FAM 151 Test 1

Regulative rules (example)

A family understanding that cell phones are not allowed at the dinner table

Identity Script

A guide to action based on rules for living & identity. Initially communicated in families, identity scripts define our roles, how we are to play them and basic elements in the plots of our lives. Not the same as a script, which is one of the 4 cognitive schemata

Interpersonal Communication Involves Ethical Choices

Principle Three

Interpersonal Communication is Irreversible

Principle Two

Cognitive Complexity

in our interpretation of experience, the number of constructs used, how abstract they are and how elaborately they interact to create perceptions.

implicit personality theory

our often unconscious assumptions about what qualities fit together in human personalities

empathy

the ability to feel with another person to feel what she/he feels

perception

the active process of selecting, organizing & interpreting people, objects, events, situations & activities

standpoint

the knowledge & perspective saved by material, symbolic & social conditions common to members of a social group

interpretation

the subjective process of evaluating & explaining perceptions

self-serving bias

the tendency to attribute our positive actions & successes to stable, global internal influences under our control, & to attribute our negative actions & failures to unstable, actions and failures to unstable, specific external influences beyond our control

Constructivism

the theory that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called schemata

Ambiguous (example)

"Affordable clothes" can mean different things to different people depending on their salary

Arbitrary (example)

"Book" doesn't have a necessary or natural connection to what you are reading now

Indexing (example)

"Don (on the task committee) was irresponsible"

Static Evaluation (example)

"Don IS irresponsible"

"I" language (example)

"When you watch me work, I feel nervous"

"you" Language (example)

"You make me nervous on the job"

loaded language (example)

"geezer" in regard to older person inclines us to view them with pity. Whereas, senior citizen reflect more respectful attitudes

Abstract (example)

"you're so negative" is a generalized statement that can cause confusion and misunderstanding

Self

A constantly evolving, processual understanding of oneself that grows out of the processes of interacting with others and society & internalizing values & views of our identity that others reflect to us.

Fearful Attachment Style

A mode of relating instilled by a caregiver in the first relationship (usually parent-child) who communicates to the child in consistently negative, rejecting or even abusive ways. People with fearful attachment styles are inclined to feel apprehensive & insecure about relationships

Dismissive Attachment Style

A mode of relating instilled typically early in life by a disinterested, rejecting or abusive caregiver in which the individual later tends to dismiss others as unworthy & thus does not seek close relationships. Unlike people with fearful attachment styles, those with a dismissive attachment style don't accept the caregiver's view of them as unlovable.

Secure Attachment Style

A mode of relating that involves confidence in oneself & in relationships. Like other attachment styles, the secure mode is instilled by a caregiver who responds in a consistently attentive, loving way to a child; the most common and most positive of the 4 attachment styles. People with secure attachment styles tend to be comfortable forming close bonds with others.

Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style

A mode of relating/attachment style characterized by preoccupation with relationships & inconsistent behavior toward the partner. Develops in childhood when a caregiver behaves inconsistently toward a child, sometimes loving and sometimes rejecting or neglectful.

Transactional Model

A model of communication as a dynamic process that changes over time and in which participants assume multiple roles.

Interactive Model

A model that represents communication as a feedback process, in which listeners and speakers both simultaneously send and receive messages.

Linear Model

A model that represents communication as a one-way process that flows in one direction, from sender to receiver. Linear models do not capture the dynamism of communication or the active participation of all communicators.

Attachment Styles

A pattern if relating instilled by the way a caregiver teaches the child who he/she is, who others are, & how to approach relationships.

Interpersonal Communication

A selective, systemic process that allows people to reflect and build personal knowledge of one another and create shared meanings .

I-You Communication

Acknowledging one another as more than just objects, but they don't fully engage each other as unique individuals. A majority of our interactions are I-You.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Acting in a way that embodies expectations or judgements about us

Static Evaluation (definition)

An assessment that suggests that something is unchanging or fixed

Symbols

Arbitrary, ambiguous, abstract representations of other phenomena (ex. words, such as love or house)

Direct Definition

Communication that explicitly tells us who we are by specifically labeling us & reacting to our behaviors. Usually first occurs in families, then in interaction with peers & others.

Social Comparison

Comparing ourselves with others in order to form judgements of our own talents, abilities, qualities and so forth

Punctuations (definition)

Define beginnings and ending of interaction episodes

1. Selective 2. Systemic 3. Process 4. Personal Knowledge 5. Meaning Creating

Features of Interpersonal Communication

Totalizing (example)

Focusing on the sexual orientation of someone who is gay, rather than the fact that they may be a pre-med student or a working student

Punctuation (example)

Girlfriend is still mad about an argument from last night. Boyfriend moved on from their argument after he left that last night.

1. Develop a Range of Skills 2. Adapt Communication Appropriately 3. Engage in Dual Perspective 4. Monitor Your Communication 5. Commit to Ethical Communication

Guidelines for Interpersonal Communication Competence

Linguistic Determinism

Language determines what we perceive and think. We can't think of something that doesn't have a name

Hate speech

Language that radically dehumanizes members of particular groups

From bottom to top 1. Physical Needs for survival (Water, Food, Sex). 2. Safety and Protection Needs (Shelter). 3. Belonging Needs (Inclusion, Fun). 4. Self-Esteem Needs (Respect). 5. Self-Actualization Needs.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Ambiguous (definition)

Meaning of words aren't clear cut

1. Linear Models 2. Interactive Models 3. Transactional Models

Models of Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal Communication Effectiveness Can Be Learned

Principle Eight

Metacommunication Affects Meaning

Principle Five

People Construct Meanings in Interpersonal Communication

Principle Four

We Cannot NOT Communicate

Principle One

Interpersonal Communication Is Not a Panacea

Principle Seven

Interpersonal Communication Develops and Sustains Relationships

Principle Six

Principle One: We Cannot NOT Communicate Principle Two: Interpersonal Communication is Irreversible Principle Three: Interpersonal Communication Involves Ethical Choices Principle Four: People Construct Meanings in Interpersonal Communication Principle Five: Metacommunication Affects Meaning Principle Six: Interpersonal Communication Develops and Sustains Relationships Principle Seven: Interpersonal Communication Is Not a Panacea Principle Eight: Interpersonal Communication Effectiveness Can Be Learned

Principles of Interpersonal Communication

"you" Language (definition)

Projects responsibility onto another person

Totalizing (definition)

Responding to a person as if one label totally represents who he or she is.

Communication rules (example)

Speaking quietly in libraries

Regulative rules (definition)

Specifies when, where, and with whom talk about certain things

Constitutive rules (definition)

Specify how to inept and perform different kinds of communication

Self-Disclosure

The act of revealing personal information about ourselves that others are unlikely to discover in other ways

Reflected Appraisal

The process of seeing & thinking about ourselves in terming of the appraisals of us that others reflect

I-Thou Communication

The rarest kind of relationship. The meeting of others in their wholeness and individuality. Instead of dealing with them as occupants of social roles, we see them as unique human beings whom know and accept in their totality.

I-It Communication

Treating others very impersonally, almost as objects. We do not acknowledge the humanity of the other people; we may not even affirm their existence.

Speech Community

When people who share perspectives on communication due to shared social location

Arbitrary (definition)

Words are not intrinsically connected to what they represent

Abstract (definition)

Words aren't concrete or tangible

script

a definition of expected or appropriate sequences of action in a particular setting. Scripts are one of the four cognitive schemata; not the same as identity script

mind reading

assuming that we understand what another person thinks or how another person perceives something. Often a harmful practice, because mind reading denies the other person the change to explain their own thoughts or feelings.

Constitutive rules (example)

being respectful means to listen while maintaining eye contact

Culture

beliefs, understanding, practices and ways to interpret experience that are shared by a group of people

personal construct

bipolar mental yardsticks by which we measure people & situations along specific dimensions of judgement.

prototype

knowledge structures that define the clearest or most representative examples of some category

Indexing (definitions)

our evaluations apply only to specific times and circumstances

Particular Others

one source if social perspectives that people use to define themselves & guide how they think act & feel; people who are especially important to the self

Generalized Other

one source of social perspective that people use to define themselves & guide how they act, think and feel. our perception of the views, values and perspectives that are endorsed by society as a whole.

fundamental attribution error

overestimating the internal causes of other's behaviors and underestimating the external causes

"I" Language (definition)

own thoughts and does not blame others

stereotype

predictive generalizations about people & situations

Self-Sabotage

self-talk that communicates that we are no good, that we can't do something, that we can't change & so forth. Self sabotage undermines our belief in ourselves & our motivation to change & grow

Communication rules (definition)

shared understandings of what communication means and what kinds of communication are appropriate in certain situations

Attribution

subjective account of why something happens or why someone acted a certain way

loaded language (definition)

words that strongly slant perceptions and thus meaning