall Friedmann: What are the characteristics of a good society?).

How do Lauber & Knuth's ideas relate to Friedmann's planning theories

🡪 Incorporate social learning and positive aspects of social mobilization (citizen-led initiatives) into social reform processes. Community is the ideal scale for this.

What is "social capital":

🡪 The personal, social and economic benefits obtained from people collaborating An informed citizenry (Read newspapers, stay informed about local issues) Active participation of citizens in publics affairs (vote, join voluntary organizations) Horizontal Linkages- neighbor to neighbor (relationships of reciprocity and cooperation) Helpful, respectful, trustful citizens Dense networks of voluntary associations that instill public-spiritedness

Steelman & Ascher reading: Types of citizen input

🡪Standard representative policy making (elected and appointed officials make policy decisions) 🡪Referenda - 🡪Non-binding direct involvement - 🡪Binding